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1 evj weevn iv a Dce wëi f wgkv: cöwÿz evsjv `k Avwidv ingvb iægv * mvims ÿc GB M elyvi g~j D Ïk nj evj weevn iv a Dce wëi f wgkv ch v jvpbv Kiv evsjv ` ki MvRxcyi I MvcvjMÄ Rjvi 5wU K i gvu 10 we` vjq _ K gvu 100 Rb wkÿk, 200 Rb QvÎx, 200 Rb AwffveK Ges 50 Rb S i cov QvÎxi Awffve Ki KvQ _ K Z_ msmön Kiv n q Q wgkö c wz Aej ^b K i Z_ msmön Kiv n q Q wkÿk, QvÎx, AwffveK Ges S i cov QvÎxi AwffveK `i KvQ _ K DcvË msmö ni Rb c _K c _K cökœcî e envi Kiv n q Q GB M elyvq `Lv M Q h ewkifvm AskMÖnYKvix g b Ki Q h QvÎx `i Dce wë cö`vb hšw³k n q Q KviY wn m e Zviv D jøl K ib h ` k GLbI g q `i cöwz bwzevpk aviyvi Avkvbyiæc cwiez b nqwb GLbI A bk gvbyl `vwi `ª i g a Ae vb Ki Q, GLbI g qiv we` vjq _ K S i co Q, GLbI A bk gvbyl AwkwÿZ, ez gv b A bk AwffveK `wi`ª, Zuviv g q `i K evsv (weo ^bv) e j g b K i Ges GLbI gvby li g a Kzms vi we` gvb GB M elyvq evj weev ni KZ jv KviY ei n q G m Q G jv n jv Kzms vi, ÿzav, `vwi`ª, a g i fyj e vl v, wbivcëvi Afve, Kvh Ki bvix ÿgzvq bi Kvh µg ev Íevqb, wkÿvi Afve Ges bvix wkÿvi iæz Abyave b AcivMZv M elyvq AskMÖnYKvix ewkifvm DËi`vZvB g b K ib h Dce wë cö`v bi d j gva wgk köwy Z QvÎx fwz i nvi e w c q Q S i cov QvÎx `i AwffveKiv e j Qb h c~ e I hw` gva wgk Í i Aa qbiz g q `i Dce wë cö`vb Kiv nz Zvn j ewkifvm AwffveK Zv `i g q `i jlv- cov eü Ki Zb bv GB M elyvq GUvI `Lv M Q h ewkifvm we` vj q Dce wë cö`v bi ÿ Î cö`ë wzbwu kz B A bk ÿ ÎB gvbv nqbv, wzbwui j `ywu kz gvbv nq Dce wë cö`v bi d j wkÿv cöwzôv b QvÎxmsL v c~ e i Zzjbvq e o Q Dce wë cö`v bi evj weevn m úwk Z kz vewj vbxq ch v q evj weevn iv a f wgkv ivl Q Ges ewki fvm AskMÖnYKvix g b K i h Dce wë cö`v bi gva g evj weevn iva Kiv m e Z e `yt Li welq nj GB h Dce wë cö`v b evj weevn m úwk Z kz wu gvbvi ÿ Î we` vjq KZ c ÿi wkw_j g bvfve Dce wë cö`v bi Avmj D Ïk AR b evav m wó Ki Q GB M elyvi cövß djvd ji Av jv K wkqy mycvwik Kiv n q Q G jv n jv cö Z K gva wgk we` vjq K Dce wë cö`vb Kg m~wpi AvIZvq Avb Z n e, Dce wë cö`vb Kg m~wp eü Kiv hv e bv hv AviI Kgc ÿ 20 eqi Pvjy ivl Z n e Dce wëi UvKvi cwigvy e w Ki Z n e hv b~b Zg 1,000 UvKv Kiv h Z cv i cöwz gv mi Dce wë cöwz gv mb cö`vb Ki Z n e, Dce wë cö`v bi m ½ we` vj q Avmv-hvIqvi c _ wbivcëvi e e vi Ki Z n e, cöwzgv m Dce wë cö`v bi m ½ eq i AšÍZ `ybevi W«m I eb-lvzv Kbvi Rb AwZwi³ UvKv cö`vb Kiv cövmw½k n e G Z K i Mwie * mnkvix Aa vck, zj Ae GWz Kkb, evsjv `k Db y³ wek we` vjq evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 47

2 wkÿv_ x Avm Z Ges AwffveKiv g q `i we` vj q cvvv Z Drmvn eva Ki e cöwzwu we` vjq K Dce wë cö`v bi kz vewji cöwz AwaK g bv hvmx n Z n e Ges bvix wkÿvi mydj Ges evj weev ni Kzdj m ú K mk ji g a m PZbZv evov Z n e f wgkv evsjv ` k gvu RbmsL vi cvö q 49 fvm bvix (World Bank Indicator, 2014; nv mb, 2018) bvix mgvr ` ki A ak gvbe m ú`, mzy ivs Zviv ` ki A ak Rbkw³i cwö Zwbwa wewfbœ ai bi mp~ K/wb `k Ki gva g GUv czö xqgvb n q Q h ciy æ li Zjz bvq bvixiv Dbqœ bi A bk mp~ K A bk wcwq q Av Q cpö wjz mvgvwrk - mvs w ZK ixwzbxwz mvwek bvix wkÿvi Dbqœ b cwö ZeÜKZv mw ó Kiv mn bvixi Kgm s v b Ges mvgwmkö Dbqœ b cwö µqvq bvixi AskMnÖ Y K mskwz PZ K i bvixi `ÿzv cgö v Yi m y hvm mw ó Z cwö ZeÜK wn m e KvR K i bvixi mvÿizvi nvi gvî 48.82% hv ciy æ li mvÿizvi nv ii 58.48% Zjz bvq A bk Kg 9.66% (evsjv `k wkÿv Z_ I cwimsl vb eÿ iv, 2012), hv c ~ e wqj 13.09% (evsjv `k wkÿv Z_ I cwimsl vb eÿ iv, 2011) bvix `i gz z nvi ewk niqvq gvu RbmsL vi wj½ Abcy v Z cv_k ˆZwi K i Q cwö Z 106 Rb ciy æ li wecix Z bvixi msl v `vu wo q Q 100 R b cwy ómz Ae v i w`k w` qi bvix I evwjkv `i mv _ ciy æl I evjk `i cv_k jÿyxq bvixi v^ cwiphv cvö qkb Zv `i crö bb v^ i c ÿ ÿwzki n q c o ciy æl `i Zjz bvq MvÖ g chv q bvix `i Kg eq m we q `Iqv nq Aí eq m we q, NbNb Mfa viy, mšví b MnÖ Yi `xn mgqmxgvi Rb bvixi wbggœ v bi cwy ómz Ae v jÿyxq, hvi Rb D Pnv ii gvzg Z z - cwö Z 1 j ÿ cvö q 320 R b i gz z (BDwb md, 2007) A_v r mvgwmkö w`k w` qb bvix ciy æ li Zjz bvq Ae nwjz hv Avgv `i RvZxq Dbqœ bi AMMÖ wz Z evavi mw ó Ki Q 1994 mv ji 1jv Rvbyqvwi evsjv ` ki 460wU _vbvq gva wgk Í i A ezwbk wkÿv Pvjy Ges QvÎx `i Dce wë cö`vb cökí Pvjy n q Q wek e vsk, Gwkqv Dbœqb e vsk, bii q mvnvh ms v ( bvivw) Ges evsjv `k mikvi KZ K GB cökí cwipvwjz Dcew Ë cviqvi kzv ewj: (1)cwÖ Z wkÿve l Kgc ÿ 75% Dcw w Z, (2) evwlk cixÿvq Kgc ÿ 45% b i^ cviqv, (3) Gm Gm wm cixÿv chš Í ev 18 eqi chš Í AweevwnZ _vkv kz wzbwu GKwU mvgvwrk kw³ wn m e KvR Ki Q hgb- QvÎx `i wbqwgz we` vj q Dcw w Zi d j mvgvwrkxkiy evo Q wbqwgz jlvcovi d j mvgvwrk m PZbZv evo Q ZvQvov Gm Gm wm cixÿv chš Í QvÎx `i Dcew Ëi AvIZvq ivl Z cvi j evj weevn iva Ges RbmsL v wbqš Y mnvqk wn m e KvR Ki e cwö Z Qq gvm cici eq i `By evi Dcew Ë c`ö vb Kiv nq Rvbqy vwi _ K Rby chš Í UvKv c`ö vb Kiv nq Rby gv mi kl mßv n; Rjy vb _ K ww m i^, GB Qq gv mi UvKv c`ö vb Kiv nq ww m i^ gv mi kl mßv n mgm vi weeiy bvix wkÿvi DbœwZ K í h Dce wë cö`vb Kg m~wp ev ÍevwqZ n Q Zv c Z QvÎx `i K wzbwu kz cvjb Ki Z nq Zvi g a Z Zxq kz wu n Q Gm. Gm. wm. cv ki c~ e ev 18 eq ii c~e ch ší QvÎx `i we q Kiv hv e bv GB kz wu mgv R evj weevn iv a KZUzKz f wgkv ivl Q Zv hvpvb Kivi Rb B mgm vwu wbe vpb Kiv n q Q 48 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

3 ` ki mvgwmkö Dbqœ bi Ab Zg `By wu evav n Q g q `i wkÿvi nvi Zjz bvgjy Kfv e Kg Ges evj weevn ˆ`wbK cwîkv Ges Ab vb Z_ weeiyx Z ckö vk, ÒmiKvwi gvzg Z z Rwic I RvwZmsN Znwej BDGbGdwcÕi mî~ g Z evsjv ` k evj weev ni nvi 65 kzvsk mviv we ki g a evsjv ` kb me P q ewk wk kvix crö bb nvi 66 kzvsk cvö q 70 kzvsk g qi we q n q hvq 18 eq ii bx P (ˆ`wbK Kv ji KÚ, 25 A ±vei, 2010, cô v -16)Ó hviv we qi Rb kvixwik I gvbwmkfv e ˆZwi nq bv Ley v^ fvwekfv e `e~ j v^ i Ges gvbwmkfv e Ac Ö Z Gme wk kvix gv A b KB Kg IR bi Lev Kw Zi, `e~ j wkïi Rb w` Q Ges `ey j v^ i d j gvzg Z z I wkïgz z i nvi Avkvbiy ƒc Kg Q bv wkïgz z i nvz _ K hviv e P hvq Zviv Awbevh Kvi Y Kg gavex I `ey j kixi wb q kwik n Q Avgv `i AvMvgx crö b i mv _ ˆ`wbK c_ö g Av jv (18 A ±vei, 2010, XvKv, cô v -3) cwîkvq ckö vk nq h, Ô v^ gšy vj qi ˆK kvi crö bb v^ KŠkjcÎ ej Q, evsjv `k eqi eqmx g q `i g a mšví b Rb `v bi nvi cwö Z nvrv i 135, hv we k m ev P Avi v^ gšy vj qi wnmv e evj weev ni wkkvi eq ii GK- ZZ xqvsk wk kvix Mfa viy K i, 28 kzvsk mšví b cmö e K i Ges 5 kzvsk wøzxqev ii g Zv Mfe Zx nqó A_v r evj weevn Avgv `i RbmsL v ew i ÿ Î GKwU eo fw gkv ivl Q bvix `i wkÿvi AvIZvq Avb Z cvi j G Ae v i cwiezb m e mgm vmgn~ : 1. evj weev ni KviYmg~n wpwýz Kiv 2. Dce wë cö`v bi d j gva wgk wkÿv ch v q QvÎx fwz i nvi e o Q wk bv Zv Rvbv 3. Dce wë cö`v bi evj weevn m úwk Z kz vewj g b AwffveK `i AvMÖnx wkÿv_ x `i we` vj q cvvv bvi e vcv i AbvMÖnx K i Zz j Q wkbv Zv AbymÜvb Kiv 4. Dce wë cö`v bi ÿ Î evj weevn m úwk Z kz vejx hvm Kivq Zv vbxq ch v q evj weevn iv a f wgkv ivl Z c i Q wk bv Zv Rvbv 5. evj weevn e Üi KŠkj Lyu R ei Kiv M elyv c wz I KŠkj cök wzmz w`k _ K M elyvwu GKwU wgkö M elyv c wz (Mixed Research) hlv b YMZ I cwigvymz Dfq Z_ K iæz cö`vb Kiv n q Q Ges Dfq ai bi Z_ B msmön Kiv n q Q Rwic, mvÿvrkvi I `jmz Av jvpbvi gva g Z_ msmön Kiv n q Q bgybv GB M elyvq 10wU gva wgk we` vjq _ K 100Rb wkÿk, 200Rb QvÎx, Aa qbiz QvÎxi 200Rb AwffveK Ges 50Rb S i cov QvÎxi Awffve K bgybv wn m e wbe vpb Kiv n q Q gvu bgybv msl v n jv 550Rb MvcvjMÄ I MvwRcyi Rjv: evsjv ` ki gvu 64wU Rjv _ K D Ïk g~jk fv e MvRxcyi I MvcvjMÄ Rjv K wbe vpb Kiv n qwqj GB `yb Rjv _ K M elyvi Z_ msmön Kiv n q Q we` vjqt MvcvjMÄ Rjvi mikvwi I emikvwi wgwj q gvu 157wU gva wgk we` vjq Av Q evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 49

4 D Ïk g~jkfv e myweavrbk bgybvq bi (Convenience Sampling) gva g 5wU we` vjq K wbe vpb Kiv n q Q Ab w` K MvRxcyi Rjvi 151wU gva wgk we` vjq _ KI myweavrbk 50 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

5 4. Dce wë cö`v bi ÿ Î wzbwu kz B gvbvi Ae v AskMÖnYKvix wkÿk `i 54%, AwffveK `i 26%, QvÎx `i 27% Ges S icov AwffveK `i 35% gzvgz w` q Qb h wzbwu kz B gvbv nq 30% I 14% wkÿk, 42% I 22% AwffveK, 33% I 25% QvÎx Ges 41% I 19% S icov QvÎx `i AwffveK h_vµ g `ybwu I GKwU kz gvbv nq e j gz w` q Qb Aci w` K, AskMÖnYKvix wkÿk `i 2%, AwffveK `i 10%, QvÎx `i 15% Ges S icov AwffveK `i 5% gzvgz w` q Qb h Dce wë cö`v bi ÿ Î wzbwu k Z i KvbwUB gvbv nq bv S icov AwffveKMY Av kcv ki cöwz ekx `i KvQ _ K G e vcv i ï b Q e j Zv `i gz MÖnY Kiv n q Q wbwei Av jvpbvq DËi`vZviv e j Qb h, Dce wë cö`v b A bk ai bi Awbqg Kiv nq hgb, Dcw wz ev cvi`wk Zvi kz fsm Kiv nq Avevi A bk ÿ Î weevwnzv g q `ii Dce wë `Iqv nq Zviv e j Qb h, mvaviyz ivr bwzk Ges Avw_ Kfv e cöfvekvjx e w³em G wkÿk `i cöfvwez K i _v K 5. Dce wë cö`v bi gva g evj weevn iva Kivi Rb Av iv hv Kiv `ikvi mkj DËi`vZvB Dce wëi UvKvi cwigvb evov bv, gv m gv m Dce wë cö`vb Kiv, eq i AšÍZt `ybevi eb-cî Ges cvlvk eve` AwZwi³ UvKv cö`vb Ges evj weevn cöwz iv ai k Z i Dci Av iv KovKwo Av iv ci K_v D jøl K i Qb QvÎx `i Dce wë cö`v bi hšw³kzv cövß Z_ we køly K i `Lv hv Q h, 100% wkÿk, 94% AwffveK, 98% QvÎx Ges 100% S icov wkÿv_ x `i AwffveK Dce wë cö`vb K hšw³k e j gzvgz w` q Qb AskMÖnYKvix 100% wkÿk, 100% AwffveK, 96% wkÿv_ x Ges 100% S icov QvÎx `i AwffveK g b K i h evev-gv g q `i cov jlvi Rb LiP Ki Z wøav` ` fv Mb g q `i K we q w` q evev-gv wbwðší n Z Pvb e j gzvgz w` q Qb 90% wkÿk Ges 100% QvÎx I S icov QvÎx `i AwffveK DËi`vZv `i cövq mevb Dce wë cö`v bi hšw³kzv wn m e Pig `vwi `ªi K_v e j Qb AskMÖnYKvix wkÿk `i 100%, AwffveK `i 89%, QvÎx `i 100% Ges S icov QvÎx `i AwffveK `i 80% gzvgz w` q Qb h QvÎx `i S icov VKv bvi Rb Dce wë cö`vb mnvqk AskMÖnYKvix 82% wkÿk, 96% AwffveK, 90% wkÿv_ x Ges 92% S icov QvÎx `i AwffveK g b K ib h g q `i evj weevn iva Kivi Rb Dce wë cö`vb Kvh Kix AskMÖnYKvix wkÿk `i 100%, AwffveK `i 89%, QvÎx `i 100% Ges S icov AwffveK `i 80% gzvgz w` q Qb h QvÎx `i S icov VKv bvi Rb Dce wë cö`vb Kiv cö qvrb mycvwik cövß djvd ji Av jv K wb gœ wkqy mycvwik cö`vb Kiv nj: 1. cö Z K gva wgk we` vjq K Dce wë cö`vb Kg m~wpi AvIZvq Avb Z n e evsjv `k bvixi ÿgzvq bi Ges bvix wbh vzb iv a bvix wkÿvi we Ív ii wekí bb, hvi Rb mikvi K mevi Av M GwM q Avm Z n e Ges Zvi Rb ` ki mkj gva wgk we` vjq K Dce wëi evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 51

6 AvIZvq Avb Z n e mv _ mv _ g U«vcwjUb kn ii ew Íevmx g q `i Rb I Abyiƒc Kg m~wp Kiv h Z cv i 52 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

7 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx 53

8 54 evsjv `k wk v mvgwqkx

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