VUNG BIEN HA TINH VA CONG DONG CU DAN BO LO PHAM THANH TINH^ Vdi bd bien dai nen vflng dac quyen kinb te bien d Ha Tinh rdng ga'p xay dflng, bao ve Td quo'c va la cang nu'dc sau ly tudng cho cac tau trgng tai ldn vao hdn 33 lan dien tfch da't dai cua tinh (hdn ra thuan tien. Theo khao sat buoc dau 20.000km^). Ven bd bien Ha Tinh, each cua Vien Khao c6 hgc thugc Vien Khoa cac cita bien tfl 3,4 km den 20 km tfl Bac hgc xa bgi Viet Nam va Bao lang Ha Tinh vao Nam rai deu ciic hon diio nhci nhung tien banh nam 2000, chflng ta difdc biet cd gia tri quiic phdng vii kinh le. dd la ciic; trfldc day tren bd bicn Ha Tinh ngoai 1 dao Ngfl. dao Mat, dao Ndm... d trifdc Cfla cita bien cdn hii nhif Cita Hgi, Cita Sdt, Hc)i Tbc'j'ng thucic dia jibiin Ha Tinh nay Cita Nhifdng va Cita Khau con cd cac Cfla thugc ve tinh NgbcJ An. Xich Mg dfldi chiin nui Mfli Dgc thugc xa (\ia Sdt cd Mfli Lc")', ci.inh Mui Ld cd ^y Nam, Cfla Cao Vgng, Cua Nu'dc Trong nhflng bon cbi ngdm, cd cac hdn dii ldn nc-ii "' ^'^ ^y Ninh nhung nay da hi cat boi lap triui niiit nifc'ic kbi thuy Irieii xu6'ng. Dd hi l^^" ^'ong chdy tfl dai lien ra bien. cac hdn Am, hdn Mdi, hdn Ngfla. Cach Dac diem cua ciic cita bien hien nay d cita Nhifdng trtui 80()ni hi bdn Bdc va hdn Ha Tinh la each nhau va rai deu lfl Bac En. ncii diiy cdn do hii cliiii lich ciiii nfli Ida vao Nam. Ngoai ra, niiing lifdi sdng va va cdn cd hang da chim (5n lam l6. Ngoai kenh dao lh6ng su6'l cac huyen ven bien khdi Cflii Khau d Ky Anh la dao Son da tao thuan ldi cho sfl thong thfldng gifla Du'cing. Diiy hi hdn dao Idn nhat tren bien cfla bien va ngi tinh. Dgc theo mien bien cua Ha Tinh, Xii hdn phia D6ng cd hdn iiy, cd khii nhieu cdng ddng ngii dan thuy Chim nhivp nhd tien niiit nitcjc. Dao Sdn cfl sinh sd'ng. Theo nghien cflu cua Dfldng cflng vdi nui Cao Vgng tiio nen Nguyen Duy Thieu, cd hai nhdm ngu dan vung bien Sdn Diicing, ])hia nam Vflng thuy cit vdi hai ngudn gdc rd rot: nhdm cd Ang cd df) sau trim 11m, bflii ben mgt hai ngudn gdc ndng dan trong ngi ddng va cang c Uiin trgng nii\' niiii cua sfl nghic]) nhdm da cfl trfl lau ddi tren bien'^'. Nhdm Th.^^. i'hiini Tiiaiih Tinh. X'ion Nghii'ii cifu Dong Nam A
54 Nghien cdu Dong Nam A 7/2009 cd ngudn go'c ndng dan trong ndi ddng chu yeu sd'ng bdng nghe dang, day danh bat tdm ca trong sdng. Nhdm kia danh'ca bang cau va ludi nit ngoai bien khdi. Nhdm cfl trfl lau ddi tren bien cd mdt cdng ddng vdi sd' IflcJng tudng ddi ldn, sd'ng tap trung tai cac cita bien cua Ha TTnh, chu yeu la d Cifa Sdt - xa Thach Kim va Cita Nhfldng - xa Cam Nhfldng. Dd la cdng ddng ngfldi Bd Ld. Ngfldi Bd Ld (hay Ba Lan) la ten chi mdt nhdm ngfldi vao thdi can dai sd'ng khdng dn dinh, thinh thoang thay le te xua't hien d bd bien phfa Nam Nghe Tinh, tai mdt vai diem nhat dinh cu trfl dgc ven bien cac tinh mien Trung tfl Thanh Hda vao tdi Quang Binh, dac biet la d cac cita sdng, neu cd thanh nhdm cflng khdng ddng^'"^*. Theo khao sat cua cac nha nghien cflu,d Ha Tinh, ngudi Bd Ld sd'ng dam dac nha't tai hai ciia bien: Cita Sdt (Thach Kim, Lgc Ha) va Cita Nhfldng (Cam Nhfldng, Cam Xuyen). Ngoai ten ggi Bd Ld, hg cdn diidc dan dia phfldng ggi la ddn Nod'c cdu hoac ddn Bd Chinh (Cita Sdt) hay Bo Lo Xudn Hoi, in xien {Cita NhflcJng). Dfldi gdc nhin cua ngudi dan dia phudng, day la mdt cdng ddng ngudi ngu cu tfl ndi khac tdi, vi vay, trudc Cach mang thang Tam, "Bd Ld" dudc hg coi la tdc danh de chi mot nhdm ngfldi ma theo Nguyin Duy Thieu, dd la nhdm ngudi ma cu dan Crfa Sdt ggi la "Mfldng nflde man". Vdi tieng Viet, Bd Ld khdng cd y nghia, theo cac nha nghien cflu ngdn ngfl hoc. Bo Ld dflde doan dinh cd gdc la Ma Lai. Tfl nay cd the la Pfl Lao hay Bfl Lao nghia la dao. Phai chang day la nhflng cfl dan tfl ngoai dao vao, va ngfldi dan dia phfldng da Viet hda tfl Bfl Lao thanh Bd Ld de chi nhflng ngfldi nay. Vi vay, cd gia thiet cho rdng hg la ngfldi Ma Lai, cd ngiidi cdn cho rang ngfldi Bd Ld cd ngudn gdc la ngud'i Champa. The nhung, ngudi Bd Ld tfl dau tdi, tdi tfl bao gid, cho den nay van cdn la mgt cau hdi. Theo cac cu gia, nhflng ngfldi ma den tan hdm nay cdn tfl nhan minh la ngfldi Bd Ld, thi td tien cua hg tfl Quang Binh di cu ra va tfl Cita Hdi - Nghe An vao. Vdi tri nhd cua minh, cac cii cho rang td tien dng ba hg da dinh cfl d day khoang 8 den 10 ddi. Cd nhflng ddng ho da dinh cfl den 14 ddi. Qua hinh the va nhflng bieu hien ben ngoai, cflng de phan biet ngfldi Bd Ld vdi dan dia phfldng: da ho sam hdn, tdc quan, mdi day, mat nhd, phat am tieng Viet khd hieu. Dang di thi Idng khdng, cd rut nhu cd rua, khi di nhu chay, ndi thi nhanh nhfl chim hdt Nhflng dac diem tren cua ngudi Bd Ld cd nhflng net gan vdi cac cfl dan Nam Dao. Va, neu dung nhu vay thi cdng ddng ngfldi Bd Ld cd mdi quan he vdi cac cdng ddng cfl dan bien cua Ddng Nam A. TrUdc day, vdi tu tudng ky thi dan tgc, mdt sd' ngudi dan dia phfldng nhin ngfldi Bd Ld bang con mat td md neu khdng mud'n ndi la ft thien cam. Do vay, tfl lau, d Ha TTnh, cd cau hat ve ngudi Bd Ld: "Bd Ld Xuyen Hdi Khddng ndi nau an,
Pligin Thanh Tinh - \ ung hien Hd Tinh vd egng ddng eu ddn Bd Lo 55 Khddng khan chit trddc (dau), Khddng ncidc (thuyen) di cau quan he nghe nghiep. Chfnh vi vay, cd cau ^ua van chai so vdi cd ca'u xa hgi nong... 1,, --^» nghiep ddn gian hdn rat nhieu. Moi sinh Khoong biui (tui) diing gfio. ' ^ ^ ' _ hoiit cua hg deu tap trung tren thuyen. Tat nhien. ndi dung cfla bai hat cung.,.,. -. - '» - i» Sau ngay dgc lap. mgt so gia dmh dugc chi la ciidng dieu cudc sd'ng ngheo khd,,,,.-,.,.-».-,, 2, CD chmh quyen dia phuong cap dat (nhu 0 ddn gian, that hoc cua ho thdi, chfl thflc.sfl r^ '. XTU... r^-- v - \u - - ^ '- "^ Cfla Nhfldng - Cam Xuyen) hoac co tien chang cd ac y gi. ^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^ ^^^ g^^ _ r^^^^^ ^^,^ ^^ La dan thuy cfl, ngfldi Bd Ld chi dflde sd'ng tren mat nflde va sd'ng cudc sd'ng "theo dudi con ca" va "an sdng ndi gio'. Hg d,jng nha. Vi the hg sd'ng cudc sdng "thuong gia hii thuyen", tflc la vfla d tren thuyen vfla d tren nha. Hien nay, do dieu khdng cd da't d tren bd, hga chang neu cd kien kinh te cflng nhfl dieu kien xa hgi, thi dan thuy cu chi dflng phan da't ay vao cac hd gia dinh tren thuyen hau nhu da hai viec chinh: de chdn cat ngfldi chet va len bd hda nhap vdi ngfldi dan ban xfl. xay chnh thd cua viin. Ngay xua, tren Mac dau vay nhflng yeu to cd van duoc danh nghia, hg cung dudc chfnh quyen bao luu trong cuoc sdng thfldng ngay cua phong kien dia phfldng thfla nhan quyen ngfldi Bd Ld. lanh Vfle, nhflng ngoai bai dau thuyen d ^gudi Bo Ld sdng chu yeu bdng lam cifa sdng. hg khdng dflcic vao sdng. Ngoai ^ghg danh bdt ca ngoai bien khdi vdi hat bien. ngiidi Bd Ld dflcic tfl do, nhflng vao hi^h thflc danh bat chinh la cau va ludi da't lien hg hi c:oi la "than d dd", la dan rut. Thuyen ca cua hg (nhu d Cam "sd'ng vd gia cu, chet vd dia tang", cho nen NhUdng) thfldng ddng 9 van ke tfl con hg phai mua dat cua cac lang tren bd de tiep, te, dang hai, hdng phong va con be xay dinh va chdn cat ngifdi chet vdi nhflng (hai vach + hai tiep), mfli thfldng cao, lai dieu kien rat khat khe. thap va be. Thuyen lai rut cd chieu dai 35 Trudc day (trudc Cach mang Thang den 42 thflde mdc (thfldc ta = 0,4m), rinh Tam), ngiidi Bd Ld sdng chu yeu tren hdng, rdng day, vflng chdc, chiu dudc do thuyen, mdi gia dinh thudng cu tru tren sdng lde. Trong khu vuc mien Trung, cd mdt con thuyen. Nhieu gia dinh ket hop hai loai thuyen dien hinh: thuyen trudng vdi nhau thanh mgt van, nhu Vim Ky va thuyen bau. Thuyen trudng dflng de Xuyen d Cifa Sdt va Viin Nddc cau d danh bat ca, mfli cd hinh cong nhfl hinh Nhfldng Biin. Trong thiet che xa hgi co mat trang va thuyen bau dflng chd hang, truyen, cac cu dan van chai khong phdi la Ngfldi Bd Ld dflng thuyln trudng. dan chfnh c\i vi vay van chai chi la nhflng Nghe cau cua ngudi Bd Ld cd hai each ddn vi lit quan. Cac van chai dflde tap hcip cau la cau d'ng can va cau vang. Cau dng theo nguyen tdc ciuan he huyet thd'ng va can thdng dtang hdn ca. Mdi ngiidi thdng
56 Nghien edu Dong Nam A 7/2009 thfldng chi dflng mgt day cau, mdt d'ng mflc Trfldc day, do cau theo ldi thu cdng can, cd ludi cau, cd mdc mdi. Phai thdng cd truyen ddn gian, nen nang sua't thap hieu con ca nao Ua mdi nao de biet ma dii ma lai hi phu thudc theo mfla cua miic. ca. Chdng ban ca ngfla fla mdi tdm ma Ngay nay, nghe cau miic ciia ngudi Bd Ld tdm phai sdng, phai bdi Idi binh thudng. da dudc cai tien nhieu nhfl rfldng, chi, van Mud'n nhu the phiii mdc Ifldi cau vao ddu kim tuye'n tao mau dng anh de danh Ifla con tdm, tranh chiim vao day nao. Tfly mflc. Vi vay ma, gid day, ngfldi ta cd the theo tflng loai ca ma sit dung Ifldi cau to cau miic ca ban ngay Ian ban dem. nhd khac nhau. Vf du cau ca ngfl khac cau Vdi cau vang, day cau thudng dai den ca trich, cau ca thu khac cau ca nhd. Phai hang nghin sai va duc3c ket day nhieu ludi biet ddi trang chd nude: trang mgc nude cau. Day cau tren du<3c tha dai xud'ng bien may, trang xe nude dflng. Dd la nhflng trong mgt thdi gian chflng 7-8 tieng. Ca thdi diem ca hay bat mdi. Viec sit dung cdn cau nhieu khi day dac. NgUdi thej cau phao cflng rat quan trgng. Kinh nghiem vang, cd nhflng chieu cau dude hang ta ca cita ngfl dan cau ca la khi mat bien xao quy cd gia tri xua't khau. Nghe cau vang ddng ca thudng an sau nen phai de ludi cd khi cau ducic ca day, ca Iflng chflng va cau each mat da't 2 sai. Khi bien em, ca an cd khi cau duc3c ca ca ndi. cao - ludi cau each mat dat 4-5 sai. NgUdi ^^ong nghe cau cda ngudi dan chai Bd Bd Ld la nhflng ngudi thien nghe, sat ngu L5 ^d nghe cau ca map dflde dan gian ggi cau ca ndi tieng it ai bi kip. la ca nham. Ca nham rat quy: bd khung Ngoai cau cac loai ca, ngudi Bd Ld cdn xfldng la sun (dung de chfla dd't sd'ng), vi cau miic. MUc la loai sinh vat bien rat me ca nham la mgt mdn an trong "bat tran" anh sang. Cho nen, ngifdi ta dflng mdi ca (chi gianh cho vua chfla) keo thanh sdi de cdm cd chat lan tinh. Tuy nhien d bien nau an, gan ca nham dflng de dieu che Ddng cd loiii miic rat to, thfldng phai cau Vitamin A, Cd khi ngfldi di cau cau bang locii chi rieng (ldi cau trgng) phai tiio dudc con ca nham rat ldn, nd keo ca cho nd cai the keo dudc ludi cau ndm thuyen di, ngudi cau phai cho thuyen di ngang trong nudc. NgUdi ta dflng mgt thdi theo ca, den khi ca met, ngfldi thd cau mdi gd quan chi de cho nd khdng bi chim hdn keo ca vao thuyen. Nhflng, cung cd luc gap va tfnh toan sao cho cd the ndm ngang vdi phai loai "tiem ac ngu", chung ria het con Ifldi cau. Khi cau miic, ngudi ta khdng ca ldn, chi cdn lai bg xudng va cai dau. mdc mdi vao ludi cau ma huge mdi tren Nhflng ngfldi thdng thao ve cau cd cudc ludi cau mdt khoang. Nhu vay ta se cd mgt sd'ng kha gia vi viec mua sdm ngu cu mat ngang gdm hdn chi, mdi, ludi cau. Khi khdng td'n kem bang nhflng nghe khac, miic ngam indi, litdi cau hi giat manh tfl nhflng lai cd thu hoach cao. Tuy nhien. vdi dudi len va mdc vao bung hoiic dau con ngfldi Bo Ld "sd'ng vd gia cfl, chet vd dia
Phgni Thanh Tinh - M'ing hicn Hd Tinh vd cdng ddng eu ddn Bo Lo 57 tang", do mgi thfl' phai quy ddi tfl ca ma ra. cho nen, mac dfl thdng thfio nghe, sat ca. nhflng do khdng cd nha. di bien khdng cd ngudn tai chinh ddi dao, phai vay mudn trudc nen hau nhu sau mdi chuyen di bien, hg chi kiem dfl cho cudc sd'ng thfldng nhat ma thdi. Nghe ludi rut cbi danh ban ngay va phai thii cha (riio). ('ba cd the vi nbu "khach Scin du lich" de cho dan ca den trfl ngu, chdn vdn. Cha cang nhieu thi toa bdng cang rdng, de cho ca den "ta tflc". Ket ca'u cua mdt day cha tfla day phao khdng Id cd khi dai 12, 15, 20 sai trd len. Day cha huge vdi rg da nang hang tii. Mgt dau day huge vdi cay tre to, khi nem xudng bien tiia nhfl mgt Iflm tre. Vang Ifldi rflt gdm day, gia, beo, canh tif^n, mat ludi 2cm x 2cm, day mdng tfly theo loiii ca. De diinb ca, nghe Ifldi rflt cdn cd thd va ban trai bao gdm Ihd chinh, thd bin. ngfldi va hidi. ngudi gifl thuyen. Mdi tci'i) ihd can khoang 10-20 ngitdi. Ky ihuiit chfnh cua nghe ludi rut phu thudc vao ngudi thd gidi trong vice tham do bin nu'dc chflng vdi, tha rao, dat neo, budng hidi. Tfly theo con cti xuat hien, vii nam vu bdc, lan nudc, long khdi ma ngfldi thd quyet dinh danh ludi. Nghe ludi rflt danh ca vao hai vu: Nam va Bdc gdm ca mu, cii niic, cii trich, ca long Danh ca chim thi ky thuat phflc tap va khd khan hdn, ddi hdi ngfldi thd lan gidi de khi thay ca xuat hien lhi phai lan de ddn dan ca vao Ifldi. Cd ihci lai gidi hdn da phai lien litdi va diiy, mdi danh bdt dflde cii nhdng vi ca nhdng dau nhgn, rang sac. lao nbu mfli ten. ay vay ma ngu'di Bd Ld van danh bat dudc. NgUdi Bd Ld cd the danh bat quanh nam (trfl nhflng ngay mua bao Ion) va khdng phai cbi quan quanh trong vflng bien each dat lien khoang 40-50 km ma cdn CO the di xa hang tram cay so', dac biet la nghe cau. Ben canh dd, ngudi Bd Ld ven bien Ha Tinh cdn la nhflng con ngu'di thien thuy, thien nghe, cau keo tai gidi. Trudc day, mac dfl it dfloc hgc hanh, nhung vdi nhflng kinh nghiem di bien, hg la nhflng cfl dan da dem lai nhieu ngudn ldi kinh te bien cho cac lang xa ven bien, dac biet la cac cita sdng nbu cfla Sdt (Thiich Kim - Lgc Ha) va cifa Nhfldng (Cam Nhfldng - Cam Xuyen). Tfl' sau Cach mang thang Tam den nay, ngfldi Bd Ld da chuyen len dinh cu d dat lien va sinh hoat gidng nbu ngifdi "hiin dia". Mgi tap tuc sinh hoiit cua hg, lfl an d, lam nha cifa, den viec cifdi hdi, tang ma, hgc hanh bay gid chang khac gi so vdi ngfldi trong thdn xdm. Gid day, hg dang cflng nhflng ngfldi dan chai bien khac dang ngay dem dem lai nhflng ngudn ldi ldn cho que hudng, lang xdm./. CHU THICH 1. Nguyen Duy Thieu. Cdc cong dong ngu ddn thiiy cu a viing bien Viet Naml/Tap chi Nghien cflu Dong Nam A, sd 6/2003, tr. 3-10. 2. Theo Nguyin Ddng Chi. Dia chi vdn hoa ddn gian Nghe Tinh. Nxb Nghe.\ii, Vinh, 1995, tr. 55.