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SÇ øu Á Áͺa]² (Childhood and Growing Up) (uªì õk B] º PÀ À ÀPø»UPÇP 2016-2017 - Bsk AÔ P kzv²òí u»õ Bsk B.Ed., mh i ØPõÚ õhzvmhzvß Ai øh À GÊu mhx). (TEXT BOOK) N.@ õpß M.Sc., M.Ed., M.Phil., uàẠ(K#Ä) B] º PÀ Bµõ#a] ØÖ Ø] {ÖÁÚ, uªì õk R.P»UPsnß M.Sc., M.A., (Education), M.Phil., ( v P B] º SÊ, PÀ À Ä) v ÁÒÐÁº v P 1/5, RÇzöu, Áø» møh Ag\À uõµõ_µ (ÁÈ),S Põn 612702. : 0435-2416295, ö\à : 9245362313, 9488062313 Buy Books Online at : www.thiruvalluvarpublications.com E.Mail: thiruvalluvarpublications1970@gmail.com

v ÁÒÐÁº v P uø v : iœ º & 2016 Ga\ UøP C ¼¼ x G uöáõ Svø ² ß AÝ v ßÔ öáî káx AÀ»x õøó ö\#x öáî káx AÆÁõÖ öáî±k ö\# mh zup[pøí ÂØ øú ö\#áx õßó ö\ ÀPÎÀ Dk k Áõº «x Q ªÚÀ ØÖ ]ÂÀ \mh[pîß RÌ Pk háiuøp GkUP k. ISBN : 890-94-88493-05-7 PRICE ` 296/- PRINTED AT : JASMINE PRINTERS, SIVAKASI - 626 123.

øó u G[PÒ v P {ÖÁÚº ÁÇUPÔbº v.m.r.cµõ a\ vµß MA.BL., AÁºPÐUS C À \ º n.

v øµ uªì õk B] º PÀ À ÀPø»UPÇPzvß B.Ed., u»õ õsk (2016-17) õhzvmhzvß Ai øh»õú C u zup õnáºpîß ß@ÚØÓzvøÚ P zvà öpõsk PÁÚ õp u õ UP mkòíx. CvÀ, zx A»SPÒ EÒÍh[Q C UQßÓÚ. uà A»S, SÇ øu Ázvß Áͺa] ØÖ @ õmiøú ØÔ öuîáõp GkzxøµUQÓx. Cµshõ ØÖ ßÓõ A»SPÒ SÇ øu Ázvß @ õmiß {ø»pò, õn[pò ØÖ SÇ øu @ õmiøpõú öpõòøppøí ÂÍUSQßÓÚ. @ ¾, õßs ØÖ I uõ A»SPÒ SÇ øu @ õmià Œ P õu¼ß Pø PÒ ØÖ Œ P õ¼ú Áõº PÐ, Œ P õ¼ú [@PØ PÐ ØÔ Â ÁõP ÂÍUSQÓx. Cx@ õà, BÖ, HÊ ØÖ Gmhõ A»SPÒ, Œ PzuõÀ ÓUPoUP mh SÇ øupîß µaœøúpò, AUPøÓPÒ, S µ ÁzvÚøµ x öpõòíà @ õßóøáp@íõk SÇ øu @ õmià ÂøÍ õmiß [QøÚ² ØÔ öuîáõp GkzxøµUQßÓx. C zupzvß Jß uõ ØÖ zuõ A»SPÒ UPÒ ŒõuÚ FhPzvß SÇ øu @ õk ØÔ² ÂÁ UQßÓÚ. õnáºpðus C u zup ªPÄ ÝÒÍuõP C US Gß và I ªÀø». C zupzvß {øósøópøí G[PÐUSz öu Âzx G[PøÍ @ kzvu öpõòí EuÄ õö B] ºPøͲ õnáºpøí² @PmkU öpõsk, C u zupzøu Áõ[Q ßö Ö õö B] ºPøͲ õnáºpøí² @PmkUöPõÒQ@Óõ. õnáºpîß GÀ»õ ÁÍ[PÐUS G[PÍx ÁõÌzxUPøÍ öu ÂzxU öpõòq@óõ. ßÔ C ius v Pzuõº

ö õ ÍhUP õhzvmh IX - XIX A»S & 1 SÇ øu Á Áͺa]² @ õk õhgs uø» UP 1.0 SÇ øu Á Áͺa] ØÖ @ õk & AÔ P 1 1.1 Áͺa] ØÖ @ õmiß Aºzu ØÖ P zuõup[pò 2 1.2 Áͺa] ØÖ @ õmiøpõú öpõòøppò 5 1.3 Áͺa]US @ õmiøs EÒÍ @ÁÖ õkpò 8 1.4 SÇ øu ß Áͺa] À C ØøP ØÖ Áͺ øó ß uõup 9 1.5 xøµus PØ zuà AqS øópò 18 {øúâà öpõòí Ási øápò 24 Ø] ÂÚõUPÒ 25 I

A»S & 2 SÇ øu Á Áͺa] @ õmiß i{ø»pò ØÖ Auß õn[pò 2.0 @ õmiß À@ÁÖ i{ø»pð C À PÐ & AÔ P 27 2.1 Eh¼ À, AÔÄŒõº u, ßöÚÔŒõº u, ÚGÊa] ØÖ Œ P À Œõº u õn[pîà @ õk 31 2.2 xøµus PØ zuà AqS øópò 85 {øúâà öpõòí Ási øápò 89 Ø] ÂÚõUPÒ 91 A»S & 3 SÇ øu @ õmiøpõú EÍ»õͺPÎß öpõòøppò 3.0 G UéÛß Œ P EÍ À i{ø»pò 94 3.1 G UéÛß Œ P EÍ À i{ø»pò 94 3.2 AÔÄŒõº PÍ @ õk & õ@á ß öpõòøp 99 3.3 @PõÀö ºUQß ßöÚÔ @ õmku öpõòøp 107 3.4 ÂPõmìQ ß AÔÄŒõºPÍ @ õmkupõú AqS øó 113 II

3.5 µõßö ß öµßú ß ØÖa ÇÀ Aø U öpõòøp 119 3.6 xøµus PØ zuà AqS øópò 123 {øúâà öpõòí Ási øápò 129 Ø] ÂÚõUPÒ 131 A»S & 4 SÇ øu ß @ õmià Œ P õu¼ß Pø PÒ 4.0 Œ P õu¼ß Pø PÒ & AÔ P 133 4.1 Œ P õuà 134 4.2 Sk Œ P õu¼ß PÁµõP öœ À kuà 136 4.3 ÒÎPÎÀ Œ P õuà 138 4.4 J õº SÊÂÚ ß Œ P õupà 140 4.5 Œ uõ Œ P õu¼ß PÁµõP öœ À kuà 142 4.6 xøµus PØ zuà AqS øópò 144 {øúâà öpõòí Ási øápò 152 Ø] ÂÚõUPÒ 154 III

A»S & 5 Œ P õ¼ú Áõº PÒ AÀ»x J izuõúøápð Œ P õ¼ú [PÎ 5.0 Œ P õ¼ú Áõº PÒ & AÔ P 156 5.1 ]ÖSÇ øu Ázv¾, kzuµ SÇ øu Ázv¾ ØÖ S µ Ázv¾ Œ P õ¼ú Áõº PÒ 157 5.2 Œ P õ¼ú Áõº PÒ AÀ»x J izuõú ußø ß BvUP[PÒ 164 5.3 Œ P õ¼úz ußúøh õí & AÔ P 171 5.4 Œ P õ¼ú Pmhø U öpõòøp 176 5.5 Œ P õ¼ú Áõº PÍØÓ SÇ øupøí E ÁõUSÁuØPõÚ EzvPÒ 178 5.6 xøµus PØ zuà AqS øópò 180 {øúâà öpõòí Ási øápò 184 Ø] ÂÚõUPÒ 186 A»S & 6 ÓUPoUP mh SÇ øupîß µaœøúpð ØÖ AÁºPÎß «uõú AUPøÓ² 6.0 ÓUPoUP mh SÇ øupò & AÔ P 189 6.1 ÓUPoUP mh SÇ øupò Gß uß Aºzu 190 IV

6.2 Pº Ó SiøŒ Sv À Á]US SÇ øupò 192 6.3 Œ PzvÚ ß BuµÁØÓ {µõuµáµõú SÇ øupò 194 6.4 Œ PzuõÀ ÓUPoUP mh, uõìzu mh ØÖ Ç[Si Ú ß ö ssç øupò 196 6.5 uáóõp ß kzu mh SÇ øupò 198 6.6 ÁÖø À ÁÍ SÇ øupò 201 6.7 öu ÂÀ Á]US SÇ øupò 203 6.8 HIV øáµì öuõøö@ õ õà iup mh ]ÖÁºPÒ 206 6.9 Aø Œõµõ {ÖÁÚ[Pξ öuõè»p[pî¾ o ² SÇ øupò 209 6.10 SÇ øuz öuõè»õî 210 6.11 ÓUPoUP mh SÇ øupîß Œ P @ õmkupõú vmh[pò 213 6.12 xøµus PØ zuà AqS øópò 216 {øúâà öpõòí Ási øápò 222 Ø] ÂÚõUPÒ 225 A»S & 7 S µ Ázøu xöpõòíà 7.0 S µ Á & AÔ P 228 7.1 S µ Á Gß uß ö õ Ò 229 V

7.2 S µ ÁzvÚ ß hzøupøí C ØøP õú ßÚo À B#Ä öœ#uà 231 7.3 SÇ øupò ØÖ S µ ÁzvÚ ß EhÀÁͺa] ØÖ Œ PÁͺa] @ õkpøí x öpõòíà 241 7.4 xøµus PØ zuà AqS øópò 248 {øúâà öpõòí Ási øápò 250 Ø] ÂÚõUPÒ 252 A»S & 8 ÂøÍ õmk SÇ øu @ õk 8.0 SÇ øupîß ÂøÍ õmk & AÔ P 255 8.1 ÂøÍ õmiß ÁøPPÒ 258 8.2 SÇ øu @ õmià ÂøÍ õmiß [S 260 8.3 SÇ øu Ázvß ÂøÍ õmka öœ À õkpò 262 8.4 SÇ øu ß ÂøÍ õmià BvUP öœ¾zx PõµoPÒ 265 8.5 SÇ øupîß EhÀ, ÚGÊa], AÔÄ @ õk ØÖ Œ P @ õmià ÂøÍ õmiß [S 268 8.6 xøµus PØ zuà AqS øópò 272 {øúâà öpõòí Ási øápò 276 Ø] ÂÚõUPÒ 278 VI

A»S & 9 UPÒ ŒõuÚ FhP SÇ øu @ õk 9.0 UPÒ ŒõuÚ FhP SÇ øu @ õk & AÔ P 280 9.1 öuõø»upõm]² ]Ö SÇ øu Á 281 9.2 S µ ÁzvÀ UPÒ ŒõuÚ FhP[PÐ ØÖ Œ P FhP[PÐ HØ kzx uõup[pò 285 9.3 S µ Ázvß ØÖ SÇ øupîß Áß øó hzøupîà UPÒ ŒõuÚ FhP[PÎß BvUP 294 9.4 CÚ ØÖ Œ P õ¼ú Áõº PÎß «uõú UPÒ ŒõuÚ FhP[PÎß ÂøÍÄ ß 299 9.5 UPÒ ŒõuÚ FhP[PÎß B@µõUQ õú ß õmkupõú Pmk õkpò 301 9.6 xøµus PØ zuà AqS øópò 303 {øúâà öpõòí Ási øápò 306 Ø] ÂÚõUPÒ 308 VII

A»S & 10 Pµ õupà ØÖ ö õ Íõuõµ õøó[pò SÇ øu @ õmià HØ kzx uõup 10.0 Pµ õupà & AÔ P 311 10.1 SÇ øupò @ õmià Pµ P»õaŒõµ, UPÒ ö UP, Sk Ch ö ºÄ ØÖ ØÖa ÇÀ õv PÒ HØ kzx uõup 312 10.2 uõµõí õupà, uû õº õupà ØÖ E»P õup»õà C v õâà SÇ øupîß @ õmià HØ k ÂøÍÄPÒ 317 10.3 xøµus PØ zuà AqS øópò 321 {øúâà öpõòí Ási øápò 325 Ø] ÂÚõUPÒ 326 õv ÂÚõzuõÒPÒ 329 iiiiiii VIII

Syllabus õhzvmh (Syllabus) IX COURSE - 1 Childhood and Growing Up UNIT - I Growth and Development of Childhood Meaning and concepts of growth and development-principles of growth and development- Difference between growth and development- Impact of nature and nurture on child development. Suggested instructional approaches/methods: i) Talk by teachers/experts on the principles of growth and development. ii) Discussion on the roles of men and women family, caste, class, religion, culture, the media and popular culture, law and the state.a debate on the influence of nature and nurture on individual development. SÇ øu Á Áͺa]² @ õk Áͺa] ØÖ @ õk Gß uß ö õ Ò ØÖ P zuõup & Áͺa] ØÓ @ õmiøpõú öpõòøppò & Áͺa]US @ õmiøs EÒÍ @ÁÖ õkpò & SÇ øu Áͺa] À C ØøP ØÖ Áͺ øó ß uõup.

X Syllabus xøµus PØ zuà AqS øópò : SÇ øu ß Áͺa] ØÖ @ õmkupõú öpõòøppò ØÔ B] º AÀ»x EÍ À { n ß Eøµ. i SÇ øu ß Áͺa] & @ õmià C ØøP ØÖ µ ß uõup & mi ßÓ. UNIT II Stages and Dimensions of Development Stages: infancy, early childhood and adolescence and their dimensions of development : physical, cognitive, moral, emotional and social. Suggested instructional approaches/methods: i Talk by the teacher/psychologist on the various stages of child development. Invited talk by experts on dimensions of child development. SÇ øu Á Áͺa] @ õmiß i{ø»pò ØÖ Auß õn[pò SÇ Á, ßSÇ øu Á ØÖ S µ Á i{ø»pò ØÖ C i{ø»pîß õn[píõq Eh¼ À Áͺa], AÔÄŒõºPÍzvß @ õk, ßöÚÔ Áͺa] @ õk, ÚGÊa] @ õk ØÖ Œ P À Œõº u Áͺa] @ õk.

Syllabus XI xøµus PØ zuà AqS øópò : SÇ øupîß Áͺa] ØÖ @ õmiß À@ÁÖ {ø»pøí ØÔ B] º ÁS øó À Eøµ õøöuà. i SÇ øupîß Áͺa] @ õmiß À@ÁÖ õn[pøí ØÔ EÍ À { n ß Eøµ. UNIT III Theories of Child Development Psycho-social stages (Erikson), Cognitive development (Piaget), Moral development (Kohlberg), Socio-cultural approach to cognitive development (Vygotsky), Ecological systems theory (Bronfenbrenner). Suggested instructional approaches/methods: i Teacher talk on child development theories. Student seminar on various theories of child development. SÇ øu @ õmiøpõú EÍ»õͺPÎß öpõòøppò EÍ À & Œ P À i{ø»pò (G Uéß), AÔÄŒõº PÍ @ õk ( õ@á), ßöÚÔ @ õk (@PõÀö ºU), Œ P&P»õaŒõµ AqS øó»õú AÔÄŒõºPÍ @ õk (ÂPõmìQ), ØÖa ÇÀ Aø U öpõòøp ( µõßö ß öµßúº).

XII Syllabus xøµus PØ zuà AqS øópò : SÇ øu Áͺa] @ õmiøpõú öpõòøppøí ØÔ B] º Eøµ õøöuà. i SÇ øu Áͺa] @ õmiøpõú öpõòøppøí ØÔ õnáºpîß P zuµ[s. UNIT - IV Socializing Agencies of Child Development Agencies of socialization: Family, school, peer, and community Suggested instructional approaches/methods: i Presentation of report based on field study/ case study on child rearing practices. Seminar on family, school and peer influence on socializing process. SÇ øu ß @ õmià Œ P õu¼ß Pø PÒ Œ P õu¼ß Pø PÒ :Sk, ÒÎ, J õº SÊÂÚº ØÖ Œ uõ. xøµus PØ zuà AqS øópò : SÇ øu Áͺ UPõÚ PÍ B#Ä öœ#x AÔUøP Œ º zuà. i Œ P õu¼à Sk, ÒÎUTh ØÖ J õº SÊÂÚ ß BvUPzøu ØÔ P zuµ[s hzxuà.

Syllabus XIII UNIT - V Gender Stereotypes and Gender Roles Gender stereotypes in early child, middle childhood and adolescence - Influences of gender stereotyping: biological, cultural and environmental - Gender identity in middle childhood and in adolescence - Gender schema theory - strategies for development non-gender stereotyped children. Suggested instructional approaches/methods: i Invited lecture by a Feminist on gender stereotypes. Seminar on strategies for development of nongenderstereotyped children. Œ P õ¼ú Áõº PÒ AÀ»x J izuõúøápð Œ P õ¼ú [PÎ ]ÖSÇ øu Á, kzuµ SÇ øu Á ØÖ S µ Ázvß Œ P õ¼ú Áõº PÒ & E À, P»õaŒõµ ØÖ ØÖa ǼÀ Œ P õ¼ú Áõº PÒ AÀ»x J izuõú ußø ß BvUP[PÒ & kzuµu SÇ øu Ázv¾ S µ Ázv ¾ Œ P õ¼úz ußúøh õí & Œ P õ¼ú Pmhø U öpõòøp & Œ P õ¼ú Áõº PÍØÓ SÇ øupøí E ÁõUSÁuØPõÚ EzvPÒ. xøµus PØ zuà AqS øópò : ö so UPzøua Œõº u J Á ß Œ P õ¼ú Áõº PÒ ØÔ Eøµ. i Œ P õ¼ú Áõº PÎÀ»õu SÇ øuø @ kzxuà EzvPÒ ØÔ P zuµ[s.

XIV Syllabus UNIT - VI Marginalized Children: Issues and Concerns Meaning and concept of marginalized children Children living in urban slum; deprived; socially deprived girls (Dalit and Tribal girls); abused child; children growing up in poverty, street children, HIV affected children and children working in unorganized sectors child labour - Measures to promote the status of marginalized children. Suggested instructional approaches/methods: i Presentation of report of the problems of marginalized children based on field study. Seminar on the problems of marginalized children and the measures to be taken ÓUPoUP mh SÇ øupîß µaœøúpð AÁºPÎß «uõú AUPøÓ² ÓUPoUP mh SÇ øupò Gß uß Aºzu P zuõup & Pº Ó SiøŒ Sv À Á]US SÇ øupò & Œ PzvÚ ß BuµÁØÓ {µõuµáõú SÇ øupò & Œ PzuõÀ ÓUPoUP mh, uõìzu mh ØÖ Ç[Si Ú ß ö s SÇ øupò & uáóõp ß kzu mh SÇ øupò & ÁÖø À ÁÍ SÇ øupò & öu ÂÀ Á]US SÇ øupò & HIV øáµì öuõøö@ õ õà iup mh ]ÖÁºPÒ & Aø Œõµõ {ÖÁÚ[Pξ öuõè»p[pî¾ o ² SÇ øupò & SÇ øuz öuõè»õî & ÓUPoUP mh SÇ øupîß Œ P @ õmkupõú vmh[pò.

Syllabus XV xøµus PØ zuà AqS øópò : ÓUPoUP mh SÇ øupîß {ø»ø PÍ B#Ä» B#Ä öœ#x B] º PÀ õnáºpò B#ÁÔUøP Œ º zuà. i ÓUPoUP mh SÇ øupîß {ø»ø ØÔ² AuØPõÚ vmh[pøí ØÔ² P zuµ[s hzxuà. UNIT - VII Understanding Adolescence Meaning of adolescence study of adolescent behavior in their natural settings at play or in school settings using observation, interview schedules, case study method and interacting with them understanding of the physical, social and moral behaviours of children and adolescents Suggested instructional approaches/methods: i Teacher talk/ Group discussion on the influences of play on child and adolescent development. Presentation of report of the adolescent behavior using observation and other techniques. S µ Ázøu xöpõòíà S µ Á Gß uß Aºzu & S µ ÁzvÚ ß hzøupøí C ØøP õú ßÚo À B#Ä öœ#uà & ÂøÍ õmià AÀ»x ÒÎUTh ǼÀ & EØÖ@ õupà, @ ºPõnÀ, uû õò B#Ä ØÖ

XVI Syllabus S µ ÁzvÚ h CøhÂøÚ uà @ õßó øópøí ß kzxuà & SÇ øupò ØÖ S µ ÁzvÚ ß EhÀÁͺa] ØÖ Œ P Áͺa] @ õkpøí x öpõòíà. xøµus PØ zuà AqS øópò : SÇ øu ØÖ S µ ÁzvÀ ÂøÍ õmiß uõup ØÔ B] º Eøµ. i S µ ÁzvÚøµ EØÖ@ õupà ~m [PÎß» B#Ä öœ#x B#ÁÔUøP Œ º zuà. UNIT - VIII Play and Child Development Meaning and characteristics of play - kinds of play and their role in child development play activities of childhood factors influencing children s play contribution of play to children s physical, social, emotional and cognitive development. Suggested instructional approaches/methods: i Teacher talk / Group discussion on kinds of play and child development. Invited lecture by an expert or psychologist on various aspects of children s development. ÂøÍ õmk SÇ øu @ õk ÂøÍ õmk Gß uß Aºzu ÂøÍ õmiß C À PÐ & ÂøÍ õmiß ÁøPPÒ ØÖ SÇ øu @ õmià ÂøÍ õmiß [S & SÇ øu Ázvß

Syllabus XVII ÂøÍ õmka öœ À õkpò & SÇ øu ß ÂøÍ õmià BvUP öœ¾zx PõµoPÒ & SÇ øupîß EhÀ, ÚGÊa], AÔÄ@ õk ØÖ Œ P @ õmià ÂøÍ õmiß [S. xøµus PØ zuà AqS øópò : SÇ øupðupõú ÂøÍ õmiß ÁøPPøÍ ØÔ SÊÂÁõu öœ#uà. i SÇ øu ß Áͺa] ØÖ @ õmià À@ÁÖ A Œ[PøÍ PÀ US Á øp u u EÍ À { nº Eøµ õøöuà. UNIT - IX Mass Media and Child Development Impact of media on early childhood experiences and development impact of mass media and social media on adolescent development Influence of media violence on children s and adolescent s behaviour - effects of media on racial and gender stereotyping regulating healthy media use. Suggested instructional approaches/methods: i Make a short film on the impact of mass media on children/ adolescents. Group discussion on media violence on children. UPÒ ŒõuÚ FhP SÇ øu @ õk ]Ö SÇ øu Ázvß AÝ Á[PÒ ØÖ @ õmià UPÒ ŒõuÚ FhP[PÎß uõup &

XVIII Syllabus S µ Á @ õmià UPÒ ŒõuÚ FhP[PÒ ØÖ Œ P FhP[PÎß uõup & SÇ øupò ØÖ S µ ÁzvÚ ß Áß øó hzøu À UPÒ ŒõuÚ FhP[PÎß BvUP & CÚ ØÖ Œ P õ¼ú Áõº hzøupîß «x FhP[PÎß ÂøÍÄ ß & B@µõUQ õú UPÒ ŒõuÚ FhP ß õmiøú Aø uøpõú Pmk õk ØÖ ö Ô kzxuø» öœ#uà. xøµus PØ zuà AqS øópò : SÇ øupîß «x S µ ÁzvÚº «x UPÒ ŒõuÚ FhP[PÎß uõupzøu ØÔ SÖ h u õ zuà. i SÇ øupîß «uõú UPÒ ŒõuÚ FhP[PÎß Áß øó Põm]PÎß uõup[pò ØÔ SÊÂÁõu. UNIT - X Urbanisation and Economic Change On Child Development Impact of urban culture, population density, migration of family, and environmental effects (air, water, noise) on child development - effects of liberalization, privatization, and globalization (LPG) on child development with special reference to India. Suggested instructional approaches/methods: Invited talk/teacher talk on urbanization and child development.

Syllabus XIX i Report presentation based on the group discussion about the impact of liberalization, privatization, and globalization on child development. Pµ õupà ØÖ ö õ Íõuõµ õøó[pò SÇ øu @ õmià HØ kzx uõup SÇ øu @ õmià Pµ P»õaŒõµ, UPÒ ö UP ØÖ PõØÖ, }º, J¼ @ õßó ØÖa ÇÀ õv PÒ HØ kzx uõup & uõµõí õupà, uû õº õupà ØÖ E»P õup»õà C v õâà SÇ øupîß @ õmià HØ k ÂøÍÄPÒ. xøµus PØ zuà AqS øópò : Pµ õup¾, SÇ øu @ õk Gß x ØÔ B] º ÁS øó Eøµ õøöuà. i ÁS øó À uõµõí õupà, uû õº õupà ØÖ E»P õup¾ SÇ øu @ õk Gß øu ØÔ SÊÂÁõu x Aøu AÔUøP õp ÁS øó À Œ º zuà. iiiiiii