CHUYÊN ĐỀ DÀNH CHO HỌC SINH KHỐI 11 ÔN TẬP RELATIVE CLAUSE ( MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ) PHẦN I : LÝ THUYẾT CẦN NHỚ CÓ 2 LOẠI MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ: RESTRICTIVE & NON-RESTRICTIVE RELATIVE CLAUSES I. Restrictive Relative Clauses:(MĐQH XÁC ĐỊNH) - Dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước chưa được xác định rõ, nếu bỏ đi mệnh đề chính sẽ không rõ nghĩa. Ex: - I saw the girl. She helped us last week. I saw the girl who/that helped us last week. * LƯU Ý: Ta có thể bỏ đại từ quan hệ: WHO, WHOM, WHICH, THAT khi chúng làm tân ngữ trong MĐQH xác định. II. Non-restritive Relative Clauses:(MĐQH KHÔNG XÁC ĐỊNH) - Dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước đã được xác định rõ (nó chỉ là phần giải thích thêm), nếu bỏ đi mệnh đề chính vẫn rõ nghĩa. - Mệnh đề này ngăn cách với mệnh đề chính bằng dấu phẩy. - Ta dùng mệnh đề quan hệ không hạn định khi: + Trước đại từ quan hệ có một tính từ chỉ định : this/that/these/those + Noun This man, who is very kind, is my friend. + Trước đại từ quan hệ có một tính từ sở hữu như: my, your, our, their, his, her, its + Noun Ex: - My father is a doctor. He is fifty years old. My father, who is fifty years old, is a doctor. + Từ trước đại từ quan hệ là tên riêng, danh từ riêng, vật duy nhất, cụm trạng ngữ chỉ nơi chốn London, which is the capital of England, is famous for fog - Mr. Brown is a very nice teacher. We studied English with him. Mr Brown, who we studied English with, is a very nice teacher 1
1. WHO: thay thế cho danh từ chỉ người làm chủ ngữ hoặc tân ngữ trong MĐQH. Ex: - I need to meet the boy. The boy is my friend s son. I need to meet the boy who is my friend s son. - The woman is standing over there. I am speaking about her. The woman who I am speaking about is standing over there. 2. WHOM: thay thế cho danh từ chỉ người, làm tân ngữ trong MĐQH. Ex:- I know the girl. I spoke to this girl. I know the girl who/ whom I spoke to. - The man is my teacher. Your father is talking to him. The man who/ whom your father is talking to is my teacher. 3. WHICH: 3.1 thay thế đồ vật, làm chủ ngữ hoặc tân ngữ trong MĐQH. Ex: - She works for a company. It makes cars She works for a company which makes cars. - The elephants are big. People keep the elephants in iron cages. The elephants which people keep in iron cages are big. 3.2 Thay thế cho cả mệnh đề đứng trước nó Ex: He passed his exam. This pleased his parents. He passed his exam, which pleased his parents. (dùng dấu phẩy trước đại từ quan hệ) 4. THAT: thay thế cho WHO/ WHOM/ WHICH trong MĐQH hạn định Ex: - I need to meet the boy that/ who is my friend s son. - The woman that/ who is standing over there is my sister. - I know the girl that/ who/ whom I spoke to. 5. WHERE (in/ on/ at... which): thay thế cho cụm từ chỉ nơi chốn Ex: - The movie theater is the place. We can see films at that place. The movie theater is the place where we can see films. 6. WHEN (in/ on/ at which): thay thế cho cụm từ chỉ thời gian Ex: - Do you remember the day. We first met on that day. Do you remember the day when we first met? 7. WHY (for which): là một trạng từ quan hệ chỉ lý do, đứng sau tiền ngữ THE REASON. 2
eg. Please tell me the reason why you are so sad. = for which He tell me the reason why he was absent from class yesterday..chú Ý: * Những trường hợp thường dùng THAT: *Sau cụm từ quan hệ vừa chỉ người và vật: Ex: He told me the places and people that he had seen in London. - Sau đại từ bất định: something, aynyone, nobody, all, much... Ex: I ll tell you something that is very interesting. All that is mine is yours. * Sau các tính từ so sánh nhất, the only, the first, the last Ex: - This is the most beautiful dress that I have. - You are the only person that can help us. * Trong cấu trúc It + be + + that (chính là ) Ex: It is my friend that wrote this sentence. (Chính là bạn tôi đã viết câu này.) * Những trường hợp không dùng THAT: - Trong mệnh đề quan hệ không hạn định. Ex: Mr Brown, that we studied English with, is a very nice teacher. - Sau giới từ Ex: The house in that I was born is for sale. WHOSE (OF WHICH): thay thế cho sở hữu của người, vật (his-, her-, its-, their-). Ex: - John found the cat. Its leg was broken. John found the cat whose leg/(the leg of which) was broken. - This is the student. I borrowed his book. This is the student whose book I borrowed. OF WHICH / OF WHOM: Ex: - Daisy has three brothers. All of them are teachers. Daisy has three brothers, all of whom are teachers. - He asked me a lot of questions. I couldn t answer most of them. 3
He asked me a lot of questions, most of which I couldn t answer. Giới từ đặt trước mệnh đề tính ngữ: (WHOM/WHICH) Ex: - The man speaks English very fast. I talked to him last night. The man to whom I talked last night speaks English very fast. - The house is for sale. I was born in it. The house in which I was born is for sale. * LƯU Ý: KHÔNG dùng THAT sau giới từ. RÚT GỌN MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ 1. Rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ bằng cách dùng participle phrases (V-ing phrase) Nếu động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ ở thể chủ động, ta dùng cụm hiện tại phân từ (present participle phrase) thay cho mệnh đề đó. Thao tác: Bỏ đại từ quan hệ và trợ động từ, đưa động từ chính về nguyên mẫu và thêm đuôi ing. Ex: The man who is standing there is my brother => The man standing there is my brother Do you know the boy who broke the windows last night? => Do you know the boy breaking the windows last night? 2. Rút gọn bằng cách dùng past participle phrase (PII) Nếu động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ ở thể bị động (passive) ta dùng cụm quá khứ phân từ (past participle phrase). Ex: The books which were written by Nam Cao are interesting => The books written by Nam Cao are interesting. The students who were punished by teacher are lazy =>The students punished by teacher are lazy. 3. Rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ bằng to infinitive( TO V) Dùng khi danh từ đứng trước có các chữ sau đây bổ nghĩa: the only, the first, the second, the last, so sánh nhất, mục đích. Ex: Tom is the last person who enters the room = Tom is the last person to enter the room. John is the youngest person who takes part in the race =>John is the youngest person to take part in the race. Động từ là HAVE/HAD Ex: I have much homework that I must do => I have many homework to do. Đầu câu có HERE (BE), THERE (BE) Ex: There are six letters which have to be written today => There are six letters to be written today. 4. Rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ dùng cụm danh từ (đồng cách danh từ) Dùng khi mệnh đề quan hệ tính từ có dạng: S + BE + DANH TỪ /CỤM DANH TỪ/CỤM GIỚI TỪ 4
Cách làm: bỏ who,which và be. Ex: Football, which is a popular sport, is very good for health => Football, a popular sport, is very good for health. Do you like the book which is on the table? => Do you like the book on the table? 5. Mệnh đề rút gọn tính từ có dạng be và tính từ/cụm tính từ Có 2 công thức rút gọn: Công thức 1: Bỏ who, which to be -> giữ nguyên tính từ phía sau. Điều kiện 1: Nếu phía trước that là đại từ phiếm chỉ như something, anything, anybody Ex: There must be something that is wrong => There must be something wrong. Điều kiện 2: Có dấu phẩy phía trước và phải có từ 2 tính từ trở lên. Ex: My grandmother, who is old and sick, never goes out of the house => My grandmother, old and sick, never goes out of the house. MỘT SỐ ĐIỀU CẦN LƯU Ý: 1.cách dùng của các cấu trúc mở đầu cho mệnh đề quan hệ: all, most, none, neither, any, either, some, (a)few, both, half, each, one, two, several, many, much, + of which/whom VD: Daisy has three brothers, all of whom are teachers. I tried on three pairs of shoes, none of which fitted me. Two boys, neither of whom I had seen before, came into my class. 2. Trong mệnh đề quan hệ xác định các đại từ quan hệ có chức năng tân ngữ đều có thể lược bỏ. VD: Do you know the boy (whom) we met yesterday? (Bạn có biết chàng trai mà chúng ta gặp hôm qua không?) That s the house (which) I have bought. (Đó là ngôi nhà tôi đã mua) -Tuy nhiên các đại từ quan hệ có chức năng tân ngữ trong mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định không thể lược bỏ. VD: Mr Tom, whom I spoke English on the phone yesterday, is very interested in our plan. PHẦN II: BÀI TẬP ÁP DỤNG EXERCISE 1 : Combine each pair of sentences, using a relative pronoun. 1. The girl is my cousin. She chatted with you yesterday. 2. The man is very kind. He spent 15 minutes measuring our kitchen 3. The architect designed these flats. He has moved to HCM City. 5
4. The young boy is naughty. He rides an expensive motorbike. 5. I m reading the book. I bought it in 1996. 6. Do you know the man? He is sharing the flat with me. 7. The young man is Ba s brother. He is talking to our teacher. 8. We visited the monument. It was built a hundred years ago. 9. The boys are interested in the game. It is a popular game all over the world. 10. You have no need to tell me the reason. You are often late for work for that reason. 11. We visited the people. They are homeless after the flood. 12. I don t like the films. They have unhappy ending. 13. I know the man. His son broke your windows. 14. The girl is very kind. Her parents work with me. Exercise 2: Choose the best answer: 1. That s my friend, comes from Japan. A. which B. who C. whom D. where. 2. The plants which in the living room need a lot of water. A. are B. be C. is D. was 3. She s the woman sister looks after the baby for us. A. who B. which C. that s D. whose 6
4. That s the doctor for Cliff works. A. that B. which C. whom D. whose 5. Marie, I met at the party, called me last night. A. that B. whom C. which D. whose 6. I remember Alice, rode the bus to school with. A. I B. whom I C. which I D. who 7. I used to enjoy the summer, we had a big family picnic. A. where B. when C. which D. that 8. Tell me about the city you grew up. A. that B. where C. which D. ø 9. Anna found the book that wanted at the bookshop. A. ø B. where C. she D. which 10. Please remember to take back to the library all the books are due this week. A. ø B. that C. when D. they Ex3: Cirle the best option to complete each sentence: 1. The scientist invention was a success became famous a. who b. whose c. which d. that 2. The man you met at the party was a famous film star a. who b. that c. whom d. all are correct 3. My neighbour, brother is an actor, gave me some theatre tickets a. who b. whom c. which d. whose 4. We are talking about the writer latest book is one of the best-sellers this year a. which b. who c. whom d. whose 5. The people called me yesterday want to buy your house a. who b. whose c. whom d. which 6. A newspaper is published everyday is called a daily newspaper a. who b. which c. that d. b and c 7. That is the man told me the bad news 7
a. who b. whom c. whose d. which 8. Bologna in Northern Italy is the place Guglielmo Marconi was born a. there b. where c. what d. which 9. The boy eyes are brown is my friend a. who b. whose c. which d. whom 10. My uncle you met yesterday is a lawyer a. which b. what c. whose d. whom 4.Exercise 4: Reduce the following relative clause 1. The man who is standing there is a clown. 2. The envelope which lies on the table has no stamp on it. 3. Benzene, which was discovered by Faraday, became the starting point in the manufacture of many dyes, perfumes and explosives. 4. My grandmother, who is old and sick, never goes out of the house. 5. The student don't know how to do exercise which were given by the teacher yesterday. 6. The diagrams which were made by young Faraday were sent to Sir Humphry Davy at the end of 1812. 7. The gentleman who lives next door to me is a well-known actor. 8. All the astronauts who are orbiting the earth in space are weightless. 9. All students that don't hand in their papers will fail in the exam. 10. I saw many houses that were destroyed by the storm. 11. The street which leads to the school is very wide. 12. The system which is used here is very successful. 13. John, who teaches my son, is my neighbor. 14. Trains which leave from this station take an hour to get to London. 15. The candidates who are sitting for the exam are all from Vietnam. 16. We are driving on the road which was built in 1980. 17. Customers who complain about the service should see the manager. 18. The city which was destroyed during the war has now been rebuilt. 19. My brother, who met you yesterday, works for a big firm. 20. The vegetable which are sold in this shop are grown without chemicals. 8