H v ] Xn- mep hb- p-im-c-\mb Hcp _me. IpXn-c-k-hm-cn-bnepw Bbp-[m-`ym-k-Ønepw AXn-k-a. Ipeo-\-amb s]cp-am w. alm-cm-jv{s- m-c-\mb Cu _mes\ p-dn- p hoc-i-y-iƒ \msphm-gp kp Øms snhn-bnepw FØn. Xs ]S-Ø-e-h-\mb jmlvpn-bpss ai-\mwv Ah-s\- -dn p kp Øm\v kt m-j-ambn. kp Øm ais\ ImWm B{Kln- p p F -dn- -t mƒ A BÀm-Z-`-cn-X-\m-bn. kwkxn Adn ai\v A{X kt mjw txm n-bn-. kp Øms Zp `-c-wsø B _me shdp-øn-cp- p. F nepw A -s bpw AΩ-bp-sSbpw \n _- -Øn\p hgßn Ah kp Øms sim m-c-øn-te p t]mbn. sxt C y-bnse {]kn- -amb ap nw cmpy-am-bn-cp p _npm q. Ahn-SsØ kp Øm AU -jmln \msp-hm-gptºmgmwv Cu kw`-hw. sim m-c-øn Fß-s\-sbms s]cp-am-d-w-sa v ]nxmhp ais\ {]txyiw ]cn-io-en- n- n-cp- p. Xe Ipºn v apxpip hf v Im ap p as n \a-kvi-cn- -Ww. CXv BNm-c-am-Wv. sx n- p-iq-sm. ai A s ]n mse Ac-a-\-bn-te p IS- p. kp Øms ap n-se-øn-b-t mƒ "kemw' F p am{xw ]d v _me amdn- \n- p. jmlvpn p `b-am-bn. kp Øm tim]n- ptam? X\n- p ÿm\-am-\-߃ \jvs-s -Sptam? Xs Poh Xs \jvs-s -Sptam? "sim m-c-øn s]cp-am-dn-bp ]cn-n-b- p-d-hp-sim- m-wv. am m- -Ww.' jmlvpn kp Øms Imev howp. A p [mcmfw kωm- \-ßfpw \ In-bmWv _mes\ kp Øm bm{x-bm- n-b-xv.
c v \nd- -XmWv inhm-pn-bpss Poh-N-cn{Xw. si p-i-y-iƒsim p Nne Ncn-{X-Im-c- m At±-lsØ {Iqc\pw h -I-\p-amb Hcp cmpm-hmbn Nn{Xo-I-cn- p p; Nne At±-lsØ sszh-tømfw hmgv-øp- p. tzim-[n-]xyw hln- n-cp ]S-Ø-e-h- m-cm-bn-cp p inhm-pnbpss ]q hn-i. At±-l-Øns ]nxm-hmb jmlvpn, t`m t hwi-øn s - -h\pw bp -ho-c-\p-am-bn-cp p; AΩ PoPm-_mbn {]kn- -amb bmz-h-dm-hp-ip-spw-_-ønse AwK-hpw. _npm- q-cn-\- SpØ Al-Ω-Zv\-K-dnse ss\km-ans {][m\ DtZym-K-ÿ- m-cmbn-cp p jmlvpnbpw PoPm-_m-bn-bpsS A -\mb bmz-h-dm-hp-hpw. ss\km-ans ac-w-tijw jmlvpn v apjy-ÿm\w e`n- p. CXn Ip]n-X-\mb dmhp-hn\v jmlvpn-tbmsp ]I-bm-bn. Abmƒ apkƒssk-\y-øns klmbw txsn, jmlvpn-s -Xnsc ]S-sh- n. A{Xb-[nIw ssk\y-i- n-bn- m-xn-cp jmlvpn v \msp-hn v HmSn-t mti- n-h- p. jmlvpn v PoPm-_m-bn-bn CXn-\Iw Hcp B Ip n P\n- ncp- p. kmw_mpn F m-bn-cp p Ahs t]cv. PoPm-_mbn ho pw K `w-[-cn- n-cn-s -bmwv jmlvpn v kip-spw_w \msp-hn-ts- n-h- -Xv. aq p hb- p-am{xw {]mb-ap- ssi p- n-s\bpwsim v K `n-wn-bmb PoPm-_mbn IpXn-c- p-døv bm{x-sn-ø-th, CS-bv psh v Ah-i-bm-bn. jmlvpn-bpss hniz-kvx- `-S- m Ahsf inht\-cn-t m- -bn FØn- p. jmlvpn-bpss A[o-\-X-bn-ep B tim -bn alm-cm-jv{s-cpss ]c-tz-h-x-bmb Aw_ -`-hm\otzhnbpss t {Xw ÿnxn-sn-bvxn-cp- p. Cuiz-c-`- -bmb PoPm-_mbn B tzhnsb ` n-]q hw D]m-kn- p. X\n v Hcp ai-\m-wv ]nd- p- sx- n Ah\v "inhm' F p \ma-i-c-ww-sn-øm-sa v Ahƒ t\ p. B t\ k^-e-am-bn. 1630 s^{_p-hcn 19- \v PoPm- _mbn inhm-pnsb {]k-hn- p. inhm-pn-bpss P\-\-k-a-bØv jmlvpn _npm- q-cn-em-bn-cp- p. t]mcm-snbpw k n-snbvxpw Hcp kzx-{ -`-c-wm-[n-im-cn-bm-im
Ah t\ctø ti n-cp- p. AΩ-bp-sSbpw A -s bpw ]q hn-i {]_-e-cmb tzi-hm-gn-i-fm-bn-cp p; F m, C v ap nw `c-wm- [n-im-cn-iƒ v ASn-]-Wn- p-i-gn-bp- p. lnµp- -fmb alm-cm-jv{s Hcp kzx-{ -cmpyw ÿm]n- mte Cu \ne amdn ]gb i n hos - Sp- m-\m-hq. C m-cy-ß-sfms AΩ inhm-pnsb Hm an- n- n-cp p. AΩ-bm-bn-cp p inhm-pn-bpss {][m\ Kpcp. cmam-b-w-ønsebpw alm-`m-cx-øn-sebpw IY-Iƒ Ah ai\p ]d- p-sim- Sp pw; Aßs\ B hoc-\m-b-i- msc A\p-I-cn- m-\p hmk\ inhm-pn-bn Infn Øp-h- p. Bfl-hn-izm-khpw ss[cyhpw B ymfln-i-t_m-[hpw AΩ-bpsS \nc- -cin -Ww-sIm v inhm-pn-bn hf p-h- p. ZmZmPn IWvT-tZ-h-\p-am-bp kmao]yw inhm-pn v Hc-\p-{Kl-am-bn. Ahs Imbn-Ihpw am\-kn-i-hp-amb in -W-Øn ZmZmPn {]txyiw {i n- p. ]pcm-w-ß-fnse hoc-i-y-ifpw \oxnkm-c-i-y-ifpw kc-k-ambn ]d- p-sim-sp- pw. kwkvir-xw, D Zp, t] jy F o `mjifn B _me\v \ ]cn- m\w e`n- p. Dd Hcp ax-]-fin-x Iq-Sn-bm-bn-cp ZmZm-Pn-bn \n p lnµp-a- X-Øns kmcmw-i-߃ {Kln- m\pw inhm-pn p Ign- p. ZmZm-Pn-bp-samØv khm-cn-sn-øm inhm-pn v henb XmXv]- cy-am-bn-cp- p. \Zo-Xo-c-ßfpw ] h-x-{]-tz-i-ßfpw Xm n IpXn-c- p-døp bm{x B _me-s\ lcw-]n-sn- n- p. Cu Np n- -d-ßen inhmpn Nne Iq p-im-scbpw kºm-zn- p. Xm\mPn aeq-k-sc, _mpn ]k m, bimpn IMv F n-h-cm-bn-cp p {][m\ kvt\ln-x. ] h-x-{]m- -ß-fn sh v ZmZmPn Ch v Bbp-[-]-cn-io-e-\-߃ \ In-bn-cp- p. aq v jvwm-\-zn-bpss Xoc-Øp Db ae-\n-c-ifpw simsp-w- IrIm-Sp-Ifpw inhm-pn pw Iq p-im pw ]cn-nn-x-am-bn. kly- ] h-x-øns Xmgvhmcß-fn-eqsS Ah IpXnc pdøp Np n-b- Sn p. `oam-\-zn-bpss DXv]-Øn-ÿm-\-amb `oa-i- -c-sa ae-bnepw
ae-bn-sp- p-i-fn-eqss hf- p-]p-f-s m-gp-ip cp{zm-wo-\-zn-bpss Xoc-ß-fnepw Ah sskzc-hn-lmcw \S-Øn. Cu {]tz-i-ß-fn-sems Np n- -d-ßp-tºmƒ X{ -{]-[m-\-amb Nne e y-߃ inhm-pn- p- m-bn-cp- p. Np p-ap ÿe-ß-fpss kwc- -W-Øn-\mbn Hmtcm Ip n-t epw henb tim -I-fp- m-bncp- p. _npm- q kp Øms hi-bm-bn-cp p Cu tim -Iƒ. Ch ]nsn-s -Sp- Ww inhmpn Icp-Xn. \nc- -c-amb k m-c-øn-\n-sbn inhmpn [mcmfw Bfp-I-fp-ambn ]cn-n-b-s - p. A - mb s]cp-am- hpw kuay-hm- p-ifpwaqew Hcn- ]cn-n-b-s -Sp- -h ]ns At±-lsØ ad- n-. ]q\bv p Np p-ap ImSp-I-fn amhm-en-iƒ F -dn-b-s - ncp Im p-pm-xn- m-cp- m-bn-cp p. Chsc kwl-sn- n v Hcp ssk\yw D m- -W-sa p IcpXn inhmpn Ah-cpsS kjyw t\sn. Xßsf kvt\ln- p- -h-cpss kwc- -W-Øn-\p-th n ac-ww-hcn- m\pw Xøm-dm-bn-cp-, Icp-Ø-cmb amhm-en-isf Iq n\p In nb-t mƒ inhm-pn v ]pxn-sbmcp i n ssih- p. temln-x-zp K- Øn amhm-en-i-fpss Hcp ]c-tz-h-xm-t -{X-ap- m-bn-cp p temln-tx-iz-c-t -{Xw. Po Wn- p-in-s Cu t {Xw inhmpn ]p\-cp- -cn- p. AhnsS \nxy-]q-pm-zn-i a-߃ p G mspw snbvxp. CXv Ah v inhm-pn-bn-ep kvt\l-hn-izm-k-߃ Du n-bp-d- n- p. Cu h K-Øn s tzi-ap-j- msc (d-h-\yq-]n-cn-hp-im ) inhmpn kzm[o-\n- p. Aºpw hn p-amwv amhm-en-i-fpss Bbp-[w. Ch-cn \n v Akv{X-{]-tbm-Khpw hmƒ -b pw inhmpn ]cn-io-en- p. CXn-\nsS Nne bpt m-]-i-c-w-߃ kºm-zn- m\pw Ign- p. ZmZm-Pn p `bam-bn. i -\mb _npm- q kp Øms\ snmsn- n- mt\ CØcw {]hr-øn-iƒ D]-I-cn q F pw AXn-\m Cu ]cn-]m-sn-ifn \n pw ]n n-cn-b-w-sa pw At±lw inhm-pnsb D]tZ-in p. D]-tZ-i-sa mw hn^-e-ambn F p {]txy-in p ]d-tb- -Xn- -t m. jmlvpntbm _npm- q kp Ømt\m inhm-pn-bpss Cu Icp- \o- -ß-sf- p-dn-s m pw Adn- n-cp- n-. kp Øm Xs cmp- [m-\n-bn ]pxnb aµn-c-ß-fpss \n am-w-øn apgp-in-bn-cn- -bm-
]nsn- -Xv.- Hcp kxvim-c-øn\v Wn- p- -Xmbn A`n-\-bn- p-sim v jmlvpnsb XS-hn-em- n. inhmpn BsI ]cn-{`m- -\m-bn. Xm _n-pm- qcn sn m kp Øm Xs Xe -simøpw. sn n-s - n A sim -s - Spw. H pw Xma-kn- n-. ka -\mb Hcp ZqXs\ At±lw U lnbn apkƒ cmpm-hmb jmp-lms ASp-tØ- -b- p. kz]n-xmhns Poh c n- m At]- n- p-sim- p Hcp ktµ-ihpw ZqX hiw simsp-ø-b- n-cp- p. jmp-lm\v jmlvpn-tbmsp henb aa-x-sbm pw D m-bn-cp- n-. ImcWw Al-ΩZv\K bp -Øn At±-l-Øn\v hºn Bƒ\m-ihpw [\-\-jvshpw hcp-øn-sh BfmWv jmlvpn. F nepw Cu \n Wm-bI L -Øn jmlvpnsb klm-bn- m Xocpam-\n- p. jmlvpnsb DS tamnn- n- p-sim- - W-sa v _npm- q kp Øm-\v, N{I-h Øn Iev]\ Ab p; jmlvpnsb c n- p-sim- m-sa v inhm-pnsb Adn-bn- p-ibpw snbvxp. U ln N{I-h Øn-bn \n pw Iev]\ e`n- -t mƒ jmlvpn tamnn-x-\m-bn. jmlvpnsb sim m N-{I-h Øn -Xs shdptx -sh-t - n-s v kp Øm\v Adn-bm-am-bn-cp- p. XS-hn \n p tamnn- n-s - nepw \mep h j-tømfw jmlvpn v _npm- q hn pt]m-im kzmx-{ y-ap- m-bn-cp- n-. I Wm-S-I-Øn Nne `c-wm- [n-]- m Ipg- -߃ D m- p p F -dn- -t mƒ kp Øm\v jm-lvpnsb Atßm- -b-bvt - n-h- p. inhm-pn-bpss X{ -]q hamb {]hr-øn-sim- m-wv jmlvpn c -s - -Xv. apkƒ N{I-h Ønsb XpS p bp -ß-fn klmbn- p-sim- m-sa v inhmpn kω-xn- n-cp- p, A s Poh c n- m. F m-bmepw Ipd- p-imew At±lw AS-ßn- m Øp. \mev K-f- m-cp-am-bp inhm-pn-bpss kjyw Hcp X{ w am{x-am-bnap cp- p. Pp m, Al-ΩZv\K F nh X\n- -h-im-i-s - -XmsW pw AXp X\n p hn p-x-c-w-sa pw inhmpn apk-f-tcmsv Bh-