TRffiTHOC, SO 12 (235), THANG D A O DlTC H O C M O I T R l / d N G VA TRUYEN THONG MUC DICH LUAN NGUYEN THI LAN HUONG *' Trong bai viet nay, t

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1 TRffiTHOC, SO 12 (235), THANG D A O DlTC H O C M O I T R l / d N G VA TRUYEN THONG MUC DICH LUAN NGUYEN THI LAN HUONG *' Trong bai viet nay, tdc gid da ludn gidi mot cdch khdi ludc su hinh thanh cua dao ddc hpc moi trudng. Theo tdc gia, dqo duc hpc moi trudng ra ddi trudc het do nhu cdu thuc tien viec gidi quyet cdc van nan moi trudng, dong thdi dua tren cct sd ke thua nhung ly luan dqo duc truyen thdng nhdt dinh. Bai viet cung ludn gidi nhdm lam ro muc dich ludn vdi tinh cdch mot phdn cd sd ly ludn cua dqo duc hpc moi trudng phudng Tay. tgay nay, tren the gidi, thuat ngu* dao diic mdi trudng hay dao du"c hoc mdi trudng (Environmental ethics)(l) dang trd nen kha quen thuoc. Nd khdng chi la thuat ngu* dudc cac nha ly luan sii dung trong cac tranh luan hoc thuat, ma cdn dudc sii dung trong cac hdi nghi ThUdng dinh va cac tuyen bd' qud'c te ve mdi trudng. Hdn the, nd cdn dudc sii dung rong rai trong xa hdi va trd thanh mot mdn hoc tai cac trudng hoc cua nhieu qud'c gia. ThUc te nay chiing to rang, dao diic mdi trudng ngay nay khdng cdn la linh vuc rieng, chi nhan dudc sii luan ban ciia cac nha nghien ciiu ma nd da di vao cudc sd'ng, trd thanh mot trong nhiing van de ma ngudi ta phai tinh den khi danh gia hanh vi cua mot ca nhan hay mdt nhdm xa hdi, cdng dong trong quan he vdi mdi trudng. Ddi vdi Viet Nam, thuat ngii dao diic mdi trudng cdn kha mdi me, hau nhu mdi chi xua't hien trong cac cdng trinh nghien ciiu, tranh luan, mac du tren thiic te chiing ta da va dang xay diing, dinh hudng cong dong tdi nhiing noi dung ciia dao diic mdi trudng. Qua viec gidi thieu sd ludc ve dao diic hoc mdi trudng vdi tu each mdt nhanh cua dao diic hoc iing dung trong ddng chay cua triet hoc phudng Tay hien nay va truyen thd'ng muc dich luan nhu mdt trong nhiing ly thuyet triet hoc cd anh hudng dang ke den dao diic hoc mdi trudng, bai viet nay mong mud'n gdp phan lam sang td hdn van de dao diic hoc mdi trudng va mot trong nhiing cd sd ly luan cua nd. (*) Tien si, Pho trildng phong Triet hoc trong khoa hoc cong nghe va moi trildng, Vien Triet hoc, Vien Khoa hoc xa hoi Viet Nam. (1) Trong triet hoc phiidng Tay hien nay, thuat ngii "environmental ethics" diidc dung cho ca hai trildng hdp - vdi til each la mot ly lu&n dao diic hojic vdi til each la linh vuc nghien c\iu; bdi v&y, tuy van canh ma chiing ta hieu theo nghia tieng Viet la "dao diic, moi trildng" hay "dao diic hpc moi trildng" (TG). 23

2 NGUYEN THI LAN HUONG 1. Ve dao dufc hoc moi trvfcmg Dgo diic hgc moi triidng la thuat ngu* xuat hien chiing hdn ba thap nien trd lai day(2). Xung quanh thuat ngii nay cdn cd nhieu tranh luan, song ve cd ban dao du*c hoc mdi trudng nghien ciiu mdi quan he dao diic giiia con ngudi vdi tu* nhien vdi tu each mdi trudng song cua con ngudi; tii do, xac lap nhiing chuan miic quy dinh hanh vi cu xii cua con ngudi vdi gidi tu nhien. Dao diic hoc mdi trudng ra ddi trudc het do nhu cau cap bach cua thuc tien, dd la viec giai quyet nhiing van nan mdi trudng, nhu can kiet tai nguyen, d nhiem mdi trudng song, sa mac hda dat dai hay bien ddi khi hau... Nhiing van nan mdi trudng thu hut su* quan tam cua khdng chi nhiing ngudi dan binh thudng, ma cua ca nhiing ngudi lam cdng tac khoa hoc, hoach dinh chinh sach, quan ly... Ngay nay, khi bao ve mdi trudng dudc coi la yeu cau mdi ciia thdi dai doi vdi pham chat ciia con ngiidi va hanh vi huy hoai mdi trudng bi coi la vi pham chuan miic dao diic thi su phat trien cua dao diic mdi trudng ngay cang dudc coi trong. Ve mat ly luan, cd the xem dao diic hoc mdi trudng nhu la mot cd' gang ciia cac nha triet hoc nham gdp phan xac djnh nhiing cd sd cho hanh vi cua con ngudi trong iing xii vdi tii nhien. Hdn the, tii gdc do triet hoc, nd muon truy tim den ngudn gdc ciia nhiing quan niem dao diic, nhiing quy chuan dao diic ciia nhanh dao diic hoc iing dung nay. Vi vay, trong chiing miic nhat djnh, tii phudng dien nhan thiic, cd the thay dao diic mdi trudng gdp phan giiip con ngudi hieu dudc nhiing can nguyen tinh than ciia cuoc khung hoang sinh thai. Dao diic hoc mdi trudng gdm hai phudng dien: thii nhdt, nd cd' g&ng iing dung nhiing ly thuyet dao diic vao trong mot linh viic cu the ciia thiic tiln, vdi tham vong tac ddng den hanh vi iing xu*, hinh thanh nen cac quy tfic iing xii mdi ciia cac ca nhan; ddng thdi, tac ddng den viec ra quyet djnh hay hinh thanh chinh sach cua cac the che. Thii hai, dao diic hoc mdi trudng dudc nhin nhan nhu mot sii md rdng chii the dao diic sang cac linh viic khac, cu the la md rong chu. the dao diic sang cac sinh the ciia gidi tii nhien. Ve cd ban, chiic nang cua dao diic hoc mdi trudng la thoa man yeu cau bao ve mdi trudng tii phudng dien dao diic. Cu the la xac lap nhiing cd sd dao diic cho viec dua ra nhiing quy chuan cua hanh vi, tii dd xay diing nen mot bd quy tac djnh hudng cho hanh vi ciia con ngudi trong quan he vdi tii nhien nham giam thieu nhiing tac hai mdi trudng do chinh con ngudi gay ra. (2) Ve thdi diem, co the xem thuat ngq "dao diic hoc moi tnidng" chinh thiic dudc sii dung nam 1979 bdi Eugene C.Hargrove khi ong thanh l&p tap chi "Dao diic hoc moi tnidng". Ten cua tap chi da trd thanh ten cua linh vole khoa hoc nay (xem: A Very Brief History of the Origins of Environmental Ethics for the Novice; ht^:// 24

3 DAO DLJC HOC MOI TRUING. Dao diic hoc mdi trudng la mdt nhanh nghien ciiu doc lap xuat hien trudc het d phudng Tay. Nhiing nghien cdu ly luan lien quan den dao diic mdi trudng thiic su bat dau vao nhiing nam cudi thap nien 60 cua the ky XX. The Land Ethics trong Tap san A Sand County Almanac cua A.Leopold dudc xuat ban tai My nam 1949 dudc coi la an pham quan trong danh dau 1 budc khdi dau ciia Hnh viic nghien ciiu nay. Song, phai hdn 20 nam sau, khi dudc xuat ban lan thii hai (1970) nd mdi thiic sii dudc cac nha triet hoc chii y. Trong tac pham nay, lan dau tien, Leopold khang dinh gdc re sau xa cua cac cuoc khiing hoang sinh thai la triet hoc, tiic cd nguon gdc tii nhan thiic ciia con ngudi. Sii phat trien ciia dao diic hoc mdi trudng tiep sau do dudc danh dau bdi cdng trinh cua cac tac gia khac ma cac nghien ciiu ciia ho da lam nen mdt nhanh nghien ciiu dao diic iing dung mdi, ra ddi tii chinh cudc khiing hoang sinh thai hien dai dang dien ra, va di kem vdi nd la nhu cau ddi hdi con ngudi phai y thiic dudc mot each sau sac ve mdi trudng ma con ngudi dang sd'ng va ton tai. Sii phat trien cua dao diic hoc mdi trudng da dan de'n su hinh thanh mot so' ddng chinh, nhu Sinh thdi hgc be sdu (Deep ecology) vdi cac dai dien nhu Arne Naess, George Sessions, Bill DeVall, Warwick Fox..; Nam nit binh quyen sinh thdi (Ecofeminism) vdi cac dai dien nhu Karen Warren, Vai Plumwood; va Sinh thdi hgc xa hgi (Social Ecology) vdi dai dien la Murray Bookchin,... Ve mat ly luan, mdi phong trao trong so' nay chiu anh hudng ciia nhiing quan diem dao diic khac nhau, chang han: Dao diic hgc lay con ngtfbi ldm trung tdm (Anthropocentric = 'Human-centered' Ethics), Dao diic hgc lay phi con ngtfbi ldm trung tdm (Nonanthropocentric ethics), hay Dao diic hgc todn the (Holistic ethics). Dgo diic hgc lay con ngiibi lam trung tdm cho rang, chi cd con ngudi mdi cd gia tri dao diic va trach nhiem cua chiing ta dd'i vdi mdi trudng tii nhien chi mang tinh gian tiep. Theo do, cai trach nhiem cua chung ta ve gidi tu nhien tuy cd nhung khdng phai la trach nhiem triic tiep. Dao diic hgc lay phi con ngtfbi ldm trung tdm cho rang, con ngudi phai cd trach nhiem triic tiep dd'i vdi gidi tii nhien hdn la chi cd trach nhiem vdi chinh ban than minh. Quan diem nay cho rang moi khach the tii nhien, moi sinh the deu cd gia tri dao diic. Do dd, nd md rong pham vi xem xet nhiing nguyen tac dao diic chuan miic den cac khach the tii nhien phi con ngudi, nhu each cu xii cua con ngudi vdi ddng vat hay sii de doa tuyet chiing cac loai thiic vat va dong vat. Dao diic hgc todn the thi cho rang, chiing ta phai cd trach nhiem vdi nhiing toan the (wholes), cu the la mot tap hdp cac ca the trong quan the, thay vi chi quan tam de'n nhiing ca the ca'u thanh nen nhiing toan the, nhu cac loai, dan so', hay cac he sinh 25

4 NGUYEN THI LAN HUONG s thai. Dao diic hoc mdi trifdng chiu anh hudng cua dao diic hoc toan the cho phep cd the san bit mot each cd chon loc nhiing loai ddng vat nhat dinh trong chting miic so" lu'dng loai do chua bi nguy hiem. Hoac nd coi viec mot ca nhan cd quyen dudc cham diit sii dau ddn ciia minh la hop ly dd'i vdi cac ca nhan do, mac du cd the dieu dd khdng hdp ly doi vdi tap the(3)... den Nhiing quan diem dao diic tren dan sii hinh thanh mot so' khuynh hudng chinh trong sii phat trien ciia dao diic hoc mdi trudng, nhu Dgo diic hgc duy sinh vdt (Biocentric Ethics), Dgo duc hgc duy moi trtfdng (Environmentcentric Ethics) hay Dao diic hgc duy sinh thdi (Ecocentric Ethics)(4). Nhin chung, dao diic hoc mdi trudng vdi tu each mot nhanh triet hoc iing dung ciing la dao diic hoc iing dung d phudng Tay cho rang, can phai md rdng pham vi ciia cac chu the dao diic, md rdng cdng dong dao diic ra ngoai gidi han quan he giiia ngudi vdi ngudi, den md'i quan he giiia con ngudi vdi tii nhien. NhUng md rdng nhu the nao thi mdi khuynh hudng lai cd mot each tra. ldi khac nhau. O day, cd the thay, du xuat phat tii nhiing cd sd ly luan dao diic hoc va triet hoc khac nhau, song hau het cac trudng phai trong dao diic hoc mdi trudng deu cd mot diem chung, coi dgo diic moi trildng la mot sii ddnh gid mang tinh he thdng cdc mdi quan he dao diic giiia con ngiibi vd mdi trildng tii nhien xung quanh con ngtfdi. Dao diic hoc mdi trudng khang djnh rang, nhiing chuan miic dao diic thiic sii ton tai va thd'ng tri, chi phdi hanh vi ciia con ngudi trong quan he vdi gidi tii nhien. Vi the, mot ly thuyet ve dao diic mdi trudng can thiet phai ly giai xem nhiing chuan miic dd la gi, con ngudi phai cd trach nhiem vdi ai, vdi cai gi va cu the hdn nd phai chi ra nhiing trach nhiem dd la nhu the nao. Dao diic hoc mdi trudng lay dd'i tudng nghien ciiu la quan he giiia con ngudi vdi gidi tii nhien, cu the la hanh vi cu xii cua con ngudi dd'i vdi gidi tii nhien. Song, rd rang, viec nghien ciiu md'i quan he giiia con ngudi vdi tii nhien cho thay dang sau dd la md'i quan he giqa con ngudi vdi con ngudi. Tii mot so' net sd liidc tren, cd the thay dao diic hoc mdi trudng khdng hinh thanh tren manh dat trdng khdng; trai lai, nd dudc hinh thanh tren cd sd ke thiia nhiing ly luan dao diic truyen thd'ng nhat dinh, mac du sii ke thiia nay khdng hoan toan mang tinh tu giac va thuan nha't. Dao diic hoc mdi trudng ngay nay phat trien theo nhieu khuynh hudng. Tuy ciing nham tdi muc tieu gdp phan bao ve mdi triidng, xay diing cac chuan miic dao diic ciia con ngudi trong iing (3) Environmental Ethics - An introduction to environmental philosophy, Joseph R.Des Jardins, College of Sain Benedict, Second Edition, Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1997, see p. 10 (4) Xem: Nguyen Van Phuc. Bao ve moi trudng td goc do dao ddc, Tap chi Triet hoc, so 4,

5 DAO DUO HOC MOI TRUONG. xii vdi til nhien, song cac khuynh hudng do lai cd nhiing quan diem va lap luan rieng, tham chi chua thd'ng nha't vdi nhau d nhieu diem. Nguyen nhan la do dao ddc mdi trudng chiu anh hudng triic tiep tii nhiing ly thuyet dao diic cu the khac nhau. Bdi vay, de hieu dudc cdi nguon cua nhiing ly thuyet dao diic mdi trudng hien dai, thi dieu can thiet la phai truy tim nguon gdc ly luan cua nd. O day, chiing tdi chi xem xet truyen thd'ng muc dich luan - mdt ly thuyet cd anh hudng kha rong den sii phat trien nhiing tu tudng triet hoc ndi chung, ciing nhu nhiing tu tudng dao diic cua phudng Tay ndi rieng. Dd cung la mdt trong nhiing ly thuyet cd anh hudng manh den dao diic hoc mdi trudng d phudng Tay hien nay. 2. Muc dich luan - mot phan co* so* ly luan cua dao diic hoc moi trtfcmg phifong Tay. Mot trong nhiing truyen thd'ng dao diic lau ddi nhat cd anh hudng manh den dao diic hoc mdi trudng la muc dich ludn (teleology), con goi la ludt tu nhien. Trong so' cac quan diem dao diic lien quan den truyen thd'ng nay, phai ke den hai dai dien dien hinh la Aristotle (the ky IV TCN.) va Thomas Aquinas (theky XIII). Chung ta biet rang, Aristotle khdng phan biet dao diic va khoa hoc rd rang nhu ngay nay chiing ta van phan biet. Ong cho ring, trong khoa hoc thi nghien ciiu sinh hoc va tam ly hoc la mdt phan cd ban cua dao diic hoc, bdi nd ddi hdi tri thiic ve nhiing nhu cau cd ban, nhiing kha nang va tiem nang ndi chung va ca dong cd cua con ngudi. Hdn the, Aristotle cdn dat sinh hoc d vi tri hang dau cua tri thiic. Viec danh gia, nhin nhan vi tri cua sinh hoc va dao diic hoc nhu vay la mdt trong nhiing ly do khien truyen thd'ng dao diic nay cd nhiing anh hudng dang ke de'n viec nhin nhan, danh gia nhiing van de mdi trudng. Dd'i vdi Aristotle, nhan thiic day du mdt cai gi dd cd nghia la phai nhan thiic dudc nhvtng nguyen nhdn ma de ton tai, nd phai theo each nhu vay. Tren cd sd nhiing quan sat cua minh ve tii nhien, dng tin rang tat ca moi su* vat deu hoat dong tii nhien va cd chiic nang rieng biet. Muc dich cua hoat ddng nay la telos (tinh hudng dich) ciia khach the. Aristotle quan niem mdi vat deu cd cai tien dinh cua nd, deu mang trong nd nhan to' tich ciic de ra muc dich, linh hon, angtelesi (entelecheia); dong thdi, moi muc dich ciia tii nhien deu tuan theo mot muc dich tdi cao, dudc bao ham trong mot su* hai hda toan the gidi. Vi the, khoa hoc va dao diic ciia Aristotle thudng dudc coi la mang tinh muc dich ludn (teleological). Theo dng, chiing ta chi cd the nhan thiic day du. ve mot khach the nao dd khi da hieu chiic nang tu nhien va hoat ddng ciia nd. Aristotle tin rang cai khudn mau muc dich luan nay cd the iing dung diidc cho tat ca cac khach the tii nhien, ke ca con ngudi. Moi sii vat deu 27

6 NGUYEN THI LAN HUONG co chile nang va hoat dong til nhien. Cac sii vat la tdt khi chiing hoan thanh chile nang nay va hien thiic hda kha nang tiem tang cua minh. He thong muc dich luan cua Aristotle dudc phat trien hdn niia trong cac tac pham cua Thomas Aquinas. Thomas Aquinas da cd' gang tdng hdp than hoc Thien chiia giao va khoa hoc ciing nhu dao diic hoc cua Aristotle. Ong cat nghia muc dich luan khoa hoc va dao diic ciia Aristotle nhu la chiing cu" cd mot ke hoach than thanh ton tai va dieu khien trong gidi tii nhien. Hoat ddng dac trung ciia tat ca cac khach the tii nhien chi la ket qua tii ke hoach va muc dich ciia ThUdng de. Bdi vi, ThUdng de la ldi ich, la cai thien cao nhat va muc ctich dudc phat hien trong gidi tii nhien la muc dich ciia ThUdng de. O day, trat tu tit nhien ditcfc ddng nhdt vdi trat tit dao due. Ban than tii nhien cd muc ctich va su hai hda ciia tu nhien cho ta thay ldng tdt trong ke hoach ciia ThUdng de. Trong ly luan nay, luat tii nhien bao gdm ca nhiing quy tac, chuan miic mang tinh dao diic ma chiing ta phat hien ra trong tu nhien. Vi nhiing quy tac nay la mdt phan trong ke hoach ciia ThUdng de, nen ve mat dao diic, chiing ta phai tuan theo nhiing quy tac dd. Trong truyen thdng dao diic do, viec hien thiic hda tiem nang tii nhien - mot tiem nang trong sii hai hda vdi phan cdn lai ciia gidi tu nhien - la hinh thiic cao nhat cua hoat dong dao diic ddi vdi mdi ca nhan. Truyen thd'ng muc dich luan ndi tren anh hudng manh den mdi trudng luan hien dai. Tren quan diem ciia muc dich luan, nhieu nha mdi truong luan cho ring he sinh thai tii nhien dudc td chile rat hoan hao va hai hda. Tat ca cac bo phan cua he thd'ng sinh thai, dac biet la tat ca cac thanh vien sd'ng ciia nd, deu cd mot vi tri xac dinh trong he thd'ng. Mdi thanh vien deu cd ddng gdp vao trat tu tu nhien theo each rieng ciia nd. Trat tu tu nhien la hoan hao va do vay, khdng nen lam xao tron trat tii do. Nhiing van de sinh thai hoc va mdi trudng se nay sinh khi con ngudi can thiep vao trat tu tii nhien va cu xii vdi cac khach the tii nhien chi nham phuc vu cho nhiing muc dich nha't dinh ciia minh. Theo dd, con ngudi khdng nen can thiep vao gidi tu nhien. Quan diem dao diic nay anh hudng rat ldn den viec ra chinh sach ve mdi trudng dudi dang quan diem cua chii nghia bao thu va phi can thiep. Mot sd' nha mdi trudng luan khac lai nhan manh den hien trang dao diic cua cac sinh vat sd'ng va dat hien trang dd vao thiic te la mdi sinh vat sd'ng deu cd ldi ich cua chinh nd (gia tri noi tai). Quan diem nay cd ngudn gdc tii lap luan ve thii bac dao diic cua Aristotle, khi dng cho rang con ngudi "cao hdn" cac loai ddng vat, cdn dong vat lai "cao hdn" thuc vat, nhung vin tin la tat ca cac sinh vat sd'ng deu cd loi ich ciia rieng minh (vi nd). Ldi ich 28

7 DAO DUC HOC MOI TRUING. ay ddc lap vdi ldi ich va sd sii dung ldi ich cua con ngudi. Bdi vay, phai ton trong sii sdng ciia tat ca cac sinh vat. Dien hinh cho quan diem nay la quan diem dao diic lay sinh the lam trung tam (biocentrism). Tuy nhien, nhiing quan niem mang tinh muc dich luan trong dao diic hoc mdi trudng ngay nay da vap phai kha nhieu y kien phan bac. Su phan bac thii nha't phu nhan quan diem ciia muc dich luan cho rang moi khach the tu nhien deu cd mot su xac djnh va muc dich cu the nao do. Di nhien, mot so' bo phdn cua toan bd gidi tu nhien cd nhiing chiic nang nha't djnh, nhung chiing chi cd mdt muc dich duy nha't theo nghia la chiing ddng gdp chiic nang cho cai toan the. Vi the, neu chi diia vao dd de khang dinh nhiing toan the nay cd mot muc ctich la khdng dung. Cac nha triet hoc va khoa hoc hien dai cho rang, chiing ta cd the hieu va ly giai dudc day du cac khach the tii nhien ma khdng can phai gia ctinh den mot muc ctich hay ke hoach nao do (cua ThUdng de). Sii phan bac thii hai thi phii nhan rang chiing ta cd the ket luan mot cai gi dd ddn gian la tdt, bc!i nd la tii nhien. Ndi each khac, nd phan bac quan diem ciia muc ctich luan coi tat ca nhiing gi do tii nhien sang tao ra deu la hqu ich, la td't. Sd di nhu vay la vi, mot sd' su kien tu nhien dudng nhu lai la cai ac, chang han sii dau ddn va sii chiu dung cd nguyen nhan bdi cai chet, benh tat va nhqng tham hoa thien nhien. Lap luan nay da phan bac mot each hieu qua quan ctiem ciia muc dich luan ve dang sang tao toan nang va than thanh. Ngay nay, khoa hoc tien hda hien dai da cung cap nhqng chqng cq day y nghia phan bac lai quan diem ciia muc ctich luan nay. Qua trinh chon loc tu nhien cho thay, tii nhien tien hda khdng phai dudi bat ky muc dich nao hay su djnh hudng cd muc ctich nao. Trat tii tii nhien khdng bat nguon tq mdt ke hoach than thanh, ma tq qua trinh trong dd cac loai tii thich nghi vdi mdi trudng sd'ng, thdng qua dot bien ngau nhien va chon loc tu nhien. Theo quan diem nay, tu nhien ma chung ta thay ngay nay la ket qua ciia nhqng bien ddi, tien hda qua hang tram trieu nam. NhU vay, ttf nhien khdng tdi cung khdng xdu; nd chi ton tai chinh xdc Id nhu vdy. Truyen thd'ng muc ctich luan cung cap mot khudn mau tu duy va nhqng lap luan ve md'i quan he giqa tu nhien va dao dqc. Tuy vay, gidng nhu cac truyen thd'ng dao dqc khac, nd van vap phai nhqng thach thqc triet hoc ca trong qua khq lan hien tai. Sii phan tich mot each khai ludc nhqng van de nay giiip chung ta cd the danh gia dudc nhqng ly do khi xem xet nhqng quan diem khac nhau tq cac ly thuyet dao dqc truyen thd'ng dudc Qng dung vao giai quyet nhqng van de mdi trudng hien dai. Theo chung tdi, cac ly thuyet dao dqc la su* luan ban ve md'i quan he 29

8 NGUYEN THI LAN HUDNG giqa con ngudi vdi nhau. Song, trudc nhiing van de mdi trudng ma con ngudi dang phai dd'i mat, dao diic hoc mdi trudng cd' gang md rdng ddi tudng dao dqc tq chd chi la con ngudi ra toan bd sinh the. Chang han, J.Band Callicott (1989) va Holmes Rolston da md rdng quyen dao dqc den nhqng ca the sdng. Ho cho rang, chung ta phai md rdng nghia vu dao dqc tdi toan bd cac he sinh thai(5). Quan diem nay hinh thanh do anh hudng truc tiep tq quan diem cua sinh thai hoc, ma sinh thai hoc lai tim thay su tudng dong cua minh trong nhqng quan niem ve gidi tu nhien cua muc dich luan. Quan diem tren cung giq mdt vi tri dang ke trong cac cudc tranh luan cua dao dqc hoc mdi trudng. Vi the, de nhan thay la mac du cac tranh luan xung quanh van de nay xuat phat tq su phong phu cd tinh chat sieu hinh, song tren thuc te, nhqng tranh luan dd lai chiu anh hudng bdi nhqng quan niem cua sinh thai hoc. Dai dien cho khuynh hudng nay la nhqng ngudi dua ra lap luan ve gia tri ndi tai (instrinsic value) trong nghien cqu dao dqc mdi trudng (dao dqc hoc truyen thdng cua phudng Tay cho rang doi tudng dao dqc la con ngudi, ma chi cd ddi tudng dao dqc mdi cd gia tri dao dqc va do do, chi cd con ngudi mdi cd gia tri dao dqc). Day cung la ly do vi sao khi chiu anh hudng cua sinh thai hoc nhqng nha dao dqc hoc mdi trudng da md rong doi tiidng dao dqc ra toan bd sinh the va coi moi sinh the deu cd gia tri dao dqc. Ngay chinh cac nha triet hoc theo khuynh hudng nay cung chua thdng nhat vdi nhau ve tinh chat cua gia tri noi tai (gia tri ndi tai khach quan hay gia tri ndi tai chu quan)(6)... NhQng phan tich tren day cho thay, quan diem cua muc dich luan rang con ngudi can phai ton trong tu nhien theo nghia phai ton trong su sdng cua moi loai tren the gidi bat ke vi ly do gi la mot quan diem thieu thuc te. Diem tich cuc cua quan diem nay nam d chd, nd coi tu nhien la hoan thien, hoan my va tot nhat la khdng nen can thiep vao tu nhien, pha vd su hai hda cua tu nhien. Tuy nhien, con ngudi khdng the ton tai neu tach biet khdi tu nhien. Vdi tu each mdt mat xich cua gidi tu nhien, con ngudi tat yeu phai in dau an cua minh vao tu nhien, tac ddng den cac sinh the khac de ton tai va phat trien. Van de dat ra la, su tac ddng cua con ngudi vao tii nhien phai nhu the nao de dam bao sii ton tai cua ban than minh cung nhu sii ton tai cua cac sinh the khac trong he thd'ng. Dd chinh la nhqng gi ma dao dqc mdi trudng can phai giai quyet. Muc dich luan chi cho thay can nguyen cua mot trong nhqng quan niem cua dao dqc hoc mdi trudng, ma chua chi ra dudc toan bd bqc tranh do. (5) Xem Gregory Cooper; 'Teodology and Environmental Ethics". (6) Ve gia tri noi tai va gia tri cong cu, xin xem them: D. Schmidtz, E. Willott. Environmental Ethics, Oxford University press, 2002, p. xiii-xvi. 30