cuoc KHANG CHIEN CHONG MY cuu NUOC CUA VIET NAM VOI CACH MANG CUBA ( ) NGUYEN NGOC MAO^" Thdi gian cang lui xa, y nghia va tam voc thang ldi c

cuoc KHANG CHIEN CHONG MY cuu NUOC CUA VIET NAM VOI CACH MANG CUBA (1959-1975) NGUYEN NGOC MAO^" Thdi gian cang lui xa, y nghia va tam voc thang ldi ciia cupc khang chien cho'ng My, cuu nudc ciia nhan dan Viet Nam cang ldn. Thang ldi dd "di vdo lich sii the gidi nhii mot chien cong vl dcii ciia the ky XX, mot sii kien co tdm quan trgng quoc te to ldn vd co tinh dgi sdu.sde.""' voc thdi D6'i vdi each mang Cuba, thang lpi cua cupc khang chien cho'ng My, cuu nudc cua nhan dan Viet Nam co y nghia khong nhd. Cupc each mang giai phong dan tpc d Cuba dien ra tfl nam 1953 va gianh dudc thing ldi vao ngay 1-1-1959 trong b6i canh quo'c te het suc phuc tap cua cupc Chien tranh lanh dang dien ra gay gat. Luc nay. vai tro chinh tri cung nhu' tiem liic kinh te, quan su eua My dang d dinh diem. Nhflng thanh qua ma nhan dan Cuba vfla gianh dfldc phai dflng trudc thif thach v6 cung 16n lae. Ngay 13-4-1959, mpt td bad My "New Yerk Herald Tribune" da de 16: "Ne'u Caxtdro ddu hdng, ong co the hy vgng vdo sii thay doi vd giup dd eda My" '^'. My da rat chu quan cho rang, vdi sflc manh dang d dinh cao, hp cd the lam thay d6i dupc dudng 16i cua chinh phu each mang bang nhung bien phap kinh te va ngoai giao, ma kh6ng can phai vfl trang xam lupc truc tiep. Trong nhan thuc cua My, cung nhu cac nudc My Latinh, each mang Cuba chang qua chi la mpt cupc dao chinh nha nuc3c, hoar nhu nhung phong trao dan chu khac nham lat do che dp dpc tai thudng xay ra d khu vtic, nhu d Peru nam 1956, d C61dmbia nam 1957, d Veneduyela nam 1958... Hdn nua, My da lam tudng, Phiden Caxtdro - linh h6n cua each mang Cuba - chi la mpt chien si yeu nu6c mu6'n thay the chinh quyen dpc tai bang mpt chinh quyen dan chii hdn. Tren thuc te, ngay tfl khi con la sinh vien cua trudng Dai hpc La Habana, Phiden Caxtdr6 da chiu anh hudng manh me ciia chu nghia Mac-Lenin''^'. Va each mang Cuba, la cupc each mang giai phdng dan tpc, lay chu nghia Mac-Lenin lam ngpn cd tu tudng, mpt tru'dng hdp dien hinh d khu viic My Latinh. Vdi tu tudng each mang triet de, chinh phu Cuba thiic hien nhflng cai each dan TS. Nguyen Ngoc Mao. Vien Si( hoc

18 Nghien ciru Ddng Nam A 5/2010 chii sau sac va cudng quyet Idai bd dia vi ciia My d qu6c dao nay. Dieu dd khien My quay sang chinh sdch cong khai tieu diet che do Caxtdro ke tii ddu ndm 1960 ''". Bien phap dau tien la. My buy be nhap 700 ngan tan dudng tu Cuba. Nhu chung ta da biet, nganh mia dudng Cuba vd'n la cpt Sd'ng cua nen kinh te. Sau de. My xay dung tren lanh the cac nu6c nhu, Gdatemala, Nicaragea... he th6'ng san bay, cd sd quan su bad quanh Cuba, vien trd 1 trieu d6 la che cac nhdm phan each mang, bd sung 1.500 linh thuy danh bp chd can cu quan su My d Guantanamd va tien hanh nhieu cupc tap tran hudng vao Cuba. Hdn nfla, luc nay, trdng he thdng chinh tri Cuba, tuy chinh quyen each mang da dudc thie't lap, song van d tinh trang tam thdi. Ba td chuc each mang, Phdiig trad 26 thang Bay, Dang Xa hpi Nhan dan (Dang Cpng sin). Ban Chi dao each mang 13 thang Ba chua hdp vad T6 chfle each mang th6'ng nha't. Do la nguy cd rat 16n do'i v6i da't nu6c. Cach mang Cuba phai lua chpn mpt trong hai con dudng: mpt la, chiu khuat phuc trudc suc manh ghe g6m cua My; hai la, quyet tam bid ve dpc lap dan tpc cua minh. Cach mang Cuba da chpn con dudng thu hai. Phiden Caxtdrd va cac nha lanh dad each mang Cuba rat nhay ben v6i thdi cupc va hieu rang, muon bid ton dupc mpt nen dpc lap that su phai gan bo v6i chu nghia xa hpi. Cong cuoc gidi phong ddn tgc vd gidi phong xd hgi ciia chung ta gdn bo chat che vdi nhau, tien len Id mot tdt yeu lich sii, diing lgi Id hen nhdt vd phdn bgi"'-^\ Trong thdi diem lich sif do, Cuba da nhanh chong de'n vdi Viet Nam. Ngay 02-12-1960, hai nude chinh thuc thiet lap quan he ngoai giao. Ba Menba Hecnande - nguyen Chu tich uy ban Cuba doan ke't vdi Viet Nam da nhan xet rat xac dang ring, chinh Phiden Caxtdro la ngudi dau tien phat hien ra Viet Nam va tim tha'y d day mpt tiem nang each mang rat 16n, dieu dang cin cho each mang Cuba"''. Cung vao thdi diem lich sif nay, tren tinh than Nghi quye't 15 thang 1-1959, Dang Cpng san Viet Nam di den quyet dinh tad bad va sang su6't ve "... con diidng phdt trien cd bdn cua cdeh mang Viet Nam d mien Nam Id khdi nghia gidnh chinh quyen ve tay nhdn ddn'^'k Day la budc chuyen hudng ciia each mang tu da'u tranh boa binh, doi hiep thudng, tie'n tdi tho'ng nha't da't nudc, sang dau tranh vfl trang khdi nghia gianh chinh quyen. Dai hpi III ciia Dang (9-1960) khing dinh nhiem vu cd ban cua each mang mien Nam la "...ddnh do tap dodn thd'ng tri doc tdi Ngo Dinh Diem, tay sai cua de quo'c My... thiic hien doc lap ddn tgc, cdc quyen tii do, ddn chii vd cdi thien ddi song nhdn ddn, gia vi/ng hoa binh, thiic hien thong nhd't niidc nhd tich ciic gop phdn bdo ve hoa binh d Dong Nam d vd the gidi"^^\ Su chuyen hudng cua each mang Viet Nam vdi quyet tam danh My, giai pheng mien Nam, theng nha't da't nu6c da tac dpng khdng nhd de'n qua trinh phat trien sau dd cua each mang Cuba. Khi chien ludc "Chien tranh dac biet" (1961-1965) cua My hoan toan bi pha san, Cuba ddng thdi tha'y ro kha nang cua phong trao giai phong dan tpc tren cac luc dia va each mang Cuba co the danh bai

Nguyen Ngoc Mao - Cudi- khdng chien chong My cifu mfdc 19 chien ludc toan ciu phan Ung linh boat cua My. Ve van de nay, Chu tich Hd Chi Minh da nhan dinh tu thang 3-1964: "Cuoc "chien tranh ddc biet" md chung dang thi nghiem d mien Nam Viet Nam dd thdt bgi, thi chiing se that bai d bdt ky ndi ndo khde. Dd Id y nghia qudc te cua cuoc ddu tranh yeu niidc cua dong bdo mien Nam ta ddi vdi phong trdo gidi phdng ddn tgc tren the gidi"^-^\ Ngay tfl dau nam 1963, khi chien thing ap Bac ciia Viet Nam budc dau lam pha san loai chien ludc mdi nay ciia My, Che Guevara da nhan dinh. My se ap dung loai chien tranh dd tren khip luc dia chau My va se khdng tranh khdi su that bai. Che Guevara dong thdi nhan manh: "Hien nay khi chiing ta dang diidng cao ngon cd mien Nam Viet Nam vdi tdt cd nhiet tinh, khong chi vi chu nghia quoc te vo sdn... Chung ta ldm viec ndy con vi trgn tuyen ddu tranh, do cdn Id dieu ciic ky quan trgng ddi vdi tiidng lai ciia chdu My""'". Day la dieu rat CO y nghia doi v6i Cuba, khi che dp xa hpi chu nghia cua nudc nay Iu6n la d6i tudng tieu diet cua My. Su pha sin chien lupc cua My cen lam chd Cuba nhan thuc dude y nghia quan trpng cua kinh nghiem chien tranh nhan dan d Viet Nam. Loai hinh chien tranh toan dan rat phu hdp vdi dieu kien lanh th6 va dan cu d Cuba, phu hpp vdi nudc nhd yeu cho'ng lai ke thfl 16n hdn minh gap nhieu lan, trdng trifdng hpp neu chien tranh xay ra. Dai dien tham muu va Bp cac luc ludng vu trang each mang Cuba da nhan xet: "Nhdn ddn Cuba dang diing d trdn tuyen tien tieu chong chii nghia de qudc cdn hge tap nhiing kinh nghiem cua nhdn ddn Viet Nam vd phdn tich nhiing hinh thiic ddu tranh cua nhdn ddn Viet Nam de hodn thien nhiing thuc ddu tranh ciia minh"''^^\ hinh De bd sung va tim hieu them kinh nghiem Viet Nam, nam 1964, d Cuba da xuat ban cuon sach: "Chien tranh nhdn ddn, qudn dgi nhdn ddn" cua Dai tu6ng Vo Nguyen Giap. Cuo'n sach da dudc phd bien rpng rai trong quan dpi Cuba. Nhflng kinh nghiem dudc due ket treng cu6'n sach ce tam quan trpng dac biet kheng nhung chd Cuba, ma cdn cho cac nudc dang da'u tranh giai phdng dan tpc d chau Phi va khu vifc My Latinh"-'. IVen linh vuc cung c6' va xay dung da't nuc :, giai dean nay, each mang Cuba cd nhflnj; budc tien dang ke. Mpt trong nhflng su kien quan trpng cua each mang, la viec Ch tih phu ban hanh va thiic hien Dao luat c; i each rupng da't lan thfl II vad thang 10-li 63"'". Dad luat trung thu 30% da't dai, xda 'od tang ldp tu san nong thon, nhung ngudi ^6 tu 47 ha den 402 ha. Seng, dieu quan tre ig hdn d6i vdi Cuba, la Dad luat danh vad nhung phan tif dang cau ket rao riet vc'i My chdng pha lai qua trinh each mang. Sau su pha st n ciia "Chien tranh dac biet", tu nam 19 35 de'n nam 1968, My thuc hien mpt chie n ludc mdi - chien ludc "chien tranh cue bp "-vdi su tham gia triic tiep cua linh My va ^uan chu hiu va sau dd, la "Viet Nam hda ^hien tranh" tu nam 1968 de'n nam 1973. Ddng thdi. My dung kheng quan danh pha ic liet mien Bac. d vad thdi diem cad nh;it cua cupc chien tranh nam 1968-1969, ce den 638.000 linh My tham gia truc tiep chien tranh" ''.

20 Nghien cifu Ddng Nam A 5/2010 Nhieu nha khea hpc cd ten tudi va nhung vien nghien cuu 16n cflng bi cuo'n but vao phuc vu chien tranh eiia My. The nhifng. My da tflng bu6c bi that bai tham hai va bupc phai ng6i vao ban dam phan vdi Viet Nam. Co the ndi. My chua bao gid lai hi ch6n chan va sa lay nghiem trpng den nhu vay tren chien trudng Viet Nam. Dieu nay da lam cho nhung hanh dpng quan su chong Cuba cua My giam dan. Nhin lai chang dudng lich sif ma each mang Cuba da trai qua, Thu tu'dng Phiden Castdr6 khang dinh: "Cuoc khdng chien anh hiing cua ddn tgc anh em ndy dd ldm cho hdnh dgng qudn su cho'ng Cuba gidm ddn vd nhdn ddn ta dd cd the cd thdi ky hoa binh tiidng ddi"''^'''\ Trong dieu kien thuan ldi dd, nhan dan Cuba bu6c vao thdi ky dn dinh hdn, cd dieu kien cung c6 va phat trien da't nu6c. Ve chfnh tri, ngay 1-10-1965, nhflng ngudi mac xit quye't dinh thanh lap Ban Chap hanh Trung Udng Dang, ddng thdi ddi ten Dang thanh Dang Cpng san Cuba va bau ra Bp Chinh tri. Ban Bi thu, do ddng chi Phiden Caxtdr6 lam Bi thu thu nha't. Qua trinh hdp nha't ba Td chuc each mang, Phong trao 26 thang Bay, Dang Xa hpi nhan dan va Ban Chi dao each mang 13 thang Ba thanh td chuc each mang tho'ng nha't da dien ra tfl gifla nam 1961. Den thang 5-1963, Te ehflc each mang tho'ng nha't dudc cai td thanh Dang Cach mang xa hpi chu nghia thd'ng nha't, do mpt Ban lanh dao toan quo'c dflng dau. Mac du. Dang cong khai lay chu nghia Mac - Lenin lam ngpn cd tu tudng cua minh, Sdng thdi diem thich hdp va thuan ldi nha't de Dang tuyen bo' thanh lap Dang Cpng san la vad cud'i nam 1965. Tren cac linh vuc khac, Cuba cd nhflng bflde tie'n kha re net. Rieng ve quoc pheng, so quan dupe giam mpt nua va chuyen nganh, tham gia sin xua't truc tiep. He th6ng quan ly Nha nu6c va kinh te dudc chan chinh. Nhieu chi s6' trong phat trien kinh te' va xa hpi dat nhflng ke't qua dang khich le. Dac biet, la cong nghiep dfldng, nganh kinh te chu yeu da dat mflc ky liic 10 trieu tan/nam vao eu6l thap nien 60'"''. Mflc dp tang trung binh hang nam cua quy phuc Ipi xa hpi chi cho nhflng nganh y te. van hoa, giao due, the thao tfl nam 1965 den nam 1973 la 10%"^'. Dia vi qu6'c te cua Cuba, nha't la d Tay Ban cau dudc cung cd' va nang len hdn bao gid het. Cuba da lan ludt thie't lap lai quan he ngoai giao vdi hau het cac nudc trong khu vuc, bat cha'p sii can thiep ciia My. Sang giai dean (1973-1975), vdi viec ky ket Hiep dinh dinh chien nam 1973 va chien dich Hd Chi Minh lich sif nam 1975, quan va dan Viet Nam da danh bai bean tdan cupc chien tranh xam ludc cua My. Cuba nhan thfle rat sau sac y nghia cua each mang Viet Nam d6i vdi each mang the gi6i noi ehung, each mang Cuba noi rieng. Thong cao chung ngay 28-3-1974 ve cupc di tham hflu nghi chinh thfle cua Doan dai bieu Dang va Chinh phu Viet Nam tai Cuba neu r5: "Phia Cuba mot ldn nua neu bat thdng ldi co y nghia lich sii vd CO tinh chdt qudc te cua nhdn ddn Viet Nam trong cuoc khdng chien cho'ng My ciiu niidc..."' ^^\ Th6ng cao con nha'n manh su thay ddi can ban cua tinh hinh qu6'c te sau chien tranh co ldi cho cac luc ludng each mang va neu rd y nghia quan trpng

Nguyen Ngge Mao - Cudc khdng cliieii chdng My cifu mfdc. 21 cua each mang Viet Nam trong viec lam suy yeu chii nghia de qudc, dflng dau la de quo'c My. Day la giai doan My lam vao cupc khiing hoang toan dien, uy tin va dia vi qu6'c te cua nudc My sa sut chua tung cd. "Huyen thogi ve mot niidc My hiing mgnh tan vd vd sii suy tdn tiidng ddi cua de'qudc My trd thdnh mot thiic te ngay cd ddi vdi nhiing ngiidi hdm qua ddy con khong chiu thiia nhdn"^^''^\ Phong trao dan chu tien bp da dien ra d nhieu ndi tren the gidi. He th6ng cac nu'dc xa hpi chu nghia dudc cung cd hdn ba't ky luc nao. Chinh sach tean cau ciia My bi pha sin. Su thang ldi cua each mang Viet Nam kh6ng nhflng ban ehe t6i mflc to'i da nhflng hanh dpng quan su cua My ehd'ng Cuba, ma cen tao dieu kien thuan ldi cho Cuba budc vao giai doan phat trien mdi. Lan dau tien Cuba tie'n hanh Dai hpi Dang Cpng sin lan thfl I vad cuoi thang 12-1975, dong thdi de ra ke hoach phat trien kinh te 5 nam lan thfl nha't, c6ng b6' Hien phap mdi, kien toan lai toan bp he th6ng bp may nha nu6c tu Trung Udng den dia phudng va cham dut thdi ky tam thdi cua Chi'nh phu. Nhu Thii tu6ng Phiden Caxtdr6 da ndi, da den luc chung ta ket thuc thdi ky qua lau tfnh chat tam thdi ciia Chfnh phu. Nhu mpi ngudi deu ro, ngay sau khi each mang thanh cong, dung dau Nha nudc Cuba la Chinh phu each mang gdm Hpi ddng Bp trudng va Tong th6'ng. Hpi ddng Bp trudng tap trung trong tay ca quyen lap phap lan quyen hanh chfnh. Sd di ee tinh trang nay, la dd su bad vay va ch6'ng pha quye't liet ciia My d6'i vdi each mang Cuba. Cd the ndi, viec tien hanh thanh cdng Dai hpi Dang la budc ngoat quan trphg trong lich sif phat trien cua nu6c Cpng boa Cuba. Uy tin va dia vi qu6'c te cua Cuba cang dupc nang len. Chi trong vong 2 nam, tu nam 1973 den nam 1975, Cuba da thiet lap them quan he ngoai giao v6i 29 nudc, dua tdng so' nudc thie't lap quan he len gan 100 nu6c. Nha't la d Tay Ban cau, Hpi nghi Tu van lan thu 15 Bp trudng Ngoai giao cac nudc chau My hpp tai Kitd (Equado) thang 11-1974 da yeu ciu bai bd dieu khoan bao vay Cuba. Nhu Chu tich Phiden Caxtdrd nha'n manh: "Khdng con nghi ngd gi nua, cdeh mgng Cuba cdn phdi liiu y den cd nhiing quan diem cua nhiing chinh phii mdc dii khong co mdi quan he vdi Cuba dd bo phieu bdi bo viec bao vdy Cuba"^'''^^\ O giai doan nay. My kh6ng con cang thang do'i vdi Cuba nhu giai doan trudc. Hiep dinh chong bat cdc may bay va tau bien ky gifla My va Cuba nam 1973 cho phep cac cdng ty My d achentina va Canada buon ban v6i Cuba. Ddng thdi, My chd phep nhieu chinh khach, nha kinh ddanh, nha bad, kieu dan tham quan Cubi:. Su trudng thanh eiia each mang cen dupc the hien d sii ddng gdp to ldn cua Cuba ve ngudi, vu khi va vat cha't giup che each mang cac nu6c chau Phi anh em. Thi lg ldi cua cupc khang chien ch6'ng My, cfli nudc cua Viet Nam d6'i vdi Cuba con CO m it y nghia sau xa hdn. Nhu clmng ta da biet, Cuba ddi vdi My c6 vi tri 'le't suc quan trpng. Song, su thing ldi ciia each mang Cuba da lam chd My ma't mc t vi tri chien ludc ma hp da tflng dflng dd khd'ng che cae nflde My lat-

22 Nghien ciiu Dong Nam A 5/2010 inh khac. Nhflng dieu lam chd My kh6ng yen tam, la tdan bp "san sau" cua My-luc dia My latinh - cung ce nguy cd bi mat. Bdi "Nhdn ddn cdc niidc My latinh se noi giidng Cuba gidnh lay vd khi trong tay nhiing ke bdc lot minh, tuyen bd minh Id nhdn ddn tii do cua chdu My"'-". Chinh vi vay. My da dung mpi thu doan hong bdp chet nudc xa hpi chu nghia diu tien d Tay Ban cau, ma vu d6 be cua linh danh thue My len bai bien Hirdn ciia Cuba thang 4-1961, la hanh dpng xam ludc trang trpn nhat. Sdng sdng vdi y do mu6n quay lai dat ach thong tri d Cuba, My day manh chien tranh d Viet Nam. Nhung chinh "Viet Nam trd thdnh ndi dien ra mot cuoc dung ddu lich sd quye't liet nhd't giua mot ben Id chu nghia di: quoc xdm hide hieu chien nhdt, ngoan co nhdt, cd tiem liic kinh te vd qudn sii hiing mgnh nhdt vdi mot ben Id cdc liic liidng doc lap ddn tgc, ddn chu vd chu nghia xd hgi md d viing ndy nhdn ddn Viet Nam Id dgi xung kich..."'-'^'^\ Day cung chinh la ndi thif thach sflc manh va uy tin cua de quo'c Hda Ky. Chien trudng Viet Nam se la ndi thi diem de sau de My tien hanh chien tranh xam ludc d nhflng ndi khac ma Cuba dang la cai gai trudc mat eua My. Vi vay, thang lpi eua each mang Viet Nam se cd y nghia khang dinh su thang ldi cua each mang Cuba. Hay ndi mpt each khac. neu My khuat phtic dudc nhan dan Viet Nam thi ed ngbia la sinh menh cua each mang Cuba.se hi de dpa. Ve y nghia eua van de, dong chf Phiden Caxtdr6 nhan manh: "Chung tdi nghi rdng, nhdn ddn Viet Nam chien ddu khdng nhiing vi Viet Nam md con chien ddu vi cdc ddn tgc khde tren the gidi. Nhdn ddn Viet Nam dd do mdu cua minh vi nhdn ddn Cuba chung toi. tdi vo ciing cdm dn nhi/ng ngiidi Viet dd khudt'-'^'^k Chdng Nam Cach mang Viet Nam cang gianh dupc thang ldi, cang tad hau thuan cho qua trinh each mang the'gidi va Cuba. NgUdc lai, each mang Cuba cang vflng, Cuba cang Cd dieu kien ung hp mpt each eo hieu qua each mang the gidi va each mang Viet Nam. Bdi vay, ngay tfl dau, Cuba da chinh thfle ceng b6' lap trudng img hp cupc khang chien ch6'ng My cuu nude cua Viet Nam, trong khi eon rat it ngifdi y thfle dupc dieu nay. d giai doan dau, each mang Viet Nam chua nhan dudc su img hp rpng rai cua du luan quo'c te. Song, Cuba la nif6c duy nhat cd phong trao ung hp sdm, manh me. Chi tinh trong vong hdn 4 nam, tfl cu6i nam 1960 den dau nam 1965, da CO tren du'di 20 doan dai bieu Cuba sang tham Viet Nam. trong dd cd 2 doan cap Chinh phu, so' cupc mit tinh va trien lam doan ket vdi Viet Nam len den tren 15.000... Tren trudng quo'c te', Cuba da hu6ng du luan dung ve phfa nhan dan Viet Nam'^"". Sau d6, nhu mot tam gudng, Cuba da c6 nhieu hoat dpng kip thdi, triet de img hp su nghiep chinh nghia cua each mang Viet Nam. Ngay nay, Chien tranh lanh da lui vao qua khfl. he thdng cac nudc xa hpi chu nghia khdng cen. Nhung, Viet Nam va Cuba vin giu vung va phat huy tinh Uu viet cua con dudng ma minh da lua chpndpc lap dan tpc gin vdi chii nghia xa heiva dat nhieu thanh tuu te ldn. Song, y nghia thing lpi cua cupc khang chien ch6'ng My, cuu nu6c cua Viet Nam ddi vdi

Nguyen Ngge Mao - Cudc khdng chien chdng My idu mfdc 23 each mang Cuba, cung nhu su ung hp eua Cuba do'i vdi Viet Nam vin eon mang tfnh thdi su, khi ca hai nu6c vin la muc tieu ch6'ng pha quyet liet cua cac the liic thfl dich./. CHU THICH 1. Dang Cpng san Viet Nam; Van kien Dang toan tap, tap 37-1976, Nha xuat ban chfnh tri quo'c gia. Ha Noi, 2004. tr.471. 2..V.V. Vonxki, B. I. Erdmolafep, A.I. Kalinin, G. Onuphiep, V. Pogoxop: Cuba 10 nam each mang, Nha xuat ban Khoa hpc, Matxcdva, 1968, tr. 95. (tieng Nga) 3. Phiden Caxtdro R.: Mot so bai dien van va phat bieu (1961-1963), Maxcdva 1963, tr. 453. (tieng Nga) 4. V.V. Vonxki, B. I. Erdmolaiep, A.I. Kalinin, G. Onuphiep, V. Pogoxop: Cuba 10 nam each mang, Nha xua't ban Khoa hpc, Matxcdva, 1968, tr. 97. (tieng Nga) 5. Phiden Caxtdro Rudd: Cuba tren con difdng di len chu nghia xa hoi, Nha xua't ban Su That, Ha Noi, 1978, tr.65. 6. Uy ban Khoa hpc xa hpi Viet Nam-Hpi hflu nghi Viet Nam-Cuba: Ky yeu Hpi thao khoa hpc 30 nam each mang Cuba (01-01- 1959-01-01-1989): Thanh tuu, Van de, Trien vpng. Ha Npi, thang 12-1988, tr. 65. 7. Dang Cpng san Viet Nam: Van kien Dang toan tap, tap 20-1959, Nha xuat ban chinh tri qudc gia. Ha Noi, 2002. tr.82. 8. Dang Cong san Viet Nam: Van kien Dang toan tap, tap 21-1960, Nha xua't ban chinh tri qudc gia. Ha Noi, 2002. tr.524. 9. Ho Chi Minh: Toan tap, tap 11 (1963-1965), Nha xua't ban chinh tri quo'c gia. Ha Npi, 1996, tr. 228. 10. Che Guevara. E., Nha xua't ban tre, thanh phd Hd Chf Minh, 1987, tr. 40. (Nguyin Hoang Kinh dich); Tap chi "Dflng day" so (79-80) 1976, tr. 134. (So dac biet ve Cuba). 11. Bao Nhan dan, ngay 13-5-1964. 12.Che Guevara. E., Nha xua't ban tre, thanh pho Ho Chi Minh, 1987, tr. 44. (Nguyin Hoang Kinh dich) 13. Nam 1959, Cuba da thuc hien cai each riiong dat lan thfl I, xda bo su thong tri cua tu ban nudc ngoai, dflng dau la tif ban My trong nong nghiep Cuba va van gifl nguyen tang ldp tif san nong thon. 14. Pham Van Dong, Le Dflc Thp, Van Tien Dung, Nguyin Cd Thach: Vi sao My that bai trong cuoc chien tranh Viet Nam, Nha xuat ban Su That, Ha Npi, 1986, tr. 68. 15. Phiden Castdro Rudd: Cuba tren con difdng di len chu nghia xa hoi, Nha xua't ban Su That, Ha Npi, 1978, tr. 44. 16. Xavin. X. L: Qua trinh hinh thanh quan ly kinh te theo ke hoach d Cuba, Matxcdva, 1968. tr. 64. (tieng Nga) 17. Su phat trien va trien vpng cua nen kinh te Cuba, La Havan, 1975, tr. 27. ( Ban dich tfl tie'ng Tay Ban Nha sang tieng Nga) 18. Thong cao chung Viet Nam-Cuba ngay 28-3- 1974 nhan chuyen tham hflu nghi Cuba cua Doan dai bieu cap cao cua Dang va Chinh phu Viet Nam do Thu tifdng Pham Van Dong dan dau, Bao Nhan dan ngay 31-3-1974, 19. Bao"Le monde diplomatique", 3-1973. (tieng Phap) 20. Bao Granma 2-12-1974. (tieng Tay Ban Nha) 21. Tuyen ngon Lahavan II, Nha xua't ban Su That, Ha Npi, 1962, tr.23. 22. Dien van cua ddng chi Le Diiain trong budi le mflng chien thang ngay 15-5-1975 tai Ha Npi, Bao Nhan dan 16-5-1975. 23. Phiden Caxtdro Rudd: NhQng bai noi va viet chpn loc, Nha xua't ban Su That, Ha Npi, 1978, tr.88. 24. Nguyin Ngpc Mao: Luan an PTS: "Qua trinh hinh thanh va phat trien cua phong