Nghien cihi Ton giao. So TON GIAO - VAN OE LJ LUAN VA THlTC TIEN CONG GIAO VA CACH MANG ( ): BAI HOC LICH S^ VA Y NGHIA CUA NO DO QUANG

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1 Nghien cihi Ton giao. So TON GIAO - VAN OE LJ LUAN VA THlTC TIEN CONG GIAO VA CACH MANG ( ): BAI HOC LICH S^ VA Y NGHIA CUA NO DO QUANG HIING'*' Nhap de Khi ban ve moi quan he giiia Cong, giao va Cach mang, Cong giao va Cong san hay noi each khac nda la moi quan he giiia Cong giao vdi Chi'nh phti Viet Nam Dan chu Cong hoa dudng nhu da c6 mot nhan thdc rat chung la, day la mgt giai doan v6i cong dong Cong giao Viet Nam ddng trudc nhdng thach do, nhflng nghich If mang nhieu ye'u to bi kich nha't. Khai quat tinh trang do, nhieu ngfldi trong chung ta cung thfldng chia se vdi nhan dinh ciia Linh muc Trdn Tam Tinh trong mot cuon sach rat noi tieng ctla ong: "Ngfldi Cong giao bi ket vao gifla hai cflc, tie'n thoai Ifldng nan: hoac hdp tac v6i Viet Minh cong san (thflc ra, noi chiu sfl lanh dao ctia Cong san thi dung hdn) thi c6 nguy cd phan Giao hoi, vao thdi Giao hoang Pio XII khi ma chii nghia cho'ng cong dfldc coi nhfl la mot tin dieu; hoac la lien hiep vdi Phap, dd phan boi td quo'c lan nfla. Nhieu ye'u to' da xo day ho tdi mot chon lfla bi dat. vfla muon trung thanh vdi (jiao hoi vfla muon trung thanh vdi To quoc Viet Nam"'". Tfldng tfl nhfl vay, ndi ve tinh hinh Cong giao Viet Nam sau Cach mang thang Tam 1945, cay but Pham The Hflng, mot ngfldi quan If cong tac lau nam ciia chinh phii cung cd nhan dinh rdng, do nhflng dieu kien chu quan va khach quan rat phflc tap sau khi Chfnh phii Hd Chi Minh len cam quyen ke tfl ngay : "Trong Cong giao Viet Nam xua't hien hai bo mat: yeu nflde - chdng lai dan toe. Hai bo mat dd xung khac nhau, cang chuyen hda trong qua trinh khang chien gian kho'""'. Cho den nay thflc ra chung ta chfla cd nhieu dip de ban ki Ifldng ve giai doan lich sfl dac biet nay. Nhflng nam gan day cd mot sd cdng trinh ciia cac hoc gia nflde ngoai lai tha'y xua't hien nhflng each danh gia, sfl cat nghia ve nhflng sfl kien, "ta'm tham kich" ma ngfldi Cdng giao Viet Nam da trai qua. trong dd cd nhflng y kie'n rat dang de chung ta suy nghi, nhflng cung khdng ft nhflng y kien khd cd the chap nhan*"". *. GS.T.S.. Dai hpc Khoa hpc Xa hpi va Nhan van. Dai hpc Quoc gia Ha Npi. 1. Xem: Linh muc Tran Tam Tinh. Tli(ip ^ici vii lii'tji giravi. Nxb Tre. TP HCM. tr Pham The Hung. Hieii hici vc Cdn^ i;i(io d \'iet Nam. Nxb I'on giao. tr Tieu bieu nhat co le la cong trinh Luan an Tien,s7 aia Iran Tlii Lien. Co/ii; dong Cong gido \ iet Nam trong cuoc cliich gidnh doc lap - Cliinh sdcli tdi cliicm lliiioc did ciia Plidp vd CHOC klidng cliic'ii ciia Met Minh. Paiis trang. nguyen b;in tieiig Pliap. Cling tac gia nay. xem bai: Nln'mg ngudi Cdng gido vd Cliinh phii Viet Nam Ddn Chii Cong hda ( ): Mot tie'p can ve tieu sir. ngtiycn \'an tieng Pliap trong cuon Sif ndy suili moi Nhd nirdc - Ddng \ iel Nam tir C. Go.scha va B. Treglode (chii bien). Paris tr Ngoai ra co the' tham kliao mot.so cong U'liih ciia P. Cihedo. Thien Chiia gido vd Phdt gido d \ 'iel Nam. tie'ng Ptiap. Paj-is. 1970: ciia B. Fail. \'iei Minh ). cung tieiig IMp, Piuis. 1960: R. Girardet vk P. Assoiiline, Tit do mot cdcli thdi i/iid (tieiig Pliap), Piuis

2 Nghien ciiu Ton giao. Sf) Bai viet ciia chung toi mudn trd lai van de nay tren 2 phfldng dien: Thic nhdt, hfldng tdi mot cai nhin toan dien hdn ve nhflng dieu kien ben trong va ben ngoai ctia cdng dong Cdng giao Viet Nam sau Cach mang thang Tam, dac biet la nhflng khuynh hfldng tfl tfldng trfldc he't trong gidi chflc s^c giao si va nhflng bie'n chuyen ctia cac khuynh hfldng ay trong tie'n trinh ciia cuoc khang chie'n chdng thflc dan Phap xoay quanh 2 true cd ban la: thai do cua cong dong Cdng giao Viet Nam trfldc cuoc khang chie'n ctia thflc dan Phap va cudc khang chie'n cua dan toe. Thic hai. qua dd cd the rut ra nhflng bai hoc lich sii quan trgng cd y nghia lau dai trong viec giai quyet mdi quan he gifla Cdng giao va dan toe, Cdng giao va Cong san cung nhfl mo'i quan he gifla Cdng giao va Nha nflde. Trong ddng chay ldn cua nhflng sfl kien phflc tap nhfl the hien tfldng Lmh muc Pham Ba Trflc ma chflng ta trao ddi ngay hdm nay - thflc ra chi la mot trong nhflng trfldng hdp tieu bieu nhfl the - van ludn cd gia tri ve tinh cam (thai do sdng dgo mot each dung dan va dung cam ctia mot ngfldi Cdng giao d nhflng thdi diem ngat ngheo); va gia tri ve nhgn thitc tdn giao cflng nhfl xa hdi ctia Giao hdi Cdng giao vdi Nha nflde. mot nhan thflc ma de'n nay viin cd y nghia thdi sfl. Dfldi day chung tdi xin di vao cac van de cu the. I. GIAO HOI CONG GIAO VIET NAM SAU CACH MANG THANG TAM 1945: CO CAU Ll/C LU'ONG VA NHCTNG KHUYNH HTJ^NG 1. Vao thdi diem nam 1945, Giao hdi Cdng giao Viet Nam, mac du van chfla dfldc coi la mot Giao hgi dia phfldng thflc thu nhflng yeu td dan tdc trong Giao hoi da dfldc tang len rd ret. Vdi con sd' tin do khoang 1.6 trieu, dfldc phan bd trong 15 dia phan, ndi dung hdn la dia phgn gidm qudn Tong toa (Vicariat), dfldi sfl cai quan ciia cac ddng tu ngoai qudc khac nhau, trong dd cd 9 dia phan do cac giao si Thfla sai Phap dieu hanh (Ha Ngi, Vmh. Hflng Hda, Hue, Quy Nhdn, Thanh Hda, Sai Gdn va Kon Tum), mdt dia phan duj' nhat la Lang Sdn va Cao Bang thuoc cac giao si ddng Da Minh chi Lion (Phap) dieu hanh, Ngoai ra, cd 3 dia phan van thudc cac giao si ddng Da Minh Tay Ban Nha coi sde la: Hai Phdng, Thai Binh va Bac Ninh. Dac biet da cd 3 dia phan la Bfli Chu, Phat Diem va Vinh Long hoan toan do cac giao si Viet Nam cai quan'"". Hang giao si. mac du v^n cd tdi 330 linh muc ngoai qudc, nhflng sd' linh muc Viet Nam cflng da tdi 1,400 ngfldi, Tai 3 dia phan do cac giam muc Viet Nam cai quan cd khoang 285 hnh muc thi deu la ngfldi Viet, Hdn the nfla dgi ngu cac thdy gidng, ti le ngfldi Viet cung chie'm da so', Ti le cac nfl tu cung dat khoang ngfldi Viet/350 nfl tu ngoai qud'c''". Vai so' lieu tren cho chung ta tha'y khuynh hfldng ban dia hda da ngay cang ldn manh trong Giao hoi Cdng giao Viet Nam. Dieu de hieu la cac dia phan ma chu chan la cac giam muc ngfldi Viet se la 4. Giam muc Nguyen Ba Tong (Phat Diem). Giain muc H6 Ngpc Ciin (Bui Chu): Giam muc Ngo Dinh Thuc (VTnh Long). 5. Tham khao nhung so lieu nay trong Tap chi Nlulng vd'n de truyen gido A Chdu. so 39, thang 9-10/1948, tieng Phap,

3 D6 Quang Hung. Cong gicio vet Cdch mgng... nhflng dia diem sdi ddng nhat sau khi ban Tuyen ngdn dgc lap ra ddi , tham chf bat dau sdi dgng sdm hdn khi dien ra cudc dao chinh Nhat - Phap ngay Dieu nay cd nhflng nguon gdc sau xa trong lich sii hinh thanh Giao hdi Cdng giao Viet Nam, Mot mat, do han che bam sinh ve than hgc, trfldc Cdng ddng Vatican 11 ( ), Giao hdi van duy tri mot md hinh nha't the che, tfl than hoc den ddi song dao, trong dd Tda Thanh chfla bao gid thfla nhan cac gia tri, cac dac diem dan tgc ben canh "tfnh Cdng giao" (pho quat va duy nha't). Hdn the nfla, ft nhat ke tfl khi thie't lap che do dgi dien tong toa tfl niia sau the ki XVII cac Giao hoi ban xfl ludn ludn dfldc chan sde bdi cac giao si Phap va Phfldng Tay. Khi chii nghia thflc dan trflc tie'p xam Ifldc Viet Nam thi dfl la mdt "tinh cd dau ddn". trong noi bo Giao hoi lai xua't hien ngay cang r5 hdn "mot thfl chii nghia thflc dan trong dao" (Tran Tam Tinh, Thgp gid vd ludi gicdm., sdd). Mat khac, qua sfl phat trien ciia phong trao dan tdc, cflng nhfl ke tfl the ki XX thap kl 30 khi xua't hien nhflng dia phan ban xfl thuoc quyen cai quan ciia cac giao si ngfldi Viet, trong giai doan , cac giao phan nay da cd them 6 dia phan nfla dfldc cai quan bdi cac dai dien tdng tda ngfldi Viet, trong dd cd 2 dia phan quan trong la Ha Noi va Hai Phdng thi khdng nhflng tinh cam dan tdc ma mot khuynh hfldng ciia chii nghia dan tdc (la dimension nationaliste) cung thflc sfl trdi day trong cong dong Cdng giao Viet Nam, 2. Vi the Cach mang thang Tam qua thflc cd sflc hap dan xao ddng nhan thflc va tinh cam cua ngfldi Cdng giao, Nhae lai nhflng ngay Nam Bp khang chien, ngay tai Sai Gdn trfldc nam 1975, GS, Ly Chanh Trung viet: "Trong thang tam dd. lich sii nhfl ngon trieu dang dfla chung tdi ve vdi dan toe, Ca mot dan toe dflng len va chung tdi chflng kien canh dd.,, Gid day, dfl d dau, lam gi, chac chan khdng dfla nao trong chung tdi (da hoc d Trfldng thay Ddng, trfldng Thy), quen dfldc mfla thu nam ay""". Cung can ndi rd them rang trfldc nam 1945, ngfldi Cdng giao Viet Nam khdng de dang gi the hien ldng j'eu nflde ctia minh, vi the sfl ha'p dan ciia "thang Tam vang sao" la mot sfl kien "sang khoai" ctia chu nghia qudc gia lau nay van an chfla trong dau dc va trai tim nhflng ngfldi Cdng giao chan chinh, Hdn the nfla phai phan tich them rang so' ddng ngfldi Cdng giao trfldc nam 1945 ludn bi mot mac cam ciia sfl "bat trung" va "ngd vflc": cdng dong Cdng giao thieu so' khdng chi ddn thudn bi budc tdi theo chan mot tdn giao ngoai lai Tay Dfldng, chd'ng lai he tho'ng chinh tri Nho giao chfnh tho'ng ma cdn bi coi la mot trong nhflng nguyen nhan mat nfldc'^'. Van de Cdng giao ngay tfl d&u Cach mang thang Tam cdn quan trong d chd, mac dfl ho la mot cdng dong thieu sd nhflng lai thudc so' lflc Ifldng xa hoi. tdn giao quan trong trong md'i quan he vdi 6. Ly Chanh Trung. Tim ve ddn ldc. N.xb Trinh bay, Sai Gon, 1957.tr Trong bai viet moi day: Cdng gido vdi vdn de lodii cdu lida. tren Nguyet san Ton giao va Dan tpc. so thang 10/2009, mpt lan ncra Linh muc Thien Cam nhde lai rimg: "khong phai Giao hpi chu truong dung chien thuat "lusi guam va thap gia" ma do mpt.sir ngiiu nhien khong may man,.. Cac nha truydn giao chan chinh thi chi co mpt nuic tieu ton giao la ma rpng Nirdc Chua, chir khong phai de' xay dung mot de quoc".

4 Nghien cuu Ton giao. So Phfldng Tay, trfldc het vdi ban than nflde Phap, Phan ti'ch dieu nay cd y kien cho rang: "Cong dong Cdng giao thieu so' tuy dflng "ben le" khi dd'i dien vdi Chi'nh phti Viet Nam Dan chii Cong hda nhflng nd lai la mgt thieu so' dfldc thanh thieng hda, trd thanh mot vat the chfnh tri quan trong"*"', Nhieu sfl kien quan trong da chflng minh cho dieu nay. Ngfldi Cdng giao Viet Nam, lan dau tien qua bao chf Cdng giao nhfl td Da Minh phat hanh ngay tai Ha Noi nhflng so'thang 9, thang 10/1945 da the hien sfl ho hdi cua minh vdi Cach mang thang Tam ma nhflng dang bac dai dien cho ca Giao hgi ngay ngay da ra ldi keu goi nhflng ngfldi Kito hflu tren the gidi ring ho nen doc lap ctia Viet Nam, dac biet cdn giii thfl cho Giao hoang Pid XII, bat chap sfl im lang ciia Kham sfl Tda thanh Drapier, khan cau viec cdng nhan Chi'nh phii Viet Nam Dan chii Cpng hda'^', Thdi diem Cach mang thang Tam thanh cdng lai cung la thdi diem dac biet ciia cue dien qudc te: sau khi chii nghia phat xit sup dd, cung vdi viec hinh thanh phe xa hpi chii nghia, lap tflc xua't hien sfl dd'i dau gifla hai he thdng Tfl ban chii nghia va Xa hdi chii nghia ma ngfldi ta quen gpi la thdi ky chien tranh lanh, Sfl dd'i dau ngay cang sau sac gifla hai he thdng nay lan sang ca linh vflc tdn giao, Tfl Pid XI trfldc chie'n tranh The gidi thfl II de'n Pid XII sau do da lfla chpn thai dp dd'i dau vdi Chii nghia Cpng san mdt each sau sac va toan dien, Cac the lflc de qudc thflc dan da ldi dung triet de thai dp ay va ldi keo nd vao nhflng hanh ddng chdng Cdng san trong thflc tien de'n mflc nhieu hpc gia Cong giao da cd nhan dinh rang: "Chii nghia chd'ng cdng d Viet Nam la san pham dc giao dieu Kito giao va ctia nganh tuyen truyen Phap". Mdt nghich If nfla lai xuat hien. vi chfla hieu ban chat ciia Cach mang thang Tam, lai bi dau ddc bdi sfl tuyen truyen chi'nh tri ndi tren, khong it ngfldi Cdng giao Viet Nam ngay sau gid phut ho hdi he't minh vdi Cach mang thang Tam da dflng trfldc ban khoan rang neu Viet Minh la Cpng san, neu nen ddc lap vfla gianh dfldc chi la sfl md d&u cho sfl thiet lap chii nghia Cdng san d Viet Nam thi nd khd cd the dfldc sfl chap nhan ciia khdng it ngfldi Cdng giao, Nhieu hpc gia Phfldng Tay cho de'n nay khi phan tfch ve Nha nflde Viet Nam Dan chii Cdng hda tfl thang van cho rang dd la mpt nha nflde "cd tinh lap Id, nhap nh&ng" (L ambiguite) gifla mdt chie'n Ifldc ve sfl lien hiep dan tdc va dfldng hfldng "chi'nh tho'ng" ciia chii nghia cdng san""', Mdt trong nhflng thu doan ciia thflc dan Phap luc dd la, chung cd' gang chflng minh du Dang Cdng san Ddng Dfldng tuyen bd' tfl giai tan cud'i thang thi Mat tran Viet Minh thflc chat cung la cdng san vd 8. Xem: Tran liii Lien. Nhung ngitcyi Cdng gido vd Chinli phii \ie! Nam Ddn dui Cdng hda ( ).sdd.xr Loi keu gpi noi tren ciia 4 giam muc Nguydn Ba Tong. Ho Ngpc Cain, Phan Dinh Phiing va Ngo Dinh Thuc. Toan van ldi keu gpi ay dupc dang tai tren to Da Minh. sd 159 (ngay ), Ngoai ra Giam muc Nguyen Ba Tong con nhan danh hang giao st Viet Nam giri la tlur noi tren cho Giao hoang Pio XII cung ngay. La thir roi vao sir iin lang ctia Kham sii Toa Thanh d Ha Npi tai nhien cung nhu Vatican nhimg do la mpt sir kien rai co y nghta, 10. Xem: C. Goscha. \'e chinh sach ngoai giao ciui Chinh phii Vict Nam Ddn chii Cong hda. trong Tap chi Tie'p cdn Chdu A. tieng Phap. so tr

5 D6 Quang Hung. Cong gicio va Cdch mgng... 7 than de ldi keo so' ddng ngfldi Cdng giao dang dao ddng. Cho de'n khi toan qud'c khang chie'n bung nd dai the ngfldi ta thfldng nha'n manh den hai xu hfldng chinh trong sfl trong sfl phan hda ndi bd gidi Cdng giao tao nen "hai bd mat" dd'i lap nhau nhfl chung ta da phan tfch d phan tren. Dac diem ciia sfl xung dot va chuyen hda ciia hai khuynh hfldng nay trong gidi Cdng giao la, nhflng ngfldi yeu nflde, tfl giao dan den giao si deu khdng he cd chii trfldng phan liet, hp van mudn gan bd vdi Giao hpi. Sfl "phan liet" neu cd thi chii ye'u la vdi each mang va hanh ddng tai xam Ifldc ciia thflc dan Phap. Thflc ra nghien cflu ki cac khuynh hfldng ciia ngfldi Cdng giao trong khang chien chd'ng Phap chung tdi tha'y cung khong ddn gian la chi cd "hai bd mat" nhfl the trong cdng dong Cdng giao. Ve dai the theo chung tdi cd the cd 3 khuynh hfldng khac nhau: Khuynh hfldng thfl nhat, tuy khdng ddng dao nhflng ludn cd y nghia tfch cflc dac biet dd'i vdi cue dien ciia cupc khang chie'n chd'ng thflc dan Phap. do la xu hfldng ciia nhflng giao si va kha ddng cac tin do yeu nflde, gan bd vdi Chfnh phii trong cudc khang chie'n bao ve nen ddc lap dan tpc. Thfl hai, khuynh hfldng ciia nhflngchflc sac cd vi the trong Giao hdi, cudn theo mdt lflc Ifldng khdng nhd cac giao dan cdng tac, nga ve vdi thflc dan Phap de "chd'ng cdng va gifl dao". Thfl ba, khuynh hfldng tuy khdng rdng ldn ve lflc Ifldng va be noi nhflng cung thu hut dfldc mpt bp phan nhflng giao dan, tri thflc va mdt sd chflc sac thudc nhdm flu tfl, tao nen mdt khuynh hfldng "Cdng giao tfl tri", cd the hdp tac nha't dinh vdi Chinh phu nhflng ddc lap khdng phu thupc ke ca dd'i vdi thflc dan Phap, Dd'i vdi khuynh hfldng thfl nha't va thfl hai da cd rat nhieu cdng trinh trong ngoai nflde ndi den. Phan trinh bay tie'p theo ciia chung tdi dfldi day mudn ndi rd them d khuynh hfldng thfl ba ma chinh sd'phan ciia nd cung nhflng bai hpc lich sii ma nd gdi ra den nay van cd y nghia thdi sfl. II. SU CHUYEN BIEN CUA CAC KHUYNH Hl/dNG TU TUOiNG CHINH TRI TRONG CONG DONG NGUOI CONG GlAO VIET NAM ( ) 1, TrvCcic het chiing ta, mgt lan nijfa, nhan dien lai va khang dinh nhijfng dong gop to ldn ciia nhufng ngv^di "Cong giao khang chien" Can ndi ngay rang lflc Ifldng nay kha ddng dao, da dang ve thanh phan trong cong dong ddn Chua. Bd phan giao dan lai noi len nhflng gfldng mat ma thflc sfl hp da trd thanh" nhflng "nhan vat-lich s\i" ciia cupc khang chie'n, va cung la nhflng nhan vat, nhflng tri thflc Cdng giao flu tu ciia Giao hdi, Khdng the khdng nhae den cac trfldng hdp B'ac si Vu Dinh Tung, Bd trfldng Bd Y te ngay tfl khi cd chinh quyen nhan dan: Bac si Vfl Dinh Thuye't, Thfl trfldng Bp Y te, em rudt Vu Dinh Tung; Giao sfl bac si Nguydn Tan Gi Trpng, Giam dd'c Nha Thdng tm Chfnh phii lam thdi. Uy vien thfldng vu Qud'c hdi; Luat sfl Thai Van Lung d Sai Gdn: Luat sfl Nguyen Thanh Vinh, Giam dd'c Sd Ta: chfnh Nam Bd,

6 Nghien cuu Ton giao. So Chii tich Cdng giao Cflu qud'c Nam Bp; Tran Cdng Chi'nh, Bf thfl Cdng giao Cflu qud'c Trung fldng; Nha Cdng thfldng Ngd Tii Ha, Bp trfldng Bd thfldng binh... Hinh anh ngfldi giao dan trong cudc khang chie'n chd'ng Phap cdn dfldc in da'u rat oanh liet trong nhieu cd sd khang chien chd'ng Phap. diet te d chie'n trfldng Bac Bd nhfl Dpi du kich Xuan Thiiy, Hai Hau, Nam Dinh trong nhflng nam Ve nhflng nhan vat Cdng giao khang chie'n vd'n thupc hang giao si, trfldc he't phai ke tdi nhan vat ma chung ta trao ddi hdm nay la Linh muc Pham Ba Trflc, tie'n Sl than hpc"", Uy vien Ban thfldng trflc Qud'c hdi ( ), Phd Chii tich Uy ban Lien Viet toan qud'c (1951)"-'. - Nguyen Ba Luat cha sd nha thd Huyen Sy, hi sinh trong khang chie'n chd'ng Phap. - Gabriel Thp cha sd d Hdc Mdn, Sai Gdn cflng hi sinh trong khang chien chd'ng Phap. - Vfl Xuan Ky, Chii tich iiy ban lien lac Cdng giao yeu nflde Lien khu III, Chii tich Uy ban Lien lac Toan qud'c nhflng ngfldi Cdng giao Viet Nam yeu Td qudc yeu hda binh. - Nguydn Ta't Tien. Phd Chii tich Uy ban Lien lac Toan qud'c Nhflng ngfldi Cdng giao Viet Nam yeu Td qud'c yeu hda binh. - Hoang Quang Tfl, Phd Chii tich Uy ban Lien lac Cdng giao yeu nflde Lien khu III. Va hang chuc linh muc yeu nflde khac, so'ddng da qua ddi. Trong so' nhflng linh muc kien cfldng bat khuat nay, ta can ghi nhd 5 dng, bat chap sfl de dga, ngan cam ctia be tren tfl hflng bien khang chie'n da tap ke't ra Bac. Roi mot dng trd lai mien Nam cung dong bao chd'ng My, Dd la: - Tran Quang Nghiem, Uy vien Uy ban Lien lac Cdng giao Toan qud'c (ve Nam tham gia chd'ng My). - Ho Thanh Bien, Chii tich Uy ban Lien lac Cdng giao Toan qudc. - Lfldng Minh Ky, Uy vien Uy ban Lien lac Cdng giao Toan qud'c. - Vd Thanh Tnnh, Chii tich Uy ban Doan ke't nhflng ngfldi Cdng giao yeu nflde Viet Nam (ke thfla Uy vien Uy ban lien lac Cdng giao toan qud'c), - Nguyen Hie'u Le, Uy vien Uy ban Lien lac Cdng giao Toan qud'c"'^'. Cd mdt nhan vat dac biet khac ma ban dpe it dfldc tha'y la trfldng hdp Pham Ngpc Thuan ngfldi ma sau thang da trd thanh Phd Chii tich Uy ban Khang chien Hanh chfnh Nam Bd. La ngfldi Cdng giao thupc gia dinh tfl san giau cd d Nam Ky da nhap qud'c tich Phap, tham gia phong trao yeu nflde tfl 1943 trong td chflc Thanh nien Tien phong, dng da dan trd thanh mdt trong nhflng ngfldi lanh 11. Co tai lieu noi rang: "Sau 9 nam hpc d La-ma, d6 3 bang tien st Triet hpc, Luat hpc va Tliiin hpc, luc \-i nirdc Cu dirpc cir di trong nom nhisu nha tho", xem cuon: /,;/(/; muc Pham Bd Tri/c Kinh Chiia yi'ii nu'dc dodn kei gido lirong. Uy ban Lien Viet toan tjuoc xuat ban, 1954, tr Xem ciioii: Linh muc Pham Bd Trite... sdd, tr, 9. Co tai lieu khac khang dinh Cu la Pho Trirdng ban Thirong trirc Quoc hpi khoa I. 13. Xem: Pham Hie Hmig. Hieu biei ve Cdng gido c'l Viet Nam.sM.^ll-lT^.

7 D6 Quang Hung. Cong gido vd Cdch mgng... 9 dad ndi tie'ng d Nam Bd ben canh nhflng Tran Van Giau, Pham Van Bach, Ung Van Khiem, Nguyin Thanh Vmh... va dac biet ngfldi em huyen thoai ciia dng la Dai ta Pham Ngpc Thao gdp them mdt hinh anh ddc dao ciia ngfldi Cdng giao Nam Bp trong khang chien chd'ng Phap Ddng gdp ciia nhflng ngfldi Cdng giao theo khuynh hfldng nay that ldn lao va cd nhieu y nghia. Trong Ldi dieu Cu Phgm Bd TrUc, Pho TrUdng ban Thiidng trite Qudc hgi, thang , Chii tich Ho Chl Minh cd ndi: "Tfl ngay nhan dan' tin cay cii Cu la dai bieu Qud'c hdi, va Qud'c hpi cii Cu vao Ban thfldng trflc, Cu da dfla he't tinh th^n va lflc Ifldng giup Chinh phii, trong mpi van de quan trpng. Trong mpi viec, cu da ket hdp dao dflc bac ai theo ldi Chfla day, vdi tinh than ndng nan yeu nflde ciia ngfldi dai bieu chan chi'nh cho nhan dan Viet Nam""'". Nhfl vay la ngfldi Cdng giao Viet Nam trong cupc khang chie'n chd'ng thflc dan Phap, du vdi tfl each mpt td chflc nhfl Cong gido Citu qudc d B^c va Trung Bd, Cong gido khdng ehien Nam Bg d phfa Nam; hay vdi tfl each ca nhan trong cac td chflc khang chie'n khac da thflc sfl ddng gdp cho cdng cudc khang chien ciia dan tpc. Tfl gdc dp nha viet sii Cdng giao, tfl nam 1972, Linh muc Trfldng Ba C&n tfl Paris da cd nhan xet: "Do nhflng sfl dfla day ciia lich sii, ngfldi Cdng giao Viet Nam tfl trfldc tdi nay hi don vao nhieu the ket: ket vdi thflc dan Phap trong the chd'ng dd'i vdi Trieu dinh nha Nguyen, ket vdi de qud'c Hoa Ky trong the chd'ng cpng san vd than. Tfl nhflng the ket lich sii dd, ngfldi ta : cd cam tfldng rang ngfldi Cdng giao Viet Nam khdng the hda minh dfldc vdi nhflng : trao Iflu ldn ciia dan tdc. Nhflng xet cho cflng, tfl ban chat, ngfldi Cdng giao cflng la nhflng ngfldi dan Viet Nam thie't tha yeu nflde, Khi dfldc giai tda, ngfldi Cdng giao Viet Nam cung da ddng dao dflng len khang chien chd'ng Phap, ngfldi Cdng giao cung se cd the dflng len chd'ng My cflu nflde""", Khi ndi nhflng ddng gdp ciia ngfldi Cdng giao trong khang chie'n chung ta khdng chi ghi nhan sfl ddng gdp nhan tai vat lflc tham chf ca sinh mang ciia minh ma cdn phai ghi nhan nhflng ddng gdp quy bau cfla hp trong nhan thflc tfl tfldng. Rat nhieu cac ta'm gfldng bat chap sfl de dpa "phat va tuyet thdng" (dac biet sau khi Kham sfl Tda thanh da cdng bd' Thfl chung chd'ng cdng ndi tie'ng thang ), Trfldng hpp Tong giam muc Nguyen Van Binh khi dd cdn la giao sfl Chiing vien Sai Gdn la mdt vf du. Trong budi cam phdng, giam muc Caissaigne da hdi thai do ciia nhflng ngfldi tham dfl vdi cac linh muc di theo khang chien, Giam muc Nguyen Van Binh da tra ldi: "Hp ra di la vi Ifldng tam ciia hp, Dia la Ifldng tam thi phai tdn trpng", Vi the phai Cu da hi tru dap, bi day di lam cha sd d cac xfl dao xa Sai Gdn, Nhflng cflng phai ndi rang ki luat ciia Giao hpi dia gay ra nhflng tam tfl, day dflt vdi nhieu giao si "vfla mud'n tham gia khang chien vfla mudn gifl dao", O mdt phfldng dien khac, ddng gdp ctia Linh muc Pham Ba Trflc ve mat tinh thdn, nhan thflc trong dao cflng rat ldn, Trong Ldi keu ggi nguy hinh Cong gido. ngay , Cu viet: "Anh em ra tran 14. Xem cudn: /.-//(/(imtc Pluiiii Bd Trifc. sdd, tr Xem: Le TiiSn Giang. Cdng gido khdng chien Nam Bd hdi ky, Cong giao dan tpc Paris, tr 82.

8 10 Nghien cu"u Ton giao. So chi lam dip cho quan thflc dan an cfldp, hai ddng bao noi da nau thit, lam dip cho toan dan nguyert riia vi trfldc thflc dan da ldi dung Dao ma cfldp nflde ta, nay lai ldi dung Dad ma mong cfldp lai mdt lan nfla. Song lan nay dfl nd ldi dung Dao, nhd My the nao cung that bai, Vay hdi anh em nguy binh Cdng giao, anh em hiiy nhd ldi Thanh Paulo bao ta phai vang phuc chinh quyen nflde ta la Chi'nh phii khang chie'n Ho Chf Minh, mau mau doan ket trd lai vdi Td qud'c de ta se toan thang dudi quan cfldp nflde di, lam cho To qud'c dipc lap thdng nha't, sfl Dao se tfl do va md mang, dong bao ta se rd ldi Chfla bao "eiia Xe-da phai tra cho Xe-da!""'^ 2, Ve khuynh hifdng "chong cong san giuf Dao" Khuynh hfldng nay dfldc dien ta b ng nhieu hinh tinh nhfl "cudc thanh chie'n" hay "thap gia chd'ng sao vang", Chflng ta da ndi den nhan xet chii nghia chd'ng cdng trong nhflng ngfldi Cdng giao d Viet Nam luc dd la chii nghia giao dieu Kito giao va tuyen truyen Phap. Sau khi Cach mang thang Tam thanh cdng trong mdt bd phan nhflng ngfldi Cdng giao da hinh thanh mdt dfldng ldi If thuye't "vfla chd'ng thflc dan vfla chd'ng cdng san", mdi cd the dam bao cho cdng dong Cdng giao thieu sd ctia minh cd vi the' ciia mpt "vat the chinh tri". Thai dp budi dau ciia nhflng nhan vat nhfl Le Hflu Tfl tieu bic'u cho khuynh hfldng nay, mot mat hp ldi dung vi the to ldn cfla cudc each mang de tang cfldng lflc Ifldng "ddc lap" ciia Giao hdi, Tfl nam 1947, mpt mat Le Hflu Tfl ldi dung Chinh phii lid Chf Minh da "nhfldng viec quan If Thi tra'n Phat Diem" (mdt be 1 km va be kia 3 km) de bie'n nd thanh "khu an toan" tao nen mdt cfl diem chd'ng Chfnh phii, mat khac ldi dung sfl ling hd ciia giam muc Chaize dia phan Ha Ndi, giam muc Artaraz dia phan Bac Ninh, Gomes dia phan Hai Phong,,, va ca ciia Kham mang Tda thanh la Giam muc Drapier, Giam muc Le Hflu Tfl da quyet dinh vfl trang cho giao hflu ciia minh. Khuynh hfldng chd'ng cdng san cang tang len sau khi Cach mang Trung Qud'c thanh cdng nam 1949, chien thang Bien gidi Thu Ddng nam 1950 cflng nhfl viec thflc dan Phap bat dau thflc hien "giai phap Bao Dai", Nam 1949, khi quan dpi Phap nhay dfl xud'ng Phat Diem la nhflng nam thang khd khan va phflc tap nha't ciia mdi quan he gifla Cdng san va Cdng giao. Vdi cac the lflc chd'ng cdng trong hang ngfl Cdng giao thi day lai la cd hpi tdt cho hp. Ldi dung vi the cua mpt "vat the chinh tri", hp cang nd lflc keo dai cudc thii nghiem tfl tri tren mpi phfldng dien hanh chi'nh va quan sfl, Thfl chung ngay ndi tren cang thuc day thai dp nguy hiem nay ciia hp"". Tfl nam 1950 nhieu lang Cdng giao d vflng Ddng bang Bac Bd da dfldc vfl trang bang sung d'ng va sfl chi huy trflc tiep ciia 16. Xem: Linh muc Phgm Bd True... sdd. tr Thu cluing ciia hdng gidm nuic Doug Duong. ngay dugc ki bdi 9 giam muc Phap va Tay Ban Nha. 5 giam muc Viet Nam la Ngo Dinh Thuc, Pham Ngpc Chi. Le Huu Tiir, Hoang Van Doan va Trinh Nhu Khue, Khong phai mpi giam muc Viet Nam deu co thai dp chfnh tri giong nhau khi kf. Bdi le. sau do cac giam muc nhu Hoang Van Doan. Trinh Nhu Khue lai phan ddi viec cuang ep di cir, d lai mien Bdc va ung hp cac td chirc yeu iiiroc ciia ngudi Cong giao sau hoa binh lap lai. Nhan vat quan trpng nhai cua Thu chung nay la Kham sir Dooley. Thirc ra cho den nay Thu Cluing nay ft dupc xiiai hien toan van.

9 D6 Quang Hung. Cong gido vd Cdch mgng... cac linh muc va si quan Phap. Dpi quan vu trang ciia Phat Diem gdm 10 ngan ngfldi dfldi sfl chi huy ciia Giam muc Le Hflu Tfl, dpi quan Bui Chu do Giam muc Pham Ngpc Chi dieu khien, d Nam Dinh Linh muc Hoang Quynh cflng ndi len nhfl mpt Td'ng tfl lenh dpi quan Cdng giao va hp gay khdng ft khd khan cho khang chie'n. Mac dfl vay, thang ldi ciia cudc khang chien chd'ng Phap ngay mdt khang dinh cflng vdi cupc phan cdng toan dien tren chien trfldng chfnh, hinh anh cac "giao xfl - ddn bd't" thupc cac dia phan Phat Diem, Bfli Chu, Thai Binh va Hai Phdng bi thu hep hoac ngay tai cac trung tam nhfl Bui Chu, Phat Diem thi, quan Phap cung chi kiem soat ban ngay, cdn ban dem Viet Minh lam chii. Ta't nhien sau chien thang lich sii Dien Bien Phii thi ke't cue ciia khuynh hfldng chfnh tri phan ddng nay da ro rang. Dieu dd chac han khdng gidng nhfl y kie'n ciia mpt sd' ngfldi nghien cflu nflde ngoai rang sd phan ciia Giam muc Le Hflu Tfl la: "cai ngd cut ciia chfnh sach hdp tac vdi Viet Mmh""''*'. 3, Ve khuynh hvidng thii ba, khuynh htfdng tim kiem mgt mo hinh Giao hgi ttf tri, co the chung song vdi che do cong san va nha nxidc dong thdfi khong phu thuoc vao thi^c dan va Giao hgi Phap Khuynh hfldng dac biet nay, nhfl da phan tfch d phan tren phan anh nhflng khao khat ve tinh cam dan tdc (Le Sentiment national) ciia cdng ddng giao dan cung nhfl cac giao si Viet Nam tfl lau, tham chf nd da tao nen mpt thfl "khuynh hfldng qud'c gia" (la dimension nationaliste) ciia ngfldi Cdng giao Viet Nam. Nhflng nhan vat tieu bieu cho khuynh hfldng nay nhfl Pham Ngpc ThuSn. dac biet la Nguyen Manh Ha cflng nhfl td chflc Lien doan Cdng giao Viet Nam. Nhflng ddng gdp ciia khuynh hfldng nay cd nhieu net dac biet vdi khang chie'n va each mang. Nhflng ngfldi nhfl Pham Ngpc Thuan va Nguyen Manh Ha thfldng cd vi tri dac biet trong quan he gifla chfnh phii Hd Chi Minh vdi chi'nh phii Phap va Tda Thanh. Rieng Nguyen Manh Ha dau each mang dng khdng chi la mdt Bd trfldng trong Chi'nh phu lam thdi ma cdn dfldc Chii tich Hd Chf Minh giao cho nhflng nhiem vu dac biet nhfl J. Lacouture da ke lai: "Ong Hd da bd sung chien Ifldc ciia minh bang mdt cii chi vdi Tda Thanh Vatican. Dau thang , dng phai dng Nguyen Manh Ha vao Hue nghien cflu viec chuyen chd gao d mien Nam ra Bac, Pldi dd, Tda Thanh cd dat Kham sfl (Delegation apostolique) d Hue. Hd Chi Minh giao cho dng Ha mot la thfl de gap dflc cha Drapier va tham dd y ciia vi dai dien cua Giao hoang trfldc ldi mdi Ngai ra tham Ha Npi ciia Chi'nh phu va cd the mdi dng ta ra ban Bac Viet de d""'". Nhflng hoat dpng ciia nhflng nhan viit nhfl Nguydn Manh Ha that da dang. La mpt trong nhflng thii ITnh ndi tieng cfla Phong trdo Cong gido tie'n hdnh (ngfldi sang lap td chflc Thanh lao Cong, gpi tat la JOC), dng cflng la mdt trong nhflng ngfldi sang lap td chflc Lien doan Cdng giao Viet Nam, mdt td chflc ma sau nay bi nhflng ngfldi nhfl Giam muc Le Hflu Tfl 18. Xem cuoii: Su nay.sinh nidi Nhd nudc - Ddng Viet Nam tit C. Goscha va B. Treglode (chii bien). Pans, 2004, lieng Phap, tr Jean Lacouture. Ilo Chi Minh. Ed. du.scuil. Paris. 1967, p , tieng Phap.

10 12 Nghien ciru Ton giao. So ldi cud'n vao con dfldng chd'ng Cdng san, khac vdi chii dfch ban dau ctia nd. Day la mpt sfl kien phflc tap cdn phai dfldc nghien cflu them'""'. Nhflng y tfldng cd phan hdp If va dflng dan ciia khuynh hfldng nay ve khach quan cd nhieu diem phfl hdp vdi dfldng ldi dai doan ket dan tpc va tdn giao ciia Chi'nh phii ta va ciia chinh Chii tich Hd Chf Minh. Chfla tha'y nhieu tai lieu ndi len mdi lien he ciia Bac Hd vdi nhflng nhan vat chii ehd't ciia khuynh hfldng nay, nhflng theo chung tdi y tfldng ciia Bac ve mdt "Giao hpi ddc lap va tfl tri" chinh dang ciia Ngfldi dfl khdng thflc hien dfldc dau 1946 cung ft nhieu lien he de'n khuynh hfldng chi'nh tri - tdn giao dac biet nay'^". Ve lflc Ifldng khuynh hfldng thfl ba ra't han che va nd cung chfla cd anh hfldng sau rdng trong giao dan vi the khd cd sflc sdng lau ben. Khi cudc khang chien da d giai doan quyet liet, Nguyen Manh Ha, ngfldi van kien tri dfldng Id'i van dpng chfnh gidi Phap thfldng thuyet vdi chfnh phii Hd Chf Minh nhflng da hi chi'nh tfldng De Lattre de Tassigny true xua't khdi Viet Nam nam Mpt so' nha nghien cflu nflde ngoai cflng cho rang nhflng nhan vat Cdng giao ndi tie'ng khac nhfl Ngd Dinh Diem hoac Nguyen De cung dfldc coi nhfl nhflng nhan vat tieu bieu cho nhflng chieu kfch khac nhau ciia khuynh hfldng nay. Nhflng theo chflng tdi chac chan cflng khd tim thay diem chung that sfl gifla nhflng nhan vat nhfl Ngd Dinh Diem vdi Nguyen Manh Ha hoac Pham Ngpc Thuan. III. Y NGHIA VA BAI HOC LICH StT 1, Va'n de Cdng giao trong khang chie'n chd'ng thflc dan Phap, mac dfl cdn nhieu phfldng dien can phai tie'p tuc nghien cflu, nhflng theo chung tdi cd the coi la mdt trong nhflng giai doan tieu bieu, tap trung nhflng sac thai, nhflng va'n de cd ban nha't ciia Cdng giao Viet Nam thdi hien dai, Cac mdi quan he ldn ciia Cdng giao nhfl Cdng giao vdi Dan tpc, Cdng giao vdi Nha nflde, hoac Giao hdi Cdng giao Viet Nam vdi Tda Thanh va nhflng va'n de ngi bp cua minh..,, trong khong gian rdng ldn ciia cupc khang chien vi dai cua dan tdc cflng nhfl trong khung canh qud'c te' phflc tap luc dd, da chfla dflng tang tang ldp ldp nhflng nhan vat, nhflng sfl kien lich sii ma ngfldi Cdng giao cung nhfl ngoai Cdng giao deu cd the chiem nghiem va rut ra nhflng ket luan can thiet cho ban than minh, 2. Nhan vat trung tam ma chung ta trao ddi hdm nay, Linh muc Pham Ba Trflc la mpt trong nhflng nhan vat tieu bieu nha't cho khuynh hfldng xda bd mpi mac cam ciia qua khfl, kien quyet di vdi each mang va khang chien, tim lai vi trf chd dflng ciia tdn giao minh trong cdng 20, Thai dp ciia Toa Thanh va Bp Truyen giao vdi Giao hpi Cong giao Viet Nam sau thang rat phiic tap, Mpt mat, Toa Thanh phe chuan pham vi tir tri rpng rai hon cho Giao hpi. giir thai dp can trpng trong quan he voi Chfnh phu H6 Chf Minh, nhung lai cong nhan "Chfnh phu Bao Dai". Rieng ve van Ai Lien doan Cong giao Viet Nam, trong thu cua Bp Truyta giao ngay id ra vi!ra iing hp vira doi hdi td chiic nay phai dira vao sir "khon kheo ciia hang giao pham Dong Duong" trong viec hai hoa gicra muc tieu nghla vu yeu nuoc va can tfnh Kito giao. 21, Tren bao Cuu qud'c cuoi 1945 dau 1946 Bac Ho CO 2 bai viei ve va'n dt nay. Trong thdi gian sang Phap du Hpi nghi Phongtenobld. H6 Chf Minh co van dpng mpt so nhan vat Cong giao ten tudi cho viec thirc hien y tirdng nay nhung tiec rang da khong the thuc hien dirpc (xem hdi ky Ben Giong lich sif cua Linh muc Cao Van Luan, Sai Gon. 1967).

11 D6 Quang Hung. Coizg gido vd Cdch mgng ddng dan tdc nhfl Chii tich Hd Chi Minh da khai quat, dfldng hfldng "Kfnh Chua yeu nflde". Sfl lfla chpn dflt khoat va cd y nghia "tien tri" cua Linh muc Pham Ba Trflc d vao thdi diem nhay cam va quyet liet, cdng ddng Cdng giao Viet Nam dang dflng gifla hai ddng thac la cupc khang chie'n cua dan tdc va cudc chie'n tranh xam Ifldc lan thfl hai ciia thflc dan Phap ddi vdi nflde ta. Cupc ddi ngan ngiii da khong cho Linh muc Pham Ba Trflc dfldc chflng kie'n va dan than vao nhflng sfl lfla chpn gay gat hdn nfla gifla dao va ddi, gifla dflc tin va cac If tfldng xa hdi khac, nhflng cupc ddi chfnh tri xa hdi va tdn giao ciia Cu van xflng dang la mpt trong nhflng mau mflc cua sfl lfla chpn dung dan ciia ngfldi Cdng giao Viet Nam hdm qua va hdm nay. 3. Khdng phai mpi ngfldi yeu nflde luc dd deu cd sfl lfla chpn, hanh xii viec ddi nhfl Pham Ba Trflc. Cd nhflng ngfldi Cong giao yeu nflde d thdi diem ay da cd sfl lfla chpn cd phan khac hdn. Dd la khuynh hfldng ciia nhflng ngfldi Cdng giao yeu nflde nhflng trfldc he't mud'n hfldng tdi mdt Giao hdi tfl tri, mdt Giao hdi van gifl dfldc nhflng can tfnh dan tdc, ddng thdi cd vi the ddc lap tfl chii ve chfnh tri, ton giao vdi nha nflde, vdi cac the lflc thflc dan va vdi ca Giao hdi Phap. Mac dfl cd nhflng hat nhan hdp If trong sfl lfla chpn ay, nhflng ro rang khuynh hfldng nay cung thie'u da't sd'ng. Cudc khang chien vi dai ciia dan tdc, khung canh phflc tap ciia thdi ky chie'n tranh lanh cung nhfl nhflng phan flng quyet liet ctia chii nghia thflc dan dang d hdi ke't da tao nen nhflng thach dd' ma khuynh hfldng tren khdng the vflpt qua. Ta't nhien, chung ta khdng quen tam tham kich ma khuynh hfldng "chd'ng Cpng gifl Dao" da gay nen trong giai doan lich sii nay. Du sao khuynh hfldng nay lich sii da khep lai. Ndi each khac, d nflde ta, Giao hdi Cdng giao Viet Nam khdng the tdn tai va phat trien neu nd khdng thi/c su gan bd vdi van menh ciia dan tdc, vdi con dfldng ma Cach mang thang Tam da lfla chpn: Ddc lap dan tdc di lien vdi chii nghia xa hdi. Va dd cd le la bai hpc lich sii van cd y nghia thdi sfl ngay hdm nay./.