1....1 1.1....1 1.2....1 2....4 3....16 3.1....16 3.1.1....16 3.1.2....16 3.1.3....16 3.1.4....18 3.2....20 3.3....22 3.3.1....22 3.3.2....31 3.3.3....36 3.3.4....44 3.4....46 3.4.1....46 3.4.2....51 3.4.3....56 3.4.4....61 3.4.5....64 3.4.6....68 4....74 4.1....74 4.2....76 4.3....76 4.3.1....76 4.3.2....77 5....78 5.1....78 5.1.1....78 5.1.2....82 5.1.3....84 119

5.2....86 5.3....87 5.4....88 6....89 6.1....89 6.1.1....89 6.1.2....91 6.2....92 6.2.1....92 6.2.2....92 6.2.3....93 6.2.4....93 6.2.5....93 6.3....94 7....101 7.1....101 7.2....101 7.3....102 7.4....102 1....103 2....104 2.1. 2005...104 2.2....104 3....107 3.1....107 3.2....107 3.2.1....108 3.2.2....108 3.2.3....108 3.2.4....108 3.2.5....109 3.2.6....109 3.2.7....112 120

4 1

2

3

105 ha 227 ha 46 32 ha 3 2 7,513ha 6,898ha 8 12 SACO 3,987ha 3,372ha 84.5 GIS 2.1 2.10 462ha 6.7 6,436ha 93.3 31 40 89 56 70 77 H ML 4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

498449 400 20 30 100 200 280 150 1980 g 300 16

90 300 100 200 3.1 1975 d d 300 d 300 d 2 g 17

ha d d g 22.93 715.54 142.45 80.91 722.34 1,101.41 207.08 454.70 3,447.36 28.40 806.46 29.60 160.98 979.69 1,331.35 393.04 485.63 4,215.15 51.33 1,522.0 172.05 241.89 1,702.03 2,432.76 600.12 940.33 7,662.51 47 1980. 1980. 47.. 1993. 47. 3.1 18

19

22.5 2 15.9 2,127.3mm 5 6 8 9 1 12 3,000mm 8 10 7 209.4 159.0 212.4 http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/menu/report.html 1987 2000 1973 2000 1971 2000 * 5 20

21

10 3 12 3 2 1 2 1974 7 15 15 45 5.0 7.0 45 85 85 180 180 3.0 7.0 3.0 240 180 240 1945 Good 1964 6 38 1989 1959 1977 1984 180 1989 1974 1 5 5 5 1 2 K T P T 0 100 K P T 20 100 200 K 2P T 140 22

1989 1989 1979 1989 3 3 23

4 11 1 5 100 450 1976 400 4 12 25 200 490 12 16 4 4 24

200 490 233 100 200 1992 2 6 2 420 10 30 25

10 3 2 7 10 7 8 15 3 4 26

10 25 9 12 1 2 27

3.2. 1989..... 1974.... 1945.... 1989..119 127pp... 1984.,... 1989..,.108 111pp... 1979.. 5 1.. 1976.,... 1992.,. WWFJ Science Report1 2.2005. GIS 28

29 17 11 25 171

290 340 23 25 57cm 10 14 70 90 4 4 44 30 50 63 30 40 92 15 50 30 39 2 100 2 4 cm 1 ST-5 70 8 90 46 18.0 cm 9.2 cm 7.7 5 60 2 40 31

1 10 2 ST-8 130 10 90 65 20.6 cm 8.3 cm 7.2 70 4 50 15 19 2 100 2 4cm ST-9 150 7.314.6 cm 3 73 6.1 cm 90 3.5 70 0.8 10 2 ST-10 160 62 13.0 cm 6.8 cm 8.0 6.1 90 5.5 20 2.5 60 0.8 20 32

1,320 2,1976 170 40 49 400 2 4 cm 15 90 9 248 27.5 cm 8.9 cm 9.1 9.0 30 24 3.5 50 40 0.8 30 53 2 4cm 1 ST-2 120m 100 2 20 29 110 14.8 cm 6.8 cm 5.7 7.5 90 5.0 60 33

21 2.5 40 37 0.8 10 32 2 ST-7 200 400 2 40 49 298 36.3 cm 7.8 cm 7.3 10.5 90 15 6.0 60 15 4.0 30 32 0.8 10 44 19 50 34

19 30 20 30 30 40 20 39 40 50 35

1988 1,318 779 60 1990 1990 198 36

583 1985 1980 37

432 4 4 613 38

3.3 3.4 39

40

41

3.5 17 3.3 42

17 11 25 171 43

336 1998 107 250 289 250 Ohkawa, Yokota & Hoshino, 2000 50 1990. 27: 19-31pp 44

1993 1-40pp Ohkawa, T., M. Yokota & T. Hoshino. 2000. Aneuploidal population differentiation in Carex sociata Boott Cyperaceae of the Ryukyu Islands, Japan. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 132: 337-358. 1996 9-274pp 1988 30 117-193pp 1998, 55: 10-18pp 2005 GIS 45

3.6 4 9 17 Pteropus loochoensis 1994 1996 Motokawa et al. 1996 1998 2 Maeda and Matsumura 1998 17 5 1910 12 20 60 1998 2 Maeda & Matsumura 1998 3.7 12 2 7 11 2005 6 1996 46

47

2 1,000 1997 1996 1998 2 2 1996 1995a,b 1997 48

3 3 Brigham et al. 1997 5 Lunney et al. 1985 1 4g 1996 1 1 3g 0.01g 300 1996 49

5 5 22 33 cm 24 33 cm 30 cm 1994 56cm Brigham et al. 1997 Sedgeley and O'Donnell 1999 50

1993 1993 1993 1993 272 13 24 4 54 1993 1977 1993 2006 IA 2005 IA CR 1982 1993 2006 IA CR 2005 IB EN 1993 1992 3 1994 1993 2006 II VU 2005 IB EN 1993 Regacy project 51

1970 1993 2006 IB EN 2005 IB EN 1971 2006 NT 2005 II VU 1971 2006DD 2005 IEN 2005 II VU 1987 2006 12 IB (EN) 52

Short 1978 1978 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1993 17 8 9 9 1987 Regacy project 53

498 71ha 662ha 23ha 1988 20 40 1988 8 2 17 1988 30 17 33 35 1991 8 1993 15 1993 1987 8 1988 18 1993 54

9 19931987 1991 5 40 1977 1986 40 250 55

12 3 7 8 18 6 7 1987 70, 1987, 1987 Yasukawa et al. 1992 Takeda and Ota 1996 Takydromus toyamai Ota and Iwanaga 1997, 1991 Matsui 1994 Rana amamiensis 2 Rana utsunomiyaorum Rana supranarina, 1989;, 1984 DNA Tanaka et al. 1996 56

7 3-8 7 8 6 2006 2005 1977, 1977 1993 1996a 1977 Katsuren et al. 1983 Utsunomiya et al. 1990 1991 km 19921993b 1996b 1992 1998 57

1 5 AMPHIBIA Salamandridae Tylototriton andersoni BOULENGER, 1892 Cynops ensicauda HALLOWELL, 1860 Bufonidae Bufo gargarizans miyakonis OKADA, 1931 Hylidae Hyla hallowellii THOMPSON, 1912 Ranidae Rana okinavana BOETTGER, 1895 Rana limnocharis limnocharis WIEGMANN, 1835 Rana catesbeiana SHAW, 1802 Rana narina STEJNEGER, 1901 Rana namiyei STEJNEGER, 1901 Rana ishikawae STEJNEGER, 1901 Rana holsti BOULENGER, 1892 Rhacophoridae Buergeria japonica HALLOWELL, 1860 Polypedates leucomystax BOIE, 1829 Rhacophorus viridis viridis HALLOWELL, 1860 Microhylidae Microhyla ornata DUMERIL et BIBRON, 1841 REPTILIA Bataguridae 58

Geoemyda japonica FAN, 1931 Emydidae Trachemys scripta elegans Trionychidae Pelodiscus sinensis Gekkonidae Gekko hokouensis POPE, 1928 Hemidactylus frenatus DUMERIL et BABRON, 1836 Eublepharidae Goniurosaurus kuroiwae kuroiwae NAMIYE, 1912 Agamidae Japalura polygonata polygonata HALLOWELL, 1860 Scincidae Eumeces barbouri VAN DENBURGH, 1912 Eumeces marginatus marginatus HALLOWELL, 1860 Ateuchosaurus pellopleurus HALLOWELL, 1860 Laceritidae Takydromus smaragdinus BOULENGER, 1887 Typhlopidae Ramphotyphlops braminus DAUDIN, 1803 Colubridae Achalinus werneri VAN DENBURGH, 1912 Cyclophiops semicarinatus HALLOWELL, 1860 Dinodon semicarinatus COPE, 1860 Amphiesma pryeri pryeri BOULENGER, 1887 Elapidae Calliophis japonicus boettgeri FRITZE, 1894 Viperidae Ovophis okinavensis BOULENGER, 1892 Trimeresurus flavoviridis HALLOWELL, 1860 59

60

13km 100 Cyprinus carpio Carassius auratus langsdorfii Rhinogobius sp.bb Rhinogobius sp.yb Rhinogobius giurinus Rhinogobiu sp.cb Plecoglossus altivelis ryukyuensis 1978 90 Ophieleotri sp. Hypseleotris cyprinoides Kuhlia rupestris Kuhlia marginata 6 2 42 26 6 1 144 68 61

42 19 3 144 46 42 17 2 4 144 33 42 4 6 42 7 5 144 12 42 6 4 144 12 6 42 14 4 144 27 62

42 11 2 144 22 6 2 3 63

1987 166 1989 117 19892006 126 3.10 3.11 1987 1987 150 3.10 3.12 64

65

66

67

11 1993 1993 40 3 4 1980 40 40 68

40 2 Azuma et al. 1997 Ito 1997 1997 1998 Omine & Ito 1998 Ito et al. 1998. 1994..,.. 1994.., 5 1 : 34-43pp. 69

1989 62 283-402pp. 1991... 68-82pp.,.. 1993.. pp.41-58,.. 1987.. 28 43-61pp Azuma, S., Sasaki, T. & Ito, Y. 1997. Effects of undergrowth removal on the species diversity of insects in natural forests of Okinawa Honto. Pacific Conservation Biology 3:156-160.. 1977.. 1,. 129-179pp... 1987.., 11-13pp.. Groombridge B. ed.. 1996. 1996 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.. 1986.. 60.1-41pp.,..1988... 171-269pp.. 1988... 77-90pp.,.. 1989... 123-167pp.,.. 1990... 125-141pp.,.. 1991...83-110pp.,.. 1992... 138-187pp.,.. 1993... 93-130pp.,.. 1988... 63-76pp.,.. 1991..,. 70

. 1993... 153-166pp.,.. 1997..,. Ito, Y. 1997. Diversity of forest tree species in Yanbaru, the northern part of Okinawa Island. Plant Ecology, 133:125-133. 1997.. --., 85-127pp. Ito, Y., Takamine, H. & Yamauchi, K. 1998. Abundance and species diversity of ants in forests of Yanbaru, the northern part of Okinawa Honto, with special reference to effects of undergrowth removal. Entomological Science, Vol. 2, in press.. 1989. 62.,.. 1991..,. Katsuren, S., S. Tanaka and S. Ikehara. 1977. A brief observation on the breeding site and eggs of a frog, Rana ishikawae [Stejneger] in Okinawa Island. Ecol. Stud. Nat. Cons. Ryukyu Isl., 49-54pp.. 1997..,, pp.31-55. Maeda, K. and S. Matsumura.1998. Two new species of vespertilionid bats, Myotis and Murina Vespertilionidae: Chiroptera from Yanbaru, Okinawa Island, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan. Zool. Sci., 15: 301-307.. 1989.... 206pp. Matsui, M. 1994. A taxonomic study of the Rana narina complex, with description of three new species Amphibia: Ranidae. J. Linn. Soc. London Zool., 111: 385-415.. 1976., 5, 2.,. Motokawa, M., S. Hattori, H. Ota and T. Hikida. 1996. Geographic variation in the Watase's shrew Crocidura watasei Insectivora, Soricidae from the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan. Mammalia, 60:243-254.. 1996.. 7.. 1997.,,.. 1997..,., 1988... 1-62pp.,. Okada, Y. 1936. Studies on the lizards of Japan. Contribution I. Gekkonidae. Sci. Rep. Tokyo Bunrika Daigaku, B2 42 :233-289. 71

. 1992... 140pp.. 1993..,.. 1996..,.. 1977. Sapheopipo noguchii SEEBOHM3. 8.,. 77pp.. 1981. 22.,.. 1987. 28,.,.. 1988. 1986 1987.. 30. 208-212pp... 1995a. 5.,.. 1995b. 6.,.. 1997. 7.,. Omine, T. & Ito, Y. 1998. Abundance and diversity of soil macrofauna of forests in Yanbaru, northern montane part of Okinawa Island, with special reference to removal of undergrowth. Memoire of Okinawa University No. 15: 131-159.. 1995.., 13 : 63-78. Ota, H. and S. Iwanaga. 1997. A systematic review of the snakes allied to Amphiesma pryeri Boulenger Squamata: Colubridae in the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan. J. Linn. Soc. London Zool., 121:339-360.. 1993...32-182pp... 1985.,.. 1996.., 5,,. 190pp.. 1984. C., 10: 67-72. Short, L. 1973. Notes on Okinawa birds and Ryukyu Islands zoogeogrphy. IBIS. 115:264-267.. 1998.., 36:1-10. 72

Takeda, N. and H. Ota. 1996. Description of a new species of Takydromus from the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan, and a taxonomic redefinition of T. smaragdinus Boulenger 1887 Reptilia: Lacertidae. Herpetologica, 52:77-88.. 1993... 59-92pp.,.. 1997..,. Tanaka, M., M. Matsui and O. Takenaka. 1996. Phylogenetic relationship of Japanese brown frogs Rana: Ranidae assessed by mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences. Biochem. Syst. Ecol., 24: 299-307.. 1987...9-10pp... 1990... 142-157pp... 1991... 111-122pp... 1992... 188-198pp... 1993a... 131-152pp.,.. 1993b.. Akamata, 9 :7-8.. 1996a...257-261pp... 1996b.. Akamata, 13 :25-26.. 1991.. 233-254pp.. Utsunomiya, Y., T. Utsunomiya, S. Katsuren & M. Toyama. 1983. Habitat segregation observed inthe breeding of five frog species dwelling in a mountain stream of Okinawa Islands. Ann. Zoo. Jap., 56 2 : 149-153. Yasukawa, Y., H. Ota, and T. Hikida. 1992. Taxonomic re-evaluation of the two subspecies of Geoemyda spengleri Gmelin, 1789 Reptilia: Emydidae. Jpn. J. Herpetol., 14 3 : 143-159. 73

14 7 74

75

75 11 19 4.1 44,398 37,880 5,846 202 470 33,934 33,934 - - - 71 481 78,332 71,814 5,846 202 470 546 60 0 65 421 267 186 10 - - - 10 1 78,888 71,874 5,846 267 901 339 18 3 4 19,480ha 9 503 446420 45 7,324 60 6,510 12 5,825 17 5,545 2,262 2,769 2,776 17 65 27.2 76

17 1 517 439 36 42 2 461 3 1,488 2,466 4 8km 26km 8,179ha 6 14 45 2,425 60 2,134 7 1,963 12 1,867 17 1,825 709 1,004 821 17 65 25.4 3 1 48,000 4.5ha 58 17 1 414 388 6 20 2 127 3 405 946 77

18 18 10 105,235ha 73,860ha 31,375ha 30 70 40 25 5 50 8,366 87 10 61 29 ha 12 24 5 82,389 52,676 50.1 63,202 13,234 12.5 81,823 39,325 37.4 7,483 45,193 5,132 24,552 15,509 64 111 13,123 183 7,015 5,923 21 23,781 15,544 208 10,983 4,354 48 227,432 105,235 31,375 73,860 5,523 42,550 25,778 100 29.8 70.1 5.2 40.4 24.5 1 18 18 10 2 3 100 4 46 5.2 5.3 13 5 78

87 8 1960 90 1961 ha 114 175 ha 1 18 18 10 2 79

ha 472 78.5 6,897 996.5 7,370 24.1 1,461 234.4 21,797 3,042.3 23,259 1,934 6.3 312.9 7.2 28,694 93.7 4,038.9 92.8 75.9 30,629 100 1 18 2 1,075.0 24.7 3,276.8 75.3 4,351.8 100 27 5.4 80

ha 1 18 18 10 16/4/1 26/3/31 15 12 81

5.6 8 12 1 18 18 10 2 52 3 3 4 58 82

5.7 1 18 18 10 2 12 83

5.8 17 2005 623 117 424 82 19 68 13 10 9 11 1999 300 400 500 4 84

1 18 18 10 2 3 85

2 5.9 NPO 1999 5 31 2004 12 22 86

3 6 2005 87

88

11 1 29 11 4 89

90

6.1 91

5 SACO H ML H 92

3 250 200 40 40 H M L 93

46 SACO 6.1 60 H 2 55 69 H 94

64 49 59 7 64 70 39 45 18 70 69 95

19 20 64 21 18 69 27 28 64 27 28 64 33 40 96

29 32 33 33 34 37 34 36 69 37 37 44 54 59 35 37 37 35 64 40 41 38 40 41 41 69 2 70 40 97

42 42 64 44 45 45 44 145 46 44 1 45 6.2 98

99