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1 R Speech = Language Language = Group of sentences Sentences = Group of words Word = Group of Letters Letter = Alphabet - PARTS OF SPEECH äéπ Sentences apple Ö o-ô - çöà äéó\ µ«í Eo í Jç* ûál-ߪ -ñ -ÊÆü ØËo parts of speech Åçö«Ω. e.g.: Veeru / is / teaching / english grammar / to / his / students = speech. English apple 8 Ωé parts of speech Öçö«. ÅN: 1) Noun 2) Pronoun 3) Verb 4) Adjective 5) Adverb 6) Prepositions 7) Conjunctions 8) Interjection Noun: äéπ uéàh Ê Ω - - -ü äéπ Ææn ç Ê Ω - ü äéπ Ææ h Ê Ω -- ûálߪ -ñ -ÊÆü Eo Noun Åçö«Ω. e.g.: i) Sri Chandra Shekar Rao is the C.M. of Telangana. e.g.: A fleet of Ships = ãúø Ææ æ«ç A bunch of Keys / Grapes = û «, vü éπ~ æçúøx í Ah. Abstract Noun: Å Ωh µ«- Ê Ωx ûál-ߪ -ñ ÊÆü Eo Abstract Noun Åçö«Ω. Abstract Noun éà µ Aéπ Ω æç Öçúøü. ÅC Íé ç äé𠵫vûª Ë. e.g.: Unity is strenth. In India many people lead their lives in poverty. Wisdom is never theft. Nouns éìeo Nouns í, í äíé Nüµ çí Öçö«. e.g.: Two hundred people, Three dozen eggs, Four oranges, A ten rupee note, A five kilometre walk, Sheep, Deer, Swine, Crops, Series, Dices, etc... e.g.: i) A series of lectures was delivered on this subject. ii) We need a dice to play this game. iii) Three dozen eggs was sold by him. Note: Fish ÅØË Noun éà È çúø plural forms ÖØ o. ÅN: Fish, Fishes.

2 Fish = äíé Ωé -EéÀ îáçc- N ÅØËéπç ÅE Å Ωnç. Fishes = î «Ωé - èπ îáçc- N ÅØËéπç ÅE Å Ωnç. Scissors, Tongs, Bellows, Spectacles, Shears, Thanks, Spirits, Savings etc... e.g.: Leather Shoes are costly in Russia. These Scissors are very sharp. My spectacles have been lost. Now a days savings are most important. éàçc Nouns îª úø-ö«-eéà singular í Öçö«. é F á æ púø plural í ØË Ö æ-ßá -Tç-î L. Cattle, Gentry, Poultry, Clergy etc... e.g.: The Cattle are grazing in the field. The Poultry are running by former. éìeo Nouns éà plural È çúø Ωé - í Öçö«. öà Å Ωnç èπÿú ËÍ y- Ω í Öçö«. äéπ Sentence apple È çúø Noun Opposition apple Ö o- æ púø (S) Secound noun èπ add îëߪ L. e.g.: This is may friend Mahesh's house. This news of Ram's (new brought by Ramu) The news of Ramu (about Ramu) Brother Cloth Genius Index È çúø Noun Common Possession apple Öçõ (S) ÅØËC È çúó subject èπ vûª Ë add îëߪ L. e.g.: Many a new plan has failed. Brothers (sons of the same parents) Brethren (members of a society or community) Cloths (kinds or pieces of cloth) clothes (garment = ü Ææ h ) Geniuses (persons of greate tallent) Genii (Spirits = Çûªt ) Indexes (tables of contents) Indices (signs used in algebra) Many a battle was fought on the soil of India. The majority of ÅØË æü Eo Numbers èπ vûª Ë Ö æ-ßá -Tç-î L, í æj-í -ùàç-î L. e.g.: The majority of these boys like crime thrillers. A lot of, A great deal of, Plenty of, Most of, Some of  j îá œp æü Amount & Quantity E ûál- œûë singular í µ«nç-î L. ü Number E ûál- œûë í µ«nç-î L. e.g.: A lot of work remains to be done (Quantity) A lot of people have attended the meeting (Quantity) Plenty of books are available in the library (Number)

3 äéπ Sentence apple Noun ûª yûª Preposition ÖçúÕ Ó- ƒj Same noun repeat Å ûë ü Eo singular í ØË æjí ùàç-î L. e.g.: Word for word, Hour after hour, Door to door Word for word is learning by sneha. Door to door attestes the Postern. e.g.: The Lion is the king of the animal. Noun - -A-J-T 5 Ö æ N µ«-í - í -N- µº->ç-î Ω. Proper Noun à Noun Å ûë direct í Ê Ωx ûál-ߪ -ñ -Ææ hçüó ü Eo Proper Noun Åçö«Ω. e.g.: Tomy is a faithful dog. Raju is my student. Common Noun à Noun Å ûë Ê ΩxûÓ é èπ çú Common í ûál-ߪ -ñ -Ææ hçüó ü EE Common Noun Åçö«Ω. e.g.: Gandhi is the father of Nation. Students are preparing for groups. Material Noun úõ æü Ωn Ææç ç-üµ - Á i Ê Ωx ûál-ߪ -ñ -ÊÆü Eo Material Noun Åçö«Ω. e.g.: Gold is very costly. Iron is heated in many stages. Authority (power) Content (Satisfaction) Iron (metal) Respect (regard) Return (Coming back) Wood (Material) Water (material) Fruit (Edible thing) Iron (material) Sand (Material) Authorities (men in Power) Contents (What is Contained in a book or vessel) Iron (fetters) Respects (Compliments) Returns (Statements) Woods (Forest) Water (Sea) Fruits (Results) Irons (Chains) Sands (Land) Collective Noun äéπ í ç æ Ê Ω - ü Ææ æ«ç Ê Ω - ûál-ߪ -ñ ÊÆ ü Eo Collective Noun Åçö«Ω. e.g.: A flock of sheep = íìv Ω çü.

4 éàçc Nouns í ØË Ö æ-ßá -Tç-î L. Alphabet, Bedding, Clothing, Furniture, Information, Luggage, Scenery, Physic, Machinery, Poetry etc... e.g.: The Old furniture was disposed of. The Scenery of kulu is fascinating. The poetry of shelly is very inspiring. éìeo Nouns îª úø-ö«-eéà plural í Öçö«. é F singular í ØË Ö æ-ßá -T ƒhç. Mathematics, Physics, Mechanics, Statistics, Mumps, Measles, Billiards, Gymnastics, News, Summons, Innings, Wages, etc... e.g.: A glorious innings was played by Rohith Sharma. The News of his death was heard. Physics is a hard subject. Note: éìeo Ææçü s applex Mathematics, Economics í Ö æ-ßá -Tç-î L. e.g.: Mahesh Mathematics are very accurate. (Mathematical calculation) ÅØË Å Ωnç apple The Economics of this plan have been carefully discussed (Economics issuses) ÅØË Å Ωnç apple éàçc Nouns á æ púø í ØË Ö æ-ßá -Tç-î L. Shoes, Socks, Trousers, Pyjamas, Shorts, éìeo Noun í äéπõ Å Ωnç Öçô çc. í È çúø Å n Öçö«. Arm (upper limb) Circumstance (fact) Custom (habit) Minute (a unit of time) Pain (suffering) Spectacle (sight) éìeo Nouns éà í äéπ Å Ωnç Öçô çc. í Ë Ìéπ Å Ωnç Öçô çc. Arms a) upper limbs b) weapons Circumstances a) facts b) conditions Customs a) habits b) duties on goods Minutes a) units of time b) proceedings of a meeting Pains Spectacles a) sights a) sufferings b) care b) eye-glasses

5 äéπ Ë È çúø Nouns separate possession apple Öçõ È çúø subject èπ ('s) add îëߪ L. e.g.: Veeru's and Priya's fathers (Two persons) Note: äéπ sentence apple ('s) Non - living thingéà Ö æ-ßá -Tç-îª-èπÿ-úøü. e.g.: The table's wood (in correct) A Car's door (in correct) Collective Noun Group Crowd, Army, Committee, Jury, Assembly, Herd, etc... OöÀE Collective Noun Åçö«Ω. Collective Noun E í ØË µ«nç-î L. e.g.: A flock of sheep was grazing in the field. The committe has passed the resolution unanimously. éàçü îá œp adjectives Nouns í èπÿú æj-í -ùà- ƒh Ω. é öàd OöÀE Noun í æj-ùàç-î L. Much, More, Little, Less Good (beneficial) Advise (counsel) Air (atmosphere) e.g.: Much of their glory has faded away. Goods (property) Advices (information) Airs/ Proud behaviour More than half a century has passed. Since this city was made the capital. Writer: M. Veerababu