30 Nghien ciiu Ton giao. Sd TON GIAO VA DAN TOC NGHIN NRA/I THRNG LONG vn TINH THAN BRO DUNG THOI LV - TRAN B at ddu mdt nghin ndm Thang Long k

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1 30 Nghien ciiu Ton giao. Sd TON GIAO VA DAN TOC NGHIN NRA/I THRNG LONG vn TINH THAN BRO DUNG THOI LV - TRAN B at ddu mdt nghin ndm Thang Long k thdi ki Ly - Trdn. Bdt dau thdi ki Ly - Tran va xuyen sud't nghin ndm Thang Long lai k tinh thdn bao dung cua dan tgc. "Bao dung" (Tolerance), tieng Latinh k "Tolerate", bdt ngudn tfl thdi ki "Cai each Tdn giao" (Protestant Reformation) d Phfldng Tay vao the ki XVI - XVII ( ). Ggi la "bao dung" va eho du bao dung den chan trdi gdc bien di nfla cflng khdng the giai quyet mgi van dd tren ddi nay dfldc. "Bao dung" khdng cdn den quyen uy eua luat phap nhflng lai cdn den phep mau cua nhflng trai tim thanh thien. "Bao dung" tfl linh vflc tdn giao md rdng sang linh vflc xa hdi va ca van hda. Cd le de giam bdt dfldc chflng nao hay chflng na'y tfnh khd'c liet ciia the gidi canh tranh sinh tdn, cho nen UNIiSCO keu ggi eac qud'e gia, dan tgc tren hanh tinh nay bdt ddu tfl nam 1996, hay chgn ngay 16 thang Mu'di Mdt hdng nam k "Ngay Bao dung Qud'e te" (International Day for Tolerance). Ai ai cung danh gia cao tinh than bao dung vang len tfl Thanh dfldng Phfldng Tay d the kf XVI, nhflng khdng phdi ai HA THUC MINH'' cung biet dfldc rang nam the kf trflde dd, d xfl sd Vien Ddng nay, mdt trieu dai mdi ra ddi eflng vdi trai tim cua nd la kinh dd Thang Long, mgt trieu dai mdi ciia mdt dan tgc quat cfldng, ba't khua't chju khdng bidt bao nhieu dau khd, ap bflc nhflng lai tran day tinh thdn bao dung. Bdi canh xuat hien "bao dung" the ki XVI d Phfldng Tay la nhflng cuge ehien tranh sat phat kd ea ben ngoai ldn ben trong gifla eac ton giao bat ddng tfn ngufdng va cac giao phai ddi li khai. "Bao dung" d Viet Nam the kf XI lai k sdn pham cua mdt dan tgc da'u tranh gianh ddc lap, gianh quyen km ngfldi. Mgt dan tgc da dd biet bao xfldng mau de gianh dgc lap, gianh quyen km ngfldi, dt hdn hdn ai het, hidu ro gia tri eua dgc lap, gia tri ciia quyen km ngfldi. Cho dfl k tdn giao, chfnh tri hay van hda, xa hgi, v.v... nguyen tde ed ban ciia "bao dung" k thfla nhan, tdn trgng nhflng gi khae vdi minh (accepter une chose avee laquelle il n'est pas en accord). Ndi each khac k thai do ddi xfl vdi nhflng gia tri khae minh (face a ee qui est different de ses valeurs - Wikipedia). Trong ldi keu ggi hfldng flng PGS.. Nhii Nghien ctru. Thanh phd Ho Chi Minh.

2 Ha Thuc Minh. Nghin ndm Thdng Long. 31 Ngdy Bao dung Qudc td, UNESCO cho rang thfla nhan "da van hda" k tieu chf ddu tien cfla "bao dung". Ddi vdi mdt dan tgc bi ap bflc hang nghin nam thi "ddc lap", "chfl quydn" va "binh dang" k yeu cdu dfldc dat len hang ddu. Cho nen khdng pbdl ngau nhien ma cau ddu tien Ly Thfldng Kiet tuyen bd' tren sdng Nhfl Nguyet lai k: "Nui sdng nflde Nam k do vua nflde Nam tri vi" Nguyen Trai khang dinh trong Binh Ngd Dgi Cdo: "Trai Trieu, Dinh, Ly, Trdn ndi ddi dufng nflde, Cflng Han, Dfldng, Td'ng, Nguyen ddu km chu mdt phfldng". Quang Trung trflde khi tidn cdng vdo Nggc Hdi, Ddng Da da tuyen bd': "Danh cho sfl tri Nam qudc anh hflng chi hflu chu" Ne'u nghin nam trflde, Ly Thfldng Kiet sieu viet chan If dd bang "sach trdi" (tiet nhien dinh phan tai thien thfl) thi nghin nam sau, Hd Chf Minh cung lai "sieu viet" dieu do bdng "Tiao hda". "Tao hda" d day khdng gi khac bdn k "nhdng quyen khdng ai ed the xdm phgm diidc". k "nhdng le phdi khdng ai ed the chdi cdi dadc" (Tuyen ngdn Dgc lap nflde Viet Nam Dan chii Cgng hda). "Bao dung" k thfla nhan va tdn trgng ldn nhau, khdng phan biet ldn nhd, manh ye'u. "Bao dung" khdng phdi vfl khf cua ke yeu dflng de ddi phd vdi ke manh. "Bao dung" k "sfl ddm bao an toan khdng the thidu cho toan the gidi" nhfl mgt chfnh khach Phfldng Tay nao dd da nhan dinh. "Bao dung" khdng phdi k suy nghi cung nhfl hanh vi cua ke nhu nhflde ma chfnh k the hien tdm eao. y chf kien cfldng cua dan tgc vflng tin d thdng ldi cudi cflng. "Bao dung" cung k sfl kiem che (La tolerance est un exercice et une conquete sur soi - Albert Memmi). Ddi vdi quan xam Ifldc da tflng "thui dan den tren Id bao ngfldc; Ham con dd dfldi hd' tai fldng" den ndi: "Tat can nufdc Ddng Hai khdng dfl riia hdt vet nhd. Chat bet true Nam Sdn khdng dfl ghi hdt tdi ac" Thay vi phdi den tdi, chflng lai nhan dfldc sfl khoan dung: "Den nhfl thdn vd khdng giet, Dfle ldn hieu sinh. Nghi vi ke ku dai cua nha nflde, Tha ke bdng mfldi van.si binh, Sfla hda hieu cho hai nflde. Tat mudn ddi chie'n tranh" (Bdi phu nui Chi Linh) M ma khdng bie't rdng "bao dung" cho ke thu khd gap trdm nghin ldn bao dung cho ban be. "Lay chf nhan thay cfldng bao" {Binh Ngd Dgi Cdo) chang phai k tmh thdn bao dung cua mdt dan tgc cd mdt khdng hai, dfldc tiep ndi tfl ddi Trdn dd sao? "Bao dung" khdng phdi k nhflng quan he trao ddi ngang gid, thfldng k bieu hicn bang nhflng bflde Ifli de tien. Khdng cd ke, suy tfnh thiet hdn. Dai dfldng bao la vi dai, nhflng lai tha'p hdn mgi con sdng, cho nen mgi con sdng ddu chay vd nd. Tinh thdn bao dung cua trieu dai Ly - Trdn cung rdng md nhfl vay. Nghin nam Thang Long dfldc khai sinh cflng vdi tinh

3 32 Nghien cii'u Ton giao. Sd than dd. Thang Long khdng phai chi vi Thang Long ma bdi vi nd "d vao ndi trung tam cua trdi dat, du'dc cai the' rdng cudn hd ngdi. Da dung ngdi Nam Bac Ddng Tay, lai tien hifdng nhin song dfla nui. Dia the rgng ma bang, dii't dai cao ma thoang. Diin cif khdi chiu cdnh khd'n khd ngap lut, mudn vat cung rat mflc phong phfl, tdi tfldi. Xem khdp da't Viet ta, chi ndi nay k thang dia. That k chdn tu hgi trgng yeu cua bd'n phufcing dii't nflde. cflng k ndi kinh dd bac nha't cua de' vifdng mudn ddi" {Chieu dcfi dd). Kinh dd Thdng Long khdng phai la sfl lfla chgn tuy tien, khdng phai la menh lenh khien cfldng mdt chieu. khdng phdi "kham thfl" cfl the' md chap hanh ma k "nhfl ha" cd nghia k kng nghe sfl phan hdi. Mac ddu kinh dd Thang Long dfldc dat trong quan be dung hda ldi fch ca tren lan difdi (dan cuf khdi chiu cdnh khfm cflng; kmh dd bac nha't cua de vfldng). ca khdng gian (ndi hdi tu trgng ye'u cfla bd'n phfldng), thdi gian (mudn ddi). UNESCO da keu ggi cac qudc gia rdng "phat trien" la quan trgng nhflng "phat trien lien tuc" (Sustainable Development)'" ki cang quan trgng hdn vi "tfldng kl chung cfla chflng ta". Khdng phai chi bie't hdm nay ma cdn phdi biet ngay mai. khdng phai chi biet de'n the he hien tai ma cdn phai biet den the he tfldng lai. Khdng gian va thdi gian tuy khac nhau nhu'ng Phfldng Ddng va Phfldng Tay, qua khfl va hien tai khdng the khdng cd nhflng diem tfldng ddng. Dai vdn hiao Phap, Voltaire ( ) trong tac phdm "Ban vd bao dung" (Traite sur la tolerance) da ea ngdi tinh thdn bao dung cua Phfldng Ddng "cai gi khdng thfch thi dflng km cho ngfldi khac" (kl sd ba't due, viat thi fl nhan). Thai do tdn trgng ddi phfldng trong khi tranh luan ciia dng dfldc thien ha xem nhfl la didn hinh cua tinh than bao dung vd tfl tifdng. Tuy khdng tan thanh quan diem ciia Rousseau nhflng dng van tuyen bd; "Tdi khdng ddng y vdi quan diem ctia dng, nhflng tdi se da'u tranh het minh de dng cd the ndi len tiong ndi ciia minh" (Je ne suis pas d'accord avec ce que vous dites, mais je me battrai jusqu'au bout pour que vous puissiez le dire)''^'. Tuc ngfl Viet Nam tfl bao ddi nay chang phai cd cau "suy bung ta ra btrng ngfldi, he ta khdng mudn thi ngfldi chang fla" dd sao? Trong Tdn ddc va Ci.iu ado cung deu khuyen ngufdi ta nen km nhfl viiy va nhan loai cung da xem dd nhfl lii nguyen tde vang (Golden Law) trong quan he ddi xfl bao dung d ddi. Nha Tran ba lan ddnh bai quan Nguyen xam lifdc, ddi quan hflng manh nhat the' gidi kic bay gid. Sfle manh thdn ki nao da tao ra chie'n tfch cd mdt khdng hai cua mgt dan tde vfla thoat khdi nghin ndm hi dd hd nhfl vay? Cd le tinh than "bao dung" cua dan tgc da gdp phdn khdng nhd tao ra sfle manh thdn ki dd. Vao cudi Ha, ddu Thu nam Canh Ty (1300), Tran Hflng Dao d'm nang. Trdn Anh Tdng ddn tham va hdi dng vd kd sach chdng quan xam Ifldc. "Bf quyet" ma Trdn Hflng Dao tdm lai chi cd hai chfl "ddng tam". Thrii Dinh, Le, Ly thdng ldi k vi "tren dfldi ddng long, dan tinh khdng li 1. Kliiii mem duoc UNFiSCO de xuai nam Co le John Rawls ( ) lai di hoi qua xa khi ong dat ra ciiu hdi mil chiing may ai muoii tni ldi. do lii: "Lieu co can phiii bao dung ca phan bao dung hay l<h6ng'?" (Doit-on tolerer les intolerants?)

4 Ha Thuc Minh. Nghin ndm Thdng Long tan" (thfldng ha ddng due, dan tam bat li). Ngay d thdi Trdn "mdi rdi Toa Dd va 6 Ma Nhi bd'n mat bao vay", the ma quan dan ta da danh cho chflng tan tac, phdi "bd tay chiu trdi". Dd k "nhd vua tdi ddng ldng, anh em hda thuan, ca nflde ddn sfle lai" (quan than ddng tam, huynh de hda muc, qudc gia tinh lufc). "Ddng ldng" k "nhdt trf", k "doan ke't", k "thd'ng nhat". "Thdng nha't" khdng phdi tfl ddn dieu de'n ddn dieu ma la tfl dien den diem, tfl da dang den tap trung. Ndi each khac, "ddng tam" chfnh k san pham cfla "bao dung". "Bao dung" edn cd nghia k "khoan thfl" (Forgiveness). "Khoan thfl" k "khoan dung", "tha thfl" cho nhflng ai cd ldi vdi minh. O ddi, pham nhflng ai biet tha thfl cho ngfldi khac cung k tha thfl cho chfnh ban than minh. Tha thfl cho mot ldi km cd the tha thfl difdc cd khi cdn cd y nghia hdn nhidu ldn khen thfldng cho mgt thanh tfch. Dieu kien "can" d "bao dung" k "quen" chfl khdng phai k "nhd". "Nhd" khdng phdi de, nhflng "quen" cang khd hdn nhidu. Cd le trong lich sfl chfla cd thdi ndo lai cd nhidu bieu hien ve "bao dung", "khoan thfl" nhfl d thdi Trdn. Khdng biet Dgi Viet sa ky todn thii vd tinh hay ed'y ghi chep nhflng mdu chuyen sau day de eon chau cd mdi me quan he "tidn trao chao mflc" trong thdi budi kinh te' thi trfldng thi hay nhd k'y dflng quen nhflng chuyen tuy xfla ma nay: Bao dung gida Trdn Quang Khdi Trdn Hiing Dgo vd Trdn Hflng Dao va Trdn Quang Khdi vd'n cd hidm khfch vdi nhau. nhflng khi td quo'c km nguy, vdi tinh thdn bao dung, hg sdn sang vflt bd mgi an oan cu. Trdn Hifng Dao an cdn tam cho Trdn Quang Khai: "Hdm nay difdc tam cho thfldng tfldng". Quang Khdi cung ndi: "Hdm nay ban hanh dfldc quo'c cdng tam cho". Hai vi tfldng da lap cdng ldn cho ddt nflde. Khoan tha eho Trdn Khdnh Dii "Khi ay thuydn vua dd d ben Binh Than. Nufdc tridu xud'ng, gid thdi manh, cd mdt chiec thuydn ldn chd than efli, ngfldi ki thuyen ddi ndn la, mac ao ngan. Vua chi va bao vdi can thdn rang: "Ngfldi kia cd phdi k Nhan Hue Vfldng khdng?" Lap tfle sai ngfldi cheo thuyen nhd dudi theo, den cfla Dai Than tbi dudi kip. Quan hieu ggi: "Ong ki kia, vua sai ddi nha ngfldi". Khanh Dfl ndi: "Ong gia k ngfldi budn ban, cd viec gi ma ggi den?" Quan hieu vd thuat lai nhfl vay. Vua ndi: "Dung k Nhan Hue Vfldng rdi, ne'u k ngfldi thufdng at khdng dam ndi the". Vua lai sai ndi thi di ggi. Khanh Dfl de'n ndi, mac ao ngan, ddi ndn k. Vua ndi: "Nam nhi cufc khd den the k cflng". Xud'ng chieu tha tdi. Khoan dung cho Cii Dd "Tha tdi cho tieu hieu k Hoang Cfl Da. Trflde day, vua cho cac quan hdu can an xoai, Cfl Da khdng dfldc an. Khi quan Nguyen den ben Ddng, Cfl Dd ngdi thuyen nhe trd'n di. De'n Hodng Giang gap Hoang Thai Tfl di thuydn ngfldc len. Cfl Da tranh sang bd sdng ben kia, thuyen di rat gap. Quan quan hd to len: "Quan Nguyen d dau?" Cfl Da tra ldi: "Khdng bidt, cac ngfldi di ma hdi nhflng ngfldi an xoai ay!". Vi vay, Thai Tfl xin ghep Cuf Da vao tdi cufc hinh de ran nhflng ke km tdi bat trung. Vua ndi: "Cfl Da tdi dang gie't cd hg, song ddi xfla cd viec Dfldng Chan khdng dfldc an thit de den ndi km cho quan nflde Trinh bi thua.

5 34 Nghien CU'U Ton giao. Sd Viec cua Cfl Da la ldi cua ta. Ben tha chet. cho danh giac chudc tdi". Nhflng chuyen nhfl the' cd le cdn ra't nhidu, rat nhidu ma Dgi Viet sd ky todn tha khdng thd ghi chop het dfldc. Nhflng bay nhieu chuyen cflng du de the hien tinh thdn bao dung cfla thdi dai Ly - Trdn, thdi dai md ddu cho nghin ndm Thang Long. Cd le chie'n tranh tfldng tan da km cho John Locke ( ) thau hieu the nao k gia tri cfla "bao dung", cho nen trong Bdn ve hao dung (Essai sur la tolerance, 1667)''^' dng he't ldi ca ngdi dieu ma theo dng chi cd nd mdi cham dflt tranh chap trong thien ha (Cessez de combattre ce qu'on ne peut changer). Ong tin rang bdn tfnh cfla con ngfldi la bao dung. Gia nhfl dng cd dip den tham que hfldng thdi Ly - Trdn thi ldng tin cua dng chdc chan se dfldc chflng thflc. Khdng phdi xif a ma ngay ddu the' ki XX thdi, khdi lfla cua Dai chien The' gidi ldn thfl nha't chufa tan dfldc bao ku, ngufdi ta ki truydn tay nhau mdt tac pham ggi k "Bao dung" (Tolerance) cfla Kendrick Willem Van Loon ( ), tran ddy tmh thdn bao dung. Van Loon cho rang, ca tfnh chf cd the tdn tiai trong tinh thdn bao dung, phat hien gia tri cfla ca tfnh k mgt bflde tien ldn cua nhan loai. Thien ha khdng biet da dgc ki doan van sau day trong tac pham Khoan dung ciia dng chfla ma danh nhau thi vdn tiep tuc danh nhau: "Cudc sd'ng vd'n k mdt sfl miao hiem ddy quang vinh, nhflng cud! cflng nd lai bidn thanh cai dang sd. Sd dl nhfl vay k bdi vi cho den tan bay gid sfl sdng an toan ciia con ngufdi dang hi phu ddy ndi lo sd. Tdi cdn phdi lap lai mgt ldn nfla rdng: Hdt thay nhflng ngudn gd'c ciia bat khoan dung ddu rat khflng khiep". Chie'n tranh tdn gido d Phfldng Tay la ngudn gde ciia "bat bao dung" (Intolerance). Tfl the ki VII den the ki XVII, trong khoang mdt nghin ndm lien tiep xay ra nhieu ldn "chie'n tranh tdn giao". Chang han "Thap tuf vien chinh" (Crusads, ), "Ba mfldi nam chien tranh" (Thirty Years' War, ), "Chie'n tranh tdn giao d Phap" (French Wars of Religion, ), "Chidn tranh thu phue knh thd da mat" (Reconquista, ). Nhflng cudc sat phat ggi k "Thanh chien" ma tieng Arap ggi k "Jahada" (nghia k cd'het sfle minh) thfldng dfldc tien hanh theo quy trinh tfl "dflng tam", "dung mdm", "dung tay" den... "dflng kiem". Trong khi do, tdn giao d Phfldng Ddng thi hdu nhfl khdng he xay ra chien tranh. Phat giao d thdi ki Ly - Trdn khdng phai k ngudn gd'c ciia "bat bao dung" ma chfnh k ngudn gd'c cfla "bao dung". Ly Cdng Uan, tac gid ciia kinh dd Thang Long, vd'n xuat than tfl nha chfla. Nam vi vua dau nha Trdn ddu k nhflng Thidn sfl ddc dao. Trdn Nhan Tdng lai la de nha't True lam Thien vien. Thdi ki Ly - Trdn k thdi ki "tam giao nha't nguyen" hay cd the ggi k "tam giao bao dung". Trieu Ly va tridu Trdn ddu cd md nhflng khoa thi "tam giao". Chdng hian nhfl khoa thi "tam giao" nam 1195 ddi Ly, khoa thi "tam giao" nam 1247 ddi Trdn, v.v... Ve sau, ddi Le ddc tdn Nho gko, si phu dfldc dfle ra tfl cai Id "cfla Khdng san Trinh" cho nen da ed each nhin hinh nhfl khdng dfldc bao dung ve qua khfl. Phan Huy Chu trong Lich trieu hie'n chadng logi chi 3. Sach viei bang tieng Latinh, Jean Le Clerc dich ra tieng Phap nam 1710.

6 Ha Thuc Minh. Nghin ndm Tiidng Long cung cd ve ddng tinh vdi nhflng phe phan cfla cac sfl gia ddi sau rdng "Lao, Phat k md hd", "Dao chf cd mdt, ngoai diio tu than, te gia, tri qud'e, binh thien ha ra khdng cdn cd gi ggi k Dao nfla", "Dao Phat, dao Lao vd'n khdng nen theo vi dao Thanh ldn rdng sao ki cd dao khac sanh ngang dfldc?"'". Tuy nhien, thdi ki Ly - Trdn k thdi ki cufc thinh trong lich sfl phong kie'n Viet Nam, thdi ki "nhan tai ddy day" (Lich trieu hien chiidng logi ehi) k dieu ma hdu nhuf khdng ai cd the phfl nhan. "Bat khua't", "bao dung" va "phdn thinh" k nhflng chfl vang md ddu cfla nghin ndm Thang Long. Khi ndi vd "bao dung" UNESCO da lien kdt "bao dung", "nhan quydn", "tfl do",... lai vdi nhau (Tolerance means respect for Human Right and Freedom). "Nhan quydn" cd tfnh phd quat vd tfnh dac thfl. Tuyet ddi hda tfnh phd quat cflng nhuf tfnh dac thu ddu sai nhif nhau. "Nhan quydn" Id quyen km ngfldi, quydn km ngfldi cao nha't cfla con ngfldi. cua dan tgc chang phdi k quyen ddc lap, tfl chu hay sao? Trieu dai Ly - Trdn chdng phdi da thflc hien didu dd sao? Kinh dd Thdng Long chang phai k kinh dd nghin ndm cfla quyen km ngfldi dd sao? Dfldng nhien, ddc lap, chu quyen cung khdng phdi mac nhien la cd tuf do. Nen nhd rdng Hd Chf Minh ndi "Khdng cd gi quy hdn ddc lap va tfl do" chfl khdng phdi chi cd "dgc lap" ma thdi. "Tfl do" khdng phdi k cai gi xa vdi ludn dfldc dat d thi tfldng ki va cang khdng phai k d tbi hien tai hodn thanh. Tinh than "bao dung" da dem lai ddc lap, chu quyen thi cung se dem ki tfl do, hanh phfle cho dan tgc. Didu dd da dfldc tuyen bd' rat rd rang trong Tuyen ngdn ddc lap ngay 2 thang 9 nam 1945: "Ta't cd mgi ngu'di ddu sinh ra cd quydn binh ddng. Tao hda cho hg nhflng quydn ma khdng ai cd the xam pham dfldc, trong nhflng quyen ay, cd quydn dfldc sd'ng, quydn tfl do va quyen mflu cau hanh phfle". Mdt khi tinb thdn bao dung trd thanh hdi thd cfla cfla dan tgc, cua mdi ngfldi Vict Nam thi nghin ndm Thang Long tuy khdng phai la thdi gian ngdn nhflng cung chi k khfle nhae dao dau cfla ban anh hflng ca bat hfl cfla dan tgc ma lich sfl cfla nd cho dfl qua khfl hay tfldng lai deu dfldc viet khdng nhflng bdng tinh thdn ba't khuat ma cdn bdng tinb thdn bao dung. Bat khuat va bao dung vi quyen ldm ngiidi, quyen ma Tga hda da ban eho, quydn ma khdng mgt ai cd the xdm phgm diide.l. 4. Phan Huy Chii. Lich trieu hie'n chuang logi clii. Nxb. Khoa hoc.xa hoi. Ha Noi t.2. tr.l.'50-l.'s2.