Chapter_01

kmbn-_m_bpss A\p-a-Xnbpw hmkvzm-\hpw ` - m p \nbp- -amb I Ω-ßƒ _m_-bpss IY-Iƒ Zo]- in-j-t]mse amxr-\n hn-ti-j-amb kvt\lw tdmln- s IY a[p-c-amb Aar-X-hm-Wn-Iƒ. kmbn-_m_bpss A\p-a-Xnbpw hmkvzm-\-hpw. ap A ym-b-øn hnh-cn- -Xp-t]mse k -cnxw Fgp- Xp- -Xn\v kmbn-_m_ ]q Æm-\p-aXn X p-sim v C{]Imcw ]d- p. ""k -cnxw Fgp-Xp Imcy-Øn Rm \obp-ambn ]cn]q Æ-ambn tbmpn- p- p. bmsxm- pw `bs -SmsX ISa \n Δ-ln- p-i. a\ v Dd n v Fs hm pifn hniz-kn- p-i. Fs eoe-iƒ Fgp-Xn-bm AhnZy Xntcm-[\w snøp- p. Ah KmV-{i- -tbm-sp-iqsn ti m euin-i-ß-fn Xmev]cyw \in- p- p. ` n-bpss i -amb Ae-Iƒ Ah-\n-te- m- -Sn- p- p. Fs eoe- I-fn AhKmV-ambn apßn-ø- n-bm m\-øns apøpa-wn-iƒ e`y-amhpw.'' 1

CXptI v {KŸ-I Ømhv k p-jvs-\m-hp-ibpw, `b-cln-x-\pw, Bfl-hn-izm-k-ap- -h-\p-am-hp-ibpw Cu {KŸw Hcp hnp-b-am-hp-sa v hniz-kn- p-ibpw snbvxp. ]n osv ima-tbm- Smbn (am-[h-dmhp tziv]mwvsu) kmbn-_m_ C{]-Imcw ]d- p ""bmsxm-cp-ø Fs \maw t{]a-tøm-sp-iqsn D -cn- p- pthm, Rm Ahs F m B{K-l-ßfpw km[n- n v ` n h n- n p simsp- p- -Xm-Ip- p. Fs Pohn-XsØ ] nbpw eoeisf ] nbpw Bflm -ambn bmsxm-cmƒ ]msp- p-thm, Ahs ap n-epw ]n nepw F m `mk-ß-fnepw Rm D m-hp- -Xm-Wv. F n Bflm Ww snbvx ` -am Cu IY-Iƒ tiƒ p am{x-bn kzm`m-hn-i-ambpw ]cam\μw A\p-`-hn- pw. F n hniz-kn- p-i. bmsxm-cp-h Fs eoe-i-sf-] n ]msp- p-thm, Ah\v Rm imiz-x-amb B\-μhpw \nxy-amb kwxr-]vxnbpw {]Zm\w snøpw. F n k Δw A n v hnizm-k-]q Δw Fs Bcm[n- p, Fs kvacn v lnx-ambn [ym\n- p, ` -P-\-ßsf Rm Poh ap- -cm- p- p. euin-i-amb t\ -ß-fn-epw em`ßfnepw D B{Klw Fs \maw D -cn- p, Fs Bcm-[n- p, Fs IY-I-sfbpw Pohn-X-sØbpw kvacn- p, ` - msc Hcn epw kzm[o-\n- p- -X-. Fs ` - msc acw h{i- Øn \n v Rm c n- pw. Fs IY-Iƒ {ihn- p am{xbn F m tcmk-ß-fn \n- pw hnap n t\sp- p. AXpsIm v F Cu IY-Isf ` ym-z-c-tøm-sp-iqsn {ihn v a\- ncpøn AXns XØzßƒ Dƒs m- m AXmWv B\- μ-øn-s bpw kwxr-]vxn-bp-ssbpw am w. CXv tiƒ p- -hcpss Al mchpw Alw-`m-hhpw \n Ωm \w snbvxv Rm ]c-am-flm-hn- ebn- n- p- -Xm-Wv. shdpw ""kmbn kmbn'' F \mtam- m-cww sim pam{xw hmn-{i-h-w-p- 2

amb kakvx ]m]-ßfpw \in- p- -Xm-Wv. ` - m v \nbp- -amb I Ω-ßƒ `K-hm ]e-xcw ` - msc ]e-xcw {]hr-øn- ƒ mwv \ntbm-kn- p- -Xv. Nne v t {X-ßfpw atßfpw \n Ωn- m-\p {]hrøn simsp- p- p. Nnesc ]pwy-\-zn-i-fn kv\m\-l- -ß-ƒ \n Ωn- m \ntbm-kn- p- p. Nnesc sszh-øns A]-Zm-\-ßsf Io Øn v \S- m \n -bn- p- p. a p Nnesc Xo m-s-\-øn- b- p- p. Fs \ntbm-kn- Xv Cu kxvn-cnxw Fgp-Xm-\m-Wv. F m- nepw D]-cn-bmbn Aev]- m-\nbpw ]cn-]q Æ- m\w H pan- m-ø-h-\p-amb Cu Rm Cu ]Wn v Xosc Ign-hn- m- Ø-h-\m-Wv. ]ns F n-\p-th n Rm\o {]bm-k-s ]Wn Gs -Sp-Øp? kmbn-_m-_-bpss bym Pohn-X-sØ- n B v Fgp-Xm Ignbpw? kmbn-_m-_-bpss A\p-{K-lwsIm v am{xta Cu Zp LSw ]nsn {]hrøn ]q Øn-bm- m Ign-bq. Cu hnizm-k-tøm-sp-iqsn Rm t]\ ssibn FSp-Ø-tXm-Sp-IqSn kmbn-_m_ Fs Alw-`mhw \nt»jw \in- n v X -Øm _m_-bpss IY-Iƒ Fgp-XnØp-S-ßn. Cu IY-Iƒ Fgp-Xn-b-Xn-ep {]ikvxn F\n- p- -X _m_ p- -Xm-Wv. P\-\m Rm {_m -W-\m-sW- nepw {ipxn kvarxn F o c p IÆp-Iƒ F\n- n- m-ø-xp-sim- v Cu k -cnxw Fgp-Xm F\n v Ign-hn-. ]s sszhm\p{klw, "aqiw ItcmXn hmnmew ] pw ewl-b-sx- Kncnw' F m- p-at m (A-Xm-bXv Duasb hmnm-e-\m- p- p. aps- s\ ] hxw ISØn hnsp- p.) _m_ v am{xsa _m_-bpss CjvS-{]-Im-c-ap Imcyßƒ \n Δ-ln- m-\p kq{xw Adn-bpIbp- q. howbvt m 3

lm tam-wn-b-ønt\m a[p-c-kzcw Fßns\ D m-hp p F v Adn-bp- n-. AXv Ah hmbn- p- hs Ign-hp-sIm- m-wv. N{μ-Im- -ine {Zhn- p- Xpw then-tb- w D m-hp- Xpw ine-bp-sstbm IS-en-s tbm Ign-hp-sIm- -. Nt{μm- Zbw sim m-wv. _m_-bpss IY-Iƒ Zo]-in-J-t]mse IS -c-bnse Zo]-kvXw-`-ßƒ txmwn- m v ]md- Ifpw A]-I-S-ßfpw Hgnhm n kpc- n-x-amb bm{x snøm ÿm]n- -h-bm-wv. euini Pohn-X-am-Ip kap-{z-øn kmbn- _m-_-bpss IY-Ifpw AØcw Dt±-i-ß-sf-Ø-s -bmwv \n Δln- p- -Xv. Ah am[p-cy-øn Aar-XsØ AXn-i-bn- n v, euini am -ßsf kpk-ahpw k p-jvshpam p p. Ah lrz-b-øn kv] in- p-tºmƒ tzl-t_m-[hpw Al- mchpw \in- p- -txm-sp-iqsn sszzx-`mhhpw \in- p- p. \ΩpsS kwi-b-ßƒ AI- p- p. Rms\ `mhw \in v ]cn-]q Æ- m\w kn n- p- p. _m_-bpss ]cn-ip- - JymXn h Æn- p- -Xp-sIm pw tiƒ p- -Xp-sIm pw ` s a\ v ip -am-bn-øo-cp- p. AXp-sIm v CXp am{xamwv G -hpw Ffp- -ambn ap n e`n- m-\p km[-\. IrXbpK km[-\ ia-z-ahpw, t{xxm-bp-k-øn\v b -hpw, Zzm]- c-bp-køn\v Bcm-[-\-bpw, Ct m-gp Ien-bp-K-Øn\v \makva-c-w-bp-amwv F mwv hn[n. Cu Ah-km-\sØ km[\ NmXp h Æy-t`-Z-an- msx A\p-jvSn- m-hp- XmWv. a p km[- \-I-fmb tbmkw, bmkw, [ym\w, [mcw F nh {]bm-k-ap- -h-bm-sw- nepw `K-hms (km-bn-_m-_bpss) A]-Zm-\- ßƒ Io Øn- p- Xpw {i n- p- Xpw hfsc Ffp- -am-wt m. \mw {i Atßm p Xncn- p-itb th q. AXv kwkm- 4

c-_- -ß-fn-ep Bi \in- n v Bfl- m-\-øn-te v \sω \bn- p- p. Cu Dt±-i-tØm-Sp-IqSn kmbn-_m_ Cu k cnxm-arxw Fgp-Xm-s\s klm-bn- p. Cu IY-Iƒ hmbn- p ` - m _m_sb [ym\n v B cq]w kvacn v Kpcphnepw sszh-ønepw ` n-bm- n v \n w-k-xzhpw Bfl- m-\hpw ssih-cp-ø-s. Fs shdpw Hcp D]-I-c-W-ambn D]-tbm-Kn v kmbn-_m_ Xs -bmwv Cu k -cnxmarxw Fgp-Xn-bn- p- -Xv. kmbn-_m-_-bpss amxr-\n hn-ti-j-amb kvt\lw Hcp ]ip AXn-s Ip nsb Fßns\ kvt\ln- p p F v F mh p-a-dn-bmw. AXns AInSv ]m \nd- -Xm- Wv. Ip n, ap p- -txm-sp-iqsn [mcmfw ]m AIn-Sn \n v h p-sim- n-cn- p- p. AXp-t]mse a\p-jy-cnepw AΩ-am Ip nbpss Bh-iy-ßƒ ap Iq n Adn v th kabw AXn v ape simsp- p- p. hkv{xm-e- m-c-ßfn AΩ {]txyiw {i n- p- p. Ip n CsXms Adn-bp-Itbm {i n- p-itbm snøp- n-. F mepw Ip nsb AWn-s m-cp n ImWp AΩ-bpsS B\μw koam-xo-x-am-wv. amxr-kvt\lw AXp-ey-hpw AZznXobhpw \n Ω-e-hp-w DØ-a-hp-am-Wv. Cu amxr-\n hn-tij kvt\l-amwv kzvkpcp-hn\v injy mtcm- Sp- -Xv. kmbn-_m-_bv v Ft mspw CtX kvt\lw Xs bm-bn-cp- p. AXn-s m-cp-zm-l-cww ]d-bmw. 1916 Rm Kh sa v tpmen-bn \n v ]ncn- p. s] j In m-\p- Xv IpSpw_w ]pe Øm Xosc axn-bmbn-cp- n-. As m- sø Kpcp-]u Æ-an v (B-jm-Vw 15\v) a p ` - m s m w Rm\pw jn ±n- p-t]m-bn. AhnsS A m-nn Nm\n- F\n- p-th n _m_-tbmsv C{]-Imcw 5

{]m n- p. ""Ch-\n I\n-hp- m-i-sw. Abmƒ p In p s] j Xosc axn-bm-hn-. Abm-fpsS IpSpw_w hep-xmhp-i-bm-wv. as -s - nepw Hcp tpmen simspøv Abm-fpsS k Sw Xo Øv c n- -sw''. _m_ ]d- p: ""Ah v as mcp tpmen In pw. Ct mƒ Fs ip{iq-jn v k p-jvs- \m-h-s. Ahs ` -W-Imcyw F pw \nd-]m-{x-am-bn-cn- pw. Hcn epw Hgnbn-. Ah apgp-h {i bpw F n A n- -s. \nco-iz-c- m-cmbpw Zp hr-ø-cmbpw ax-hnt-zz-jn-i-fmbpw Ah Hcn epw Iq p-iq-s-cp-xv. Ffn-bh-\mbn F mh-tcmspw s]cp-amdn Fs Bcm-[n- -s. Aßns\ snbvxm Ah B\-μ-hm-\mbn amdpw.'' tdmln- s IY _m_-bpss hnizt{]a-øns DZm-l-c-W-amWv tdmln- s IY. Zo L-Im-b\pw ZrU-i-co-c\pw Iq -s\-t mse tzl- _-e-ap- -h-\p-amb Hcp tdmln- ap ow jn ±nbn h p. Abmƒ Hcp \of Ip m-b-amwv [cn- n-cp- -Xv. _m_-bn BIr-jvS-\mbn Abmƒ AhnsS Xma-kn- p. cm -I Abmƒ I Æ-I-tTm-c-amb kzc-øn AXyp- -Øn simdm-\n \n v Ieva snm n "A mlp AIv_ ' F v Ae-dpw. jn ±n-bn A[nIw t]cpw ]I apgp-h hb-en ]Wn-sb-Sp- p- -hcm-wv. AXp Ign v cm{xn as-ßn-sb-øn-bm Cu tdmln- s Ae -sim v Ah v Dd w In msx Ah Ipg- -Øn-em-bn. Ipsd Znhkw Ah-sc mw kln- p-sh- nepw HSphn kln- m-\m-hmsx _m_sb kao-]n v Ah-cpsS hnj-a-sø- n ]d-bp-ibpw tdmln- s\ H p \nb-{ n p \n Øm At]- n- p-ibpw snbvxp. _m_ AXv Ku\n- n-s v am{x-a Ah Ah-cpsS Imcyw t\m n-bm 6

axnsb pw tdmln- s Imcyw t\mt -s pw ]d- p. _m_ Cßs\ Iq n-t Øp. ""tdmln- v hfsc NoØ kz`m-h- m-cn-bmb Hcp `mcybp- v. Ahƒ tdmln- -s\bpw Fs bpw h v _p n-ap- n- m {ian- p-i-bm-wv. ]t tdmln- s {]m \ tiƒ p-tºmƒ Ahƒ v IS p hcm \nhr-øn-bn- msx `b-s -Sp- -Xp-sIm v Rßƒ v kam-[m-\-hpw k p-jvsnbpw \jvs-s -Sm-Xn-cn- -bm-wv.'' bym -Øn tdmln- Ahn-hm-ln-X-\m-Wv. Ahs `mcy F v _m_ ]d- Xv Zp _p- nbpw ZpjvS hnnm-c-hp-am-wv. _m_ v GXphn[amb {]m -\bpw CjvS-am-b-Xn\m-emWv tdmln- s `mkw tn v {Kmao-WtcmSv Aku-Icyw X mew kln- m\pw {Ita-W AXv Xocp-sa pw ]d-bm- \n-s-bm-b-xv. _m_-bpss a[p-c-amb AarX-hm-Wn-Iƒ Hcp Znhkw a ym Bc-Xn- p-tijw ` - m Xmhf-ß-fn-te v as-ßm XpS-ßp-tºmƒ _m_ Xmsg ]dbpw {]Imcw D]-tZ-in p. "\nßsfhn-ss-bm-bmepw, F p snbvxm-epw, AsX mw Rm Adn-bp p F v Hm Ωn- p-hn. Rm A bm-anbpw lrz-b-\n-hm-kn-bp-am-wv. kakvx Poh-Pm-e-ß-fnepw Ncm-Ncmßfnepw Rm Dƒs m- p- p. {]]- - \m-s-i-ønse kq{x[mc-\mwv Rm. Rm temi-am-xm-hpw, k h-øn\pw Imc-W-`q-X-\pw, {XnKp-W-ßfpw, t X-hpw, krjvsn-ÿn-xnkw-lm-c-im-cn-bp-am-wv. F n-te v {i Xncn- p hs\ bmsxm- n\pw \in- n- m-\m-hn-. Fs hnkva-cn- p- -hs\, amb ASn- a Øn Xf Øn- -f-bpw, kakvx Poh-Pm-e-ßfpw, 7

Iran-Ifpw, Ddp-ºp-Ifpw, Ncm-N-cm-ßfpw Fs ico-chpw BIr- Xn-bp-am-Wv''. CXp-tI v Rm Fs Cu Kpcpsh-b- msx a m-scbpw tkhn- n-s v Xocp-am-\n- p. A m-nn Nm\n- -tdmsv _m_ F\n p tpmen In p-sa v ]d- Xp-tI v Fs a\- n "Aß-s\-bp- m-hptam' F p kwibn pi-bm-bn-cp- p. _m_-bpss hm p-iƒ icn-bm-sw pw F\n p Ipd- p-ime-tø- p Kh sa v tpmen In nsb pw `mhnsim v sxfn- p. AXn ]ns Rm kzmx-{ -\mbn Fs apgp-h ka-bhpw Fs Kpcp kmbn-_m-_-bpss ]cn-n-c-w-øn\v D]- tbm-kn- p. Cu A ymbw Ah-km-\n- n- p- Xn\papºv Rm hmb-\- m-tcmsv At]- n- p-i-bmwv : F m XS- -ßfpw, asnbpw \n{zbpw a\- m- -ey-hpw, C{μn-b-kp-tJ- bpw Dt]- n v kmbn-_m-_-bpss Cu IYI-fn apgp-h {i bpw snep-øp-hn! kzm`m-hn-i-amb t{]aw hf Øn ` n-bpss clkyw a\- n-em- p-hn! a p km[-\-iƒsim v Xf-tc- -Xn-. kc-f-amb Cu Hscm hgn axn, AXm-bXv kmbn- _m-_-bpss IY-Iƒ {ihn-. CXv Ah-cpsS A m\w \in- n v tam w ssih-cpøpw. ]nip- Fhn-sS-t mbmepw Abmƒ kq n- p-sh [\-Øn-em-bn-cn- p-at m apgp-h {i -bpw, AtX-t]mse kmbn-_m-_sb a\- n IpSn-bn-cp-Øn-bm-epw. ASpØ A ym-b-øn kmbn-_m_ jn ±n-bn h Imcy-ß-sf- n {]Xn-]m-Zn- p- -Xm-Wv. {io kmbnsb \an- p-hn temi-im n `hn s! 8