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3 m~wpcî cvu - 1 t ez gvb Ae v ch v jvpbv t cövß Z_ vw` Ges Bmÿ mg~n µwgk bs welq e t c ôv bs 1.0 f~wgkv t Ae vb Ges MVb t 2 wpî 1t AvBc v Ki AvIZvaxb iw Z GjvKvmg~n t 3 wpî 2t dvuwmqvlvjx eb cövbx Afqvi Y i g vc t 4 wpî 3 t dvuwmqvlvjx eb cövbx Afqvi Y i j vû c GjvKvi gvbwpî t cwikíbvi D Ïk t Rxe ewpî msi bi ˆewkó mg~n t Rxe ewp Î i i Z t Rxe ewpî msi bi DcKvwiZv t eb cövbx msi b t ebvâ ji mxgv ilv t ebvâ ji Rxe- fšz Ae v t Rxe ewpî Ges Avevm j t cöwz ek/ev Zš (Dw ` I cövbxk~ ji mwnz cwi e ki m úk ) we k lb t ebvâj wfwëk cb t RxeˆewP Î i e envi t Rxe ewp Î i e e vcbvi Rb M nxz ez gvb Ae v ch v jvpbv t ebvâj e e vcbv t t eb cövbx e e vcbv t RxeˆewP Î i Avevm j i bv e b Ges cybi vi t cwi ek evüe ch Ub t ebvâj wfwëk Drcvw`Z cb e e vcbv t AskMÖnbg~jK gwbuwis t cövwzôvwbk Ges my-kvmb m úwk Z Bmy mgyn t j vû c GjvKvi ez gvb Ae v t j vû c G v cövp t iw Z GjvKv msjmœ j vû c GjvKv t f~wg e envi Gi ez gvb Ae v t msjmœ/mswk ó MÖvg mg~n t ók nvìvi we k ly t K wl Rwg Ges emzwfuvi e envi t ebf~wgi A ea`lj t 14 cvu - 2 t iw Z GjvKvi mn-e e vcbv cwikíbv ev evq b KŠkjMZ mycvwik mg~n 1.0 iw Z GjvKvi mn-e e vcbv cwikíbv t D Ïk t i

4 1.2 mn-e e vcbv c wz t mn-e e vcbvi D Ïk mg~n t mn-e e vcbv msmvb mg~n t myweav mg~ ni e Ub t j vû c Dbœqb Znwej/Gb Wv g U dvû/n~y vqgvb Znwej t Avevm j c~bi vi Kg m~wp t D Ïk mg~n t ez gvb ebvâj Ges Z`msjMœ j vû c g vc nvjbvmv` Kib t mxgvbv wpwýzkib t A eafv e MvQ KvUv/e b Av b `qv/wej mpv/cï Piv bv wbqš b Kiv t mn-e e vcbv Kvh µg t D Ïk t Z`msjMœ j vû c GjvKv e e vcbv t iw Z GjvKvi gyj Ask ( Kvi Rvb) e e vcbv t Avevm j Dbœqb Kvh µg t GbwiP g U c v Ukb t Nvm Rwgi Dbœqb t Rjvkq i bv e b t we kl ai bi Avevm j i bv e b t Avevm j cybi vi Kvh µg t IqvUvi kw e e vcbv t cwi ek evüe Kg KvÛ cybi vi t Z`msjMœ j vû c AÂj ( Rvb) t evdvi AÂj t j vû c AÂj t RxweKvqb Ges f vjy PBb Kg m~px t D Ïk t fjy PBb Ges KbRv i fkb G UvicÖvBR t K wl Ges nwu KvjPvi dmj t mgwš^z emzwfuv Lvgvi e e vcbv t D Pdjbkxj dm ji Pvlvev` t wf jr bvm vix t nwu KvjPvi evmvb m Rb t grm Pvl t evuk m ú` Dbœqb t n wkí Ges ZvuZwkí t DbœZ Pzjv t d mwjwum (AeKvVv gv g~jk) Dbœqb Kg m~px t D Ïk mg~n t 23 ii

5 5.2 myweavw` t e b iv v/ UªBj wbg vb I ms vi t `k bv_xi e e vcbv Kg m~wp t D Ïk mg~n t cwi ek evüe ch Ub t cwi ek evüe ch Ub GjvKv wpwýzkib t myweavw`i Dbœqb t cö ek wd t cök wz Ges nvbwks UªBj t wckwb Ki Rb myweavw` t KwgDwbwU wfwëk cwi ek evüe ch Ub t cwi ek evüe ch Ub wbqš b t msi b welqk wk v I m PZbZv t ch Ub wk vi Rb B UviwcÖ UwUf gva g t cwi ek welqk wk v t KwgDwbwU gwbuwis m gzv e w Kib Kg m~px t D Ïk mg~n t AskMÖnb g~jk gwbuwis t cöwk b t cövwzôvwbk Dbœqb Kg m~px t D Ïk mg~n t vd `i cöwk b t `vwqz I KZ e mg~n t ev RU t cö qvrbxh BbcyU Ges wb ` kk ev RU cöv jb t ev RU cwiez b/cwigvr b t mn-e e vcbv msmvb jvi avivevwnkzvi ervq i vi KŠkj t AvBc v Ki AvIZvaxb iw Z GjvKv wfwëk avivevwnkzvi Kg cwikíbv cöbqb t avivevwnkzvi Rb cövwzôvwbk ` Zv e w Ges gvbe m ú` Dbœqb t `xn gqv`x Ges mgœwbz Avw_ K e e vcbv M o Zvjv t ÔwbmM buiqv K iõ cwjwm Ges AvBbMZ mg_ b wbwðzkib t gz wewbg qi gva g mn-e e vcbv msmvb wji g a buiqvk vcb t Rjevqy cwiez bi cöfve Ges Awf hvrb cwikíbv t Rjevqy cwiez b t Rjevqy cwiez bi KviYmg~n t dvuwmqvlvjx eb cövbx Afqvib Ges Gi j vû c Rjevqy cwiez bi cöfvemg~n t mgỳ ªc ôi D PZv e w t AwZ e wócvz t b`xi xy cöevn t 29 iii

6 AvKw K eb v t Livi cö Kvc t So SÂv t b`xzxi I gvnbvq fv½b I f~wg MVb t Rjevqy cwiez bi mv _ Lvc LvIqv Z dvuwmqvlvjx eb cövbx Afqvib Ges Gi t 30 j vû ci Rb KiYxq Awf hvrb mg~n mgỳ ªc ôi D PZv e w /So SÂv/AvKw K eb v/awz e wócvz RwbZ K wl SuywKi t 30 Awf hvrb cvwbi SuywKi Awf hvrb t ^v Sy&uwKi Awf hvrb t Dbœqb Sy&uwKi Awf hvrb t Liv S& uywki Awf hvrb t Awf hvr bi m ve Dcvqmg~n t vbxq RbMb KZ K wpwýzk Z dvuwmqvlvjx eb cövbx Afqvib Ges Gi j vû c t GjvKvq Rjevqy cwiez brwzb q wz Ges Gi m ve Awf hvrb cwikíbv câ evwl K Dbœqb cwikíbv (m ve ) t iv

7 cvu - 1 ez gvb Ae v ch v jvpbv t cövß Z_ vw` Ges Bmÿ mg~n 1

8 1.0 f~wgkv duvwmqvlvjx eb cövyx AfqviY evsjv ` ki eb cövyx AfqviY jvi g a Ab Zg GKKv j G GjvKvwU wpinwir MR b e bi Rb wel vz wqj cvlcvlvjxi mygayi KvKjx Z jvkr bi Nyg fv½ Zv wewfbœ cörvwzi ey cövyxi Aeva wepi b mg wqj G Rbc` Kvjµ g µgea gvb RbmsL vi Pvc, b`x fv½b I cövk wzk `~ h v Mi d j e bi wfzi RbM Yi Nievwo ˆZix, A eafv e e wbab, ebf~wg Rei`Lj I e bi Dci AwZ gvîvq wbf ikxjzvi Kvi b mb wel vz MR b eb GLb nviv Z Pj Q Zvi HwZn Avgiv Avevi M o Zzj Z PvB mb Rxe ewp Î ficyi HwZn evnx GB MR b eb K G j A ea e wbab, Rei`Lj eükib, mvgvwrk/askx`vix ebvqb Kvh µg Rvi`vi K i iw Z GjvKvi eb wbf i Rb Mvôx K mn-e e vcbv Kvh µ g m ú ³ K i Ges Rxe ewpî msi Y mn e bi Dci wbf ikxj Av kcv k emevmkvix RbM bi Av_ -mvgvwrk Ae vi DbœqbB g~j j mb j ev gag x cwikíbv cöbqb mn Gi ev evqb KvR mn-e e vcbvi mv _ RwoZ bz e ` wb RivB GB `vwqz cvjb Ki Z cv i mb j B GB mn-e e vcbv cwikíbv cöbq bi cöqvm hv nvk dvuwmqvlvjx eb cövbx Afqvi Y i Rb MwVZ mn-e e vcbv KwgwUi m`m `i ^í gqv`x (wzb w`b) cöwk bi gva g cöbxz GB e e vcbv cwikíbv, hv AvBc vk cök íi gvv ch v qi Kg x (Performance Monitoring and Applied Research Associate) mvwe K mgš^ qi `vwqz cvjb K i Qb GB mn-e e vcbv cwikíbv dvuwmqvlvjx eb cövbx Afqvi Y i e e vcbv Ges Dbœq b w`k wb ` kbv wnmv e we ewpz n Z cv i 1.1 Ae vb Ges MVb K evrvi _ K K evrvi-pæmövg gnvmo K 48 wk.wg. DË i K evrvi Rjvi PKwiqv Dc Rjvaxb 3wU e K h_vµ g WyjnvRviv e Ki 710 GKi, wisfs e Ki 1514 GKi I duvwmqvlvjx e Ki 993 GKi mn me gvu 3,217 GKi ev 1,302 n±i ebf~wg wb q duvwmqvlvjx eb cövyx AfqviY MwVZ evsjv `k mikv ii weáwß bs ceg/kv/5/6785 ZvwiL 02/06/2007 g~ j M v RU bvwuwd Kk bi gva g G eb K duvwmqvlvjx eb cövyx AfqviY wnmv e Nvlbv Kiv nq G Afqvi Y i t DË i nuv mi `xwn n q jvgv-avjx K`g mok, `w Y `yjvnvriv Qov Ges e½eüz mvdvix cvk, c~ e ev `ievb Rjv cwð g PÆMÖvg-K evrvi gnvmok GLv b wpinwir I wgkª wpinwir cvnvox ebf~wg we` gvb gvwu cöavbzt K` gv³ n Z K` gv³ `v-avku Ges cvnv o K` gv³ `v-avku n Z gvuv evwj we` gvb ek wkqz cvnvox Qov c~e w` K cöevwnz n q gvzvgyûix b`x Z cwzz n q Q K evrvi DËi eb wefvm GB eb cövbx Afqvib wui e e vcbvi `vwq Z i q Q 2

9 wpî 1 t AvBc v Ki AvIZvaxb iw Z GjvKv mg~n 3

10 wpî 2 t duvwmqvlvjx eb cövyx Afqvi Y i g vc 4

11 wpî 3 t duvwmqvlvjx eb cövyx Afqvi Y i j vû vc GjvKvi g vc 5

12 1.2 mn-e e vcbv cwikíbvi D Ïk Rxe ewpî msi Y: cövk wzk m ú `i w`k _ K duvwmqvlvjx eb cövyx Afqvib AZ š i Z c~b GB Afqvi Y i Dw ` Ges cövyx ewp Îi Kvb Rwic nqwb Z e Afqvi Y i cöavb cöavb Dw ` jvi g a MR b, KoB, Pvcvwjk, evubv, Rvg D j L hvm cövyx cörvwzi g a nvwz, evbi, gyl cvov nbygvb, gvqv nwiy, evbi, ARMi cöf wz D j L hvm AZ wak RbmsL vi Pv c Ges AcwiKwíZ fv e ebr m ú` Avni Yi d j cövk wzk m ú` A_ vr Dw ` I eb cövyx gvivzœk ûgwki m ylxb ZvB G Afqvi Y Dw ` I eb cövyx msi Y AZ š Ri ix j vû v ci Dbœqb : duvwmqvlvjx eb cövyx Afqvi Y i j vû c emevmkvix RbMb GB e bi cövk wzk m ú `i Dci wbf ikxj ZvB j vû c GjvKvq emevmkvix RbM Yi eb wbf jkxjzv Kgv bvi Rb G GjvKvq cövk wzk m ú `i m úªmviy Ges RbM Yi wekí Kg ms v bi e e v Kiv bv M j cövk wzk m ú `i Dbœqb m eci bq B Kv-UzwiRg m úªmviy: duvwmqvlvjx eb cövyx Afqvi Y i c~e w` K jvgv Dc Rjv, `w b Ges cwð g PÆMÖvg-K evrvi gnvmok weavq GLv b ch U Ki ek mgvmg N U GLv b Av iv ek wkqz HwZnvwmK `k bxq vb i q Q h_v: e½eüz mvdvix cvk, wgwiäv ch Ub K `ª, gvzvgyûix b`x cöf wz D j L hvm Gme GjvKv m ú K RbMb K e vckfv e Rvbv bvi gva g GjvKvi B Kv-UywiR g K Av iv m úªmvwiz Kiv Rjevqyi weiƒc cöwzwµqv gvkv ejv: e bi MvQ-cvjv K g hviqvq cöwz eqi cvnvo aÿm n Q ZvQvov GLv b eb v I Rjve Zv `Lv w` Q ZvB cövk wzk `~ h vm _ K i v cviqvi Rb RbMY K e vckfv e m PZb Kiv ebr m ú `i Ace envi iva: cövk wzk m ú `i g a GLv b wel vz MR b eb, eb cïcvwl, cv_i BZ vw` D j L hvm A eafv e vbxq Rb Mvóx G me Ag~j m ú` msmön Ki Q Ges aÿsm Ki Q ZvB cövk wzk fvimvg ervq ivlvi ^v _ cöwzwu cövk wzk m ú` h_vh_fv e msi Yi D ` vm biqv eb wbf ikxj Rb Mvóxi Dbœqb: AwZ `vwi `ª i Kvi Y GjvKvi eû jvk cöz ev c iv fv e wewfbœ ebr m ú `i Dci wbf ikxj cövk wzk m ú `i h_vh_ msi Y I Dbœq b eb wbf ikxj Rb Mvóxi wekí Kg ms vb/av qi Î m wó Kiv bv n j cövk wzk m ú` msi Y AZ š KwVb n e ZvB vbxq eb wbf ikxj Rb Mvóxi wekí Av qi e e v Kivi D ` vm MÖnb iw Z GjvKv m ú K RbM Yi g a m PZbZv e w : duvwmqvlvjx eb cövyx AfqviY GKwU msiw Z eb GLvbKvi cövk wzk m ú` msi Y I e env i mikv ii wewfbœ AvBb-Kvbyb i q Q ZvB G GjvKvi cövk wzk m ú` msi Y Gi e env ii e vcv i RbMY K e vckfv e m PZb Kiv bv m ev cwi mn-e e vcbv msmv bi bz e ` wb RivB hv Z wb R `i Kg cwikíbv cöbqb Ges Zv myô ch v q ev evqb Ki Z cv i mb fv e Zv `i M o Zvjv 2.0 RxeˆewPÎ msi Yi ˆewkómg~n / Av ivckiy 2.1 Rxe ˆewP Î i i Z : Kvb GjvKvi Rxe ewpî msi bi i Z ejvi A c v iv L bv Rxe ewpî cöwz e ki Awe Q` Ask G `i Qvov cwi ek I cöwz ek KíbvI Kiv hvq bv RxeˆewPÎ h Kvb wbw`ó ev Z š i Lv` k L ji cöavb wbqvgk G `i Qvov Lv` Drcv`b, cpb Ges cybivq Lv` k L j wd i Avmv Am e ev Z š i mkj Rxe I Ro Drcv` bi avivevwnkzv wvk ivl Z RxeˆewPÎ 6

13 i Z c~y fywgkv cvjb K i Rxe ewpî webó n j gvby li Aw Z I ûgwki g a co e Rxe ewp Î i i Z we epbvi wbgœewb Z c` c MÖnb Kiv Ri ix t cövk wzk fvimvg i v: cövk wzk fvimvg i vq Rxe ewpî GK i Z cy Ae`vb iv L Dw ` I cövyx Zvi Rxeb P µi cöwzwu av c G K A b i Dci wbf ikxj Kv RB Dw ` Ges cövbx msi bi gva g cövk wzk fvimvg i v Kiv Ri ix B Kv-UzwiR gi myi v: GLv b we` gvb B Kv-UzwiR g úu mg~ ni my hvm-myweav Av iv AvK lyxq Avqea K Î wn m e M o Zvjv h Z cv i f~-cövk wzk e e vi DbœwZ: GjvKvq mỳ k MR b eb, we` gvb cvnvo, Qov I Rjvkq jv weávb wfwëk msi Y I Dbœqb Kiv n j Rxe ewpî Av iv m ^ n e Rjevqyi cwiez b iva: duvwmqvlvjx eb cövyx Afqvi Y i Dci vbxq Rb Mvôxi wbf ikxjzv e vck d j GjvKvi cövk wzk m ú` w`b w`b aÿsm n Q ZvQvov evo Q cövk wzk `~ hv M ZvB Rjevqy cwiez b iva K í cövk wzk eb i vi D ` vm wb Z n e ` ki gvu ebv Qvw`Z fzwgi cwigvy e w : RbmsL v e w i d j Avev`x f~wgi cwigvb e w i Kvi b ebf~wgi cwigvb ms KvwPZ n Q ZvB Rei`LjK Z ebf~wg cybi vi, e k~b cvnv o ebvqb Ges ebvâj I eb cövbx msi Y we` gvb AvBb Av iv hy Mvc hvmx Kiv cö qvrb 2.2 RxeˆewPÎ msi Yi Dc hvwmzv/dckvwizv wecbœ cövyx euvwp q ivlv: GB eb cövbx Afqvi b i wel vz eb cövbx nvwz mn Ab vb wecbœ cörvwzi msi Y, Avev j cybi v ii Rb cö qvrbxq c` c MÖnb mn m PZbZv m wói cöqvm Pvjv bv cö qvrb wejyßcövq `kxq Dw ` I cövyx cörvwz e w : wec`vcbœ cörvwzmg~ ni Rb wbivc` Avem j m wó, e ivcy I wecbœ eb cövyx cörvwzi cörb bi e e v Kivi gva g Dw ` I eb cövbxi esk e w i c` c MÖnb Kiv cö qvrb `wi`ª Rb Mvóxi Rxeb I RxweKvi BwZevPK cwiez b: wewfbœ wekí Avqea K Kg m~pxi gva g `wi`ª Rb Mvóxi Aw_ K Ae vi Dbœqb Kiv cö qvrb hv Z Zviv cövk wzk m ú` msi Y Ae`vb ivl Z cv i cwi ek evüe ch Ub wk íi Dbœqb: we` gvb cövk wzk ch Ub úu mg~ ni cövk wzk cwi ek A zbœ i L wewfbœ Dbœqb cwikíbv MÖnb I ev evqb Kiv fzwg q cöwz iva: e vck nv i ebvqb K i f~wg q cöwz iv ai e e v MÖnY Kiv Kve b evwy R i we Ívi I meyr Av Qv`b evov bv : AvR wek e vcx ^xk Z h, DbœZ wek cöwz g~û Z h AwZwi³ Kve b evzv m Qov Q Zv Ab vb ` ki b vq Avgv `i ` ki meyr ebvbx I Zv kvlb Ki Q mkvi b DbœZ wek Kve b wmsk eve` wzc~iy cvevi Avkv `Lv w` q Q G Î Avgv `i ` ki Z_v we k i Kj v Y Av iv ekx ekx K i MvQ jvmv Z n e 2.3 eb cövyx msi Y Ôeb AvBb 1927Õ Ges Ôeb cövyx msi Y Av `k (ms kvwaz), 1974Õ Abyhvqx dvuwmqvlvjx eb cövbx Afqvi b i e e vcbv I m ú` msi Y Kiv n Q evav mg~n t Pviv wkkvixiv gv S g a duv` cv Z ev Ab Kvb cöwµqvq G D` v b eb cövyx wkkvi K i G ai bi wkkvi e Üi D ` vm wb Z n e 7

14 K wl Kv Ri Rwg ˆZix Ki Z, Qb msmön Ki Z ev cvb Pv li Rb e b Av b `Iqv nq Gi d j eb cövyx AvZw¼Z nq Ges Zv `i ^vfvwek RxebhvÎv e nz nq ZvB G mkj Kvh µg e Üi D ` vm wb Z n e eb cövyxi Lvevi mieivnkvix Dw ` cörvwzi msl v w`b w`b K g M Q, d j m ó Lvevi msk Ui Kvi b eb cövyx jvkvj q cö ek Ki Q AZtci gvby li nv Z aiv c o cövy nviv Q ch vß ebv Qv`b bv _vkvq Ges we kl eb cövyxi cö qvrbxq we kl we kl cörvwzi MvQ Ges eo Mv Qi msl v K g hviqvq Avev ji msku cöku n q Q G me mgm v mgvav bi Rb h_vh_ D ` vm wb Z n e e bi Af š i wewfbœ m ú` msmön I Ab bvbvwea cö qvr b gvby li AbycÖ ek evo Q Ges GUv ey cövyxi ^vfvwek wepiy evavmö Ki Q A ea e wbab cöwµqv Ae nz _vkvq eb cövyxi Avev j I Lv ` i msku n Q G me mgm v mgvav bi Rb h_vh_ D ` vm wb Z n e A ea Rei `Lj cöwµqv Pjgvb _vkvq w`b w`b ebf~wg mskzwpz n Q Ges eb cövyxi Ici Gi bwzevpk cöfve co Q `LjK Z mkj ebf~wg `Ljgy³ Kivi e e v MÖnY Kiv Ri ix 2.4 ebvâ ji mxgv ilv ebvâj Rwic / Rvwbs: AvaywbK cöhyw³ e env ii gva g ebvâj Rixc K i wewfbœ Rvb wpwýz Kiv h Z cv i cövk wzk wpý w` q mxgvbv m wó: ebvâ j we` gvb we klzt MR b, m b, Zjmyi cöf wz e, Qov, iv v BZ vw`i gva g e bi mxgvbv wpwýz Kiv h Z cv i mxgvbv wcjvi vcb: Rixc k l ebvâ ji Pvwicv k wkqz `yi ci ci cö qvrb ev a vqx wcjvi vcb Kiv h Z cv i Rei`Lj cöwz iva: ebf~wg Rei`Lj iv a e vck MYm PZbZv m wó Ges mikvix we` gvb AvBb K Vvifv e cö qvm K i Rei`Lj cöwz iv a cö qvrbxq c` c biqv Ri ix 2.5 ebvâ ji Rxe fšz Ae v duvwmqvlvjx eb cövyx Afqvi Y wewfbœ cörvwzi MvQ I weij cörvwzi Rxe-Rš Z ficyi GLvbKvi µvš xq Dò gûjxq wgkª wpinwir eb Gi Aš f ~³ G Z A bk wj DPzu-bxPz cvnvo i q Q hv UKbv di cvnvox e bi cöwzwbwaz K i AfqviY GjvKvi gvwu g~jzt cvnvox ev`vgx e b i, wkjvgvwu, e j- `vavuk cök wzi Ges A xq Z e A Z i gvîv vb f ` Kg- ekx nq GLvbKvi gvwu A c vk Z Kg De i wkš Av`ª Dò gûjxq AvenvIqvq cwzz jzv-cvzvi cpb `ª Z N U weavq gvwui DcwifvM A c vk Z wndgvm mg cvnv oi AwaKvsk GjvKv e kyb niqvq cöwz eqi GLv b e vck f~wg aÿm we` gvb Z_vwc GLv b nvwz, nwiy, evbi, KvKov L Kv evbi, nbygvb, mrvi, ïki, eb gvim, eb weovj, wkqvj, gqbv, a bk, wuqv, cupv, ek, kvwjk, nvqbv, ARMi mn wewfbœ cörvwzi mvc i q Q cvnvox Qovq wewfbœ cörvwzi K Qc i q Q cvnvo n Z Drcbœ Qov I SY v gvzvgyûix b`x Z AZtci mvm i cwzz n q Q 8

15 3.0 Rxe ewpî Ges Avevm &j 3.1 cöwz ek / ev Zš (Dw ` I cövwyk~ ji mwnz cwi e ki m úk ) we k ly ebvâj: duvwmqvlvjx eb cövbx AfqviY g~jzt GKwU µvš xq Dò gûjxq wgkª wpinwir eb G eb K msiw Z eb wn m e NvlYv Kivi Av M GLv b Ryg Pvl Kiv nz ez gv b GLv b wkqz cövk wzk I m wrz e i eb i q Q GLv b MR b, m b, Rvg,eUmn eû g~j evb MvQ Ges AwZ wecbœ I weij cörvwzi eb cövbx hgb: nvwz, evbi, Dj yk, nbygvb, gvqv nwiymn wewfbœ cörvwzi cï-cvwl Av Q cövyxk~j : G Afqvi Y Dw ` I cövyx cörvwzi B`vwbs Kvb Rwic nqwb Z e Dc i D j wlz Dw ` I cövyx cörvwzi mgv ek ek j Yxq gvzvgyûix b`x wbkuez x _vkvq Ges Afqvi b i cvwli Lv` mnrjf n ji cvkv mok _vkvq kã `~l Yi d j cvk-cvlvwj nvwi q hviqvi AvksKv `Lv w` q Q GLvbKvi ek wkqz cörvwzi eb cövbx ez gv b mskuvcbœ Ae vq Av Q K wl : dvuwmqvlvjx Afqvi b i j vû c avb, cvb, ZigyR, kkv, xiv, e b, gwip, Avjy, KPz, njỳ, wewfbœ mwâ Avev` Kiv nq ebvâj wfwëk cy mg~n duvwmqvlvjx eb cövbx Afqvi Y Ercvw`Z cb mg~n e bi Ici wbf ikxj nz`wi`ª Rb Mvôxi Rxeb I RxweKvq b i Z c~y f~wgkv cvjb K i G e b Drcvw`Z D j L hvm cb wj nj: Ni I AvmevecÎ ˆZwii KvV, R vjvbx KvV, Jlywa MvQ, evuk I ez, AwK W, gay, wewfbœ cökvi dj djvw`, Qb, cvb, avbmn wewfbœ dj I mwâ, BZ vw` 3.2 RxeˆewP Î i e envi duvwmqvlvjx eb cövbx Afqvi Y Pvicv k wekvj Rb Mvôx emevm K i ˆ`bw `b Pvwn`v guv bvi cvkvcwk Rxeb I RxweKvi cö qvr b Zviv G eb _ K wbqwgz R vjvwb KvV, evuk, ez, ebr dj-g~j, gay BZ vw` msmön K i hvmv hvm e e v mnrzi niqvq GLvbKvi Drcvw`Z cb ` ki wewfbœ RvqMvq mn R cwienb I mieivn Kiv hvq Rxe ewpî c w_exi GK Ag~j m ú` Gi myôz e envi Ges e e vcbvi gva g GB AfqviY wu K GKwU cövk wzk wpwoqvlvbvq cwiyz Kiv m eci m PZbZvi Afv e vbxq Rb Mvôx KZ K GL bv wkqy wkqy Î A eafv e e wbab, ebf~wg Rei `Lj, cv bi eir wbg vb, Rjvf~wg Z gvq Pvl, kb, Nvm, euvk I R vjvbx KvV msmön, cvwl wkkvi, nwib wkkvi Kivi K_v Rvbv hvq 4.0 Rxe ewpî e e vcbvi Rb M nxz ez gvb Ae v ch v jvpbv 4.1 ebvâj e e vcbv ez gv b G eb cövyx AfqviY wu mn-e e vcbvi gva g cwipvwjz n Q ÔwbmM buiqvk Gi AvIZvaxb ÕAvBc vk cök íiõ mnvqzvq GLv b mn-e e vcbv c wz cöewz Z n q Q mikvi cövk wzk eb msi Y I e e vcbvi Rb vbxq Rb Mvôxi ^Ztù Z AskMÖnY I mwµq mn hvwmzv MÖnY Ki Q G Î, AskMÖnY I mn hvwmzvi 9

16 wfwë n Q, iw Z eb I Rjvf~wg _ K cövß mydj ev DcKvi mkj AskMÖnYKvix I mn hvwm `i g a mylg eèb Ges wm vš MÖnY cöwµqvq mk ji Kvh Ki AskMÖn bi wbðqzv AskMÖnY I mn hvmxzvi gva g cövk wzk eb msi Yi G cöwµqvwu K Õmne e vcbvõ c wz ejv nq mn-e e vcbv c wzi gva g dvuwmqvlvjx eb cövbx Afqvi b i e e vcbv I Rxe ewpî msi Yi Rb mn-e e vcbv msmvb wb qvwrz Av Q G msmvb wø i wewkó cö_g i nj Ômn-e e vcbv KvDwÝjÕ hv bxwz wba viyx i wn m e KvR K i Ges wøzxq i nj Õmn-e e vcbv KwgwUÕ (wmggwm) hv bxwzgvjvi Av jv K M nxz Kvh µg ev evqb K i Dc iv³ Kvh µg cwipvjbvi j eb cövyx Afqvi Yi duvwmqvlvjx i Äi AvIZvq 30 wu wf jr KvbRvi fkb dvivg (wfwmgd), 1wU wccj& dvivg (wcgd), 2wU KwgDwbwU c Uªvwjs MÖ c (wmwcwr), 1wU wmggwm Ges 1wU d ió KbRvi fkb K ve (Gdwmwm) MVb Kiv n q Q Ôeb AvBb 1927Õ Ges Ôeb cövyx msi Y Av `k (ms kvwaz), 1974Õ Gi wb ` kbv Abyhvqx eb Awa`ß ii ÔK evrvi DËi eb wefvm, K evrviõ G Afqvi Y i e e vcbvq KiYxq f~wgkv cvjb K i D j wlz AvBb Abyhvqx, duvwmqvlvjx eb cövbx Afqvi Y i 1302 n± ii mxgvbvi g a Kvb cökvi ebr `ªe AvniY, cwienb I AcmviY m ú~y fv e wbwl 4.2 eb cövyx e e vcbv Ôeb AvBb 1927Õ Ges Ôeb cövyx msi Y Av `k (ms kvwaz), 1974Õ Abyhvqx eb cövbx Afqvi Y i eb cövyx e e vcbv cwipvwjz n Q eb cövbx e e vcbv AviI myó Ges Ae vnz fv e Kivi j wbgœewb Z e e vcbv MÖnb Kiv h Z cv i t cï Lv ` i evmvb m Rb : duvwmqvlvjx eb cövyx Afqvi Y i i Z c~y cövyx n Q nvwz, Dj yk, evbi, nbygvb ïki, wkqvj, nwib, mrvi, eb gvim, evnwvm, Bmvcmn wewfbœ ai bi mixm c, wuqv, WvûK, gqbv, NyNy, KvwKjmn bvbv cörvzxi cvl cvlvjx Lv` vfv e Giv w`b w`b wejywßi c _ GwM q hv Q GgbwK Lv ` i müv b A bk mgq Giv jvkvj qi P j Av m hvi `i b cöwz eqi duvwmqvlvjxi Aš MZ wewfbœ MÖvgv j nvwz mn Ab vb eb cövbxi Avµg b gvbyl gviv hviqv mn Zv `i h _ó wz nq ZvB Ri ixfv e we kl GjvKv wpwýz K i evuk, Kjvmn wewfbœ cï Lv ` i evmvb m Rb Kiv Ri ix Avevm j Dbœqb : eb cövyxi Avevm j Dbœq bi Rb b viv cvnv o Dchy³ cörvwzi ebr I dj` Mv Qi ebvqb esk e w / Dbœqb Kiv : AwZ wecbœ Dw ` I cövyx cörvwzmg~ ni esk e w i j cörbb K `ª vc bi D ` vm biqv cï-cvwl i vq RbgZ m wó Kiv : eb MvQcvjvI, cïcvwl h cwi e ki Awf Q` Ask Zv e bi Av kcv k emevmkvix RbMY K eysv bvi Rb wewfbœ m PZbZvg~jK Kvh µg MÖnb Ges Zv ev evqb Kiv 4.3 Rxe ewp Î i Avevm &j i Yv e Y Ges cybi vi dvuwmqvlvjxi GB eb K cö_ g msiw Z Ges c i eb cövbx Afqvib wnmv e Nvlbv Kiv nq eb cövyx AfqviY wn m e ^xk wz jv fi ci G eb e e vcbvi `vwqz ÔK evrvi DËi eb wefvm, K evrviõ Gi Ici b v nq Ges ZLb _ K cö qvr bi Zzjbvq AcÖZzj n ji Avevm j i Yv e Y Ges cybi v i 10

17 wefvmwu bvbvwea Kvh µg cwipvjbv Ki Q mn-e e vcbv c wz cöewz Z niqvq ez gv b Aswk`vwi Z i wfwë Z Gi Rxe ewpî I Avevm j i Yv e Y Ges cybi v ii Póv Pj Q 4.4 cwi ek evüe ch Ub dvuwmqvlvjx eb cövyx AfqviY cövk wzk mš `h gwûz Ges Gi hvmv hvm e e v mnrzi niqvq GLv b cwi ek evüe ch U bi D¾ j m vebvi Î D vwpz n q Q Ômn-e e vcbv KwgwUÕ e e vcbvi `vwqz MÖnY Kiv ci Afqvi Y i Af š i I evb i bvbvwea cwi ek evüe ch Ub myweavi we vi NUvq BwZg a hw`i GLv b D j L hvm msl K `kx-we `kx ch U Ki AvMgb NU Q Z_vwc GLbI G LvZ n Z Kvb ivr ^ Av`vq Kiv nq bv hw` ivr ^ Av`vq Kiv nq Z e, mikvix cöávcb Abyhvqx, G Afqvi Y i ch Ub myweav n Z cövß ivr ^i kzkiv 50 fvm ciez x eqi mn-e e vcbv KwgwU K cö`vb Kiv n e G A_ Øviv mn-e e vcbv KwgwU eb cövbx AfqviY I ZrmsjMœ j vû c GjvKvi msi Y, e e vcbv I Dbœqb Kv R e vq Ki Z cv i AwR Z mikvix ivr ^ n Z mn-e e vcbv msmvb K A a K ivr ^ diz cö`v bi NUbv Avgv `i ` k bwriwenxb eb cövyx AfqviY Kw `ªK B Kv K UR, Uzwi kc, wckwbk úu, Mvwo cvwk s vb, Uq ju myweav, cvwb mieivn, Uzwi kw, emvi eâ BZ vw` ˆZix Kivi cwikíbv i q Q GLv b 5 Rb cöwkw Z B Kv-U zi MvBW Av Q GQvov ch UK `i wbivcëv weav bi Rb eb wefv Mi Kg x `i mv _ wmwcwri m`m ivi wb hvwrz Av Q 4.5 ebvâj wfwëk Drcvw`Z cy e e vcbv c~ e wbw` ó As Ki ivr ^ MÖn bi wewbg q eb n Z Drcvw`Z cy Avni Yi Rb eb wefvm KZ K cviwgu cö`vb Kiv n Zv ez gv b mywbw` ó bxwzgvjvi Afv e G m ú `i myôz e e vcbv m eci n Q bv e bi wfzi I Av kcv ki emevmkvix `wi`ª Rb Mvôx Zv `i RxweKvq bi cö qvr b iw Z GjvKvq G m ú`mg~n Avnib K i Z e G ai Yi cövk wzk m ú` Avni Yi Rb mywbw` ó bxwzgvjv cöbqb Ges Gi mwvk cö qvm evâbxq G Afqvi Y Nvm, euvk, ez Øviv KzwUi wk íi wekvk mva b cöwk Y I Iwi q Ukb Kvh µg k l ev evq bi KvR Pj Q 50 Rb ebwbf i gwnjv K Uzwc mjvb qi cöwk b cö`vb I mnvqzvi gva g wekí Av qi Drm ˆZix K i e bi Dci wbf ikxjzv Kgv bvi e e v Kiv n q Q vbxq KvuPvgvj Øviv Drcvw`Z c Y i Dc hvmx g~j cvihvi Rb gv K U wjs KR Gi KvR Pj Q Ges wewfbœ cöwk Yi gva g ` Rbkw³ ˆZixi KvR Pj Q 4.6 AskMÖnYg~jK gwbuwis duvwmqvlvjx eb cövyx AfqviY g vc wbqwgzfv e nvj bvmv` Kiv nqbv wbqwgz ev wba vwiz weiwz Z eb ïgvix cwipvjbv Kiv nq bv eb wefv Mi cö qvrbxq Rbe ji Afve i q Q eb wefv Mi cö qvrbxq cwienb I AvaywbK DcKi Yi ^ízv eb Kgx `i AvaywbK eb e e vcbv m úwk Z ` Zvi Afve hš_ eb Unj ` ji m`m `i gv S cvi úwik Av vi Afve 11

18 mikvix Ab vb wbivcëv evwnbxi mv _ eb wefv Mi Kvh Kix hvmv hv Mi Afve KwgDwbwU cuªwjs MÖ ci Rb Avw_ K my hvm-myweav AcÖZzj Kvh Ki mn-e e vcbv GLbI cöwzwôz bv niqv 4.7 cövwzôvwbk Ges my-kvmb m úwk Z Bm ymg~n eb wefv Mi mnvqzvi Rb MwVZ mn-e e vcbv KwgwU KZ K M nxz Kvh µg mwvkfv e cwipvjbvi Rb wb œwjwlz c` cmg~n Ri ixt wbqwgz wmggwm/mswkó KwgwUi wgwus: mikvix cöávcb Abyhvqx wmggwmi wbqwgz mfv Av qvr bi e e v Kiv Avq-e qi ^ QZv : wmggwmi Avq-e qi wnmve cöwzwu KwgwUi mfvq Dc vcb KiZt mswk ó mkj K AewnZ KiY mv c Aby gv`b Kwi q biqv iry jkb I cöwz e`b : cöwzwu mfvi wewfbœ Av jvp wel q M nxz wm vš mg~n Kvh weeiyx wn m e ˆZix Ki Z n e Ges D³ Kvh weeiyx mswk ó gn j h_v mg q cöiy wbwðz Kiv Revew`wnZv I AvgvbZ`vwiZv : cöwzwu m` m i Dci Awc Z `vwqz cvj b m Pó _vk Z n e Ges m úvw`z `vwqz m ú K h Kvb mgq Revew`wnZvi Rb cö Z _vk Z n e mn-e e vcbv Kvh µg ïi i cöv v j j vû c GjvKvi 30wU MÖv g Rwic Ges mfvi gva g wfwmgd MVb I wccjm dviv gi Rb GKRb cyi l I GKRb gwnjv cöwzwbwa wbe vpb Kiv n q Q wccjm dvivg mfvq cöz m wzi wfwë Z mn-e e vcbv cwil `i Rb 22 Rb cöwzwbwa wbe vpb Kiv n q Q mn-e e vcbv cwil `i mk ji mwµq AskMÖnb I gzvg Zi wfwë Z mn-e e vcbv KwgwU MVb Kiv n q Q mn-e e vcbv KwgwU Z Av jvpbvi gva g mfvi wm vš gvzv ek Kvh µg ev evqb Pjgvb evrmwik wmggwm ev RU I AvBc vk cök íi mkj Kvh µg mn-e e vcbv KwgwUi mfvq Av jvpbv Kiv nq I mn-e e vcbv KvDwÝ ji Aby gv` bi ci cöbxz Kvh µg ev evq bi cö qvrbxq c` c bqv nq m PZbZv mfv Pjgvb Av Q Ges wewfbœ ch v q Revew`wnZv wbwðz Kiv n Q 5.0 j vû c GjvKvi ez gvb Ae v 5.1 j vû c G v cövp j vû c cš v nj Ggb GKwU Dcvq hvi gva g eb cövbx AfqviY e e vcbv Kvh µg ïa~gvî Afqvi Y i Af š ii m ú`, Rxe ewpî, cöwz ek BZ vw`i Dci wbf ikxj bv n q AfqviY mn ZrmsjMœ GjvKvq we` gvb mkj Dcv`vb A_ vr ci úi m úk hy³ Avevm j/eb, cöwz ek e e v, wbf ikxj Rb Mvôx, mvgvwrk/ cövwzôvwbk e e v K h_vh_ i Z cö`vb K i Ges ci úi mgš^q mva bi gva g e e vcbv c wz cöbqb c~e K Zv ev evqb Kiv 5.2 iw Z GjvKvi msjmœ j vû c GjvKv dvuwmqvlvjx eb cövbx Afqvib msjmœ j vû c GjvKv mgzj, K wl I Rjvf~wgi mgš^ q MwVZ Gme GjvKvi e vw³ gvwjkvbvaxb Rwg i q Q j vû c GjvKvq i q Q Djyewbqv, `w Y QvqivLvjx, DËi QvqivLvjx, KvUvLvjx, nvimvrv, QwMi kvn KvUv, fwû evrvi, nv mi w`nx, wmk`vi cvov, L `Kvi cvov, gmwjg bmi, bqv cvov, isgnj, evjyi 12

19 Pi, Pv evmvb, cvbbœv wswi, iv½v wswi, ˆeivwMi Lxj, cvjv KvUv, nvq`i bvwm, WBj cvov, Nvbvi cvov, `imvn& MBU, bzzb gmwr`, Pib Øxc, gšjfxi Kzg, Qovi K~j, gvbr cvov, wgvv Qwo I Wyg Lvjx MÖvgvÂj-nvUevRvi : j vû c GjvKvq ek wkqz ˆ`wbK I mvßvwnk nvu-evrvi wbqwgz e m Rjvf~wg-b`x : cvnvo n Z Drcbœ wkqz Qov Ges Lvj gvzvgyûix b`x Z cwzz n q Q gvzvgyûix b`x ciez x Z e ½vcmvM i cwzz n q Q we` gvb K wl Rwg: evdvi Rvb Ges j vû c GjvKvq K wl Rwg we` gvb hlv b wewfbœ ai Yi dmj wbqwgz Pvl Kiv nq DcRvwZ cj x : j vû c GjvKvq gvg v I PvKgv m úª`v qi emwz i q Q wk v cöwzôvb : j vû c GjvKvq zj, gv`&& &ivmv, K jr Ges GbwRI ms vi wewfbœ wk v cöwzôvb i q Q 5.3 f~wg e env i ez gvb Ae v duvwmqvlvjx eb cövbx Afqvi Y i AvIZvaxb GjvKvq wewfbœ gqv`x evmvb h_v t 110 n±i GjvKvq `xn gqv`x m wrz evmvb i q Q, hvi cörvwz jv n Q MR b, kvj, m b, Zjmyi, gnmwb, e niv, AvgjwK, nwizwk D j L hvm 105 n±i GjvKvq ^í gqv`x evmvb i q Q, hvi cörvwz jv n Q AvMi, AvKvkgwb, Mvgvix, D j L hvm 10 n±i GjvKvq evuk evmvb Ges 100 n±i GjvKvq i q Q ez evmvb 10 n±i GjvKvq Ilwa e i evmvb m Rb Kiv n q Q, hvi D j hvm cörvwz jv n Q AvgjwK, nwizwk, e niv I AR yb duvwmqvlvjx eb cövyx Afqvi Y A eafv e ebf~wg `L ji mwvk Kvb cwimsl vb bvb wf jrv ii msl v 165 hvi AwaKvskB i q Q WzjvnvRiv I duvwmqvlvjx GjvKvq e bi Af š i h mkj GjvKvq cövk wzkfv e e bi ^vfvwek c~bi ¾xeb cöwµqv msnwuz n Q bv Ggb wkqy GjvKvq eb wefvm BwZg a GbwiP g U evmvb m Rb K i Q j vû c GjvKvi wewfbœ iv vi (mok I Rbc_, BDwbqb cwil`, GjwRBwW BZ vw`) `yb av i Askx`vwi Z i wfwë Z ªxc ev mok ebvqb Kvh µg cwipvwjz n Q vbxq RbmvaviY j vû c GjvKvq Ges A bk mgq Rei`LjK Z eb GjvKvq K wl KvR g~jzt mwâ Pvl K i K wl I mwâ Pv l Drcvw`Z dmj Zv `i cwiev ii Pvwn`v guv bvi cvkvcvwk RxweKv DcvR bi mnvqzv K i 5.4 msjmœ / mswk ó MÖvgmg~n duvwmqvlvjx eb cövbx Afqvi Y i j vû c GjvKv 3wU e Ki gvu 20 wu MÖv g 30 wu wfwmgd MVb Kiv n q Q wfwmgd wj n Q h_vµ g Djyewbqv, `w Y QvqivLvjx, DËi QvqivLvjx, KvUvLvjx, nvimvrv, QwMi kvn KvUv, fwû evrvi, nv mi w`nx, wmk`vi cvov, L `Kvi cvov, gmwjg bmi, bqv cvov, isgnj, evjyi Pi, Pv-evMvb, cvbbœv wswi, iv½v wswi, ˆeivwMi Lxj, cvjv KvUv, nvq`i bvwm, WBj cvov, Nvbvi cvov, `imvn& MBU, bzzb gmwr`, Pib Øxc, gšjfxi Kzg, Qovi K~j, gvbr cvov, wgvv Qwo I Wyg Lvjx 13

20 5.5 K nvìvi ch v jvpbv duvwmqvlvjx eb cövyx Afqvi Y wb œwjwlz wzb ai bi K nvìvi i q Q h_vt cövwzôvwbk K nvìvi t eb wefvm, Gb wr I, BDwbqb cwil`, e vsk, we wr we Ges cywjk cöv_wgk K nvìvi t R vjvbx KvV msmövnk, A ea e wbabkvix I cvpvikvix, evuk I KvV msmövnk, kvk-mwâ msmönkvix, gay msmönkvix, e bi Rwg Rei`LjKvix, cvb Pvwl, ch UK, wkkvix wøzxq ii K nvìvi t KvV e emvqx, m wgj gvwjk, BU fvuvi gvwjk, dvwb Pvi e emvqx, BZ vw` ez gv b duvwmqvlvjx iä/wmggwmi AvIZvq 30 wu MÖvg/cvov i q Q hvi Aax b gvu 30 wu MÖv g cövq 9,500 cwiev i cövq 50,000 RbMY emevm K ib Zv `i g a cövq 87% gymwjg Ges evkx me wn `y Ges eš a g i Abymvix vbxq Rb Mvôxi cöavb ckv K wl GLv b eq wk vi nvi cövq 30% cövq 60% Rb Mvóx K wl wbf i, 15% grm Rxex, 20% w`b gryi Ges 5% Ab vb ckvq RwoZ 5.6 K wl Rwg Ges emz wfuvi e envi AÎ GjvKvi K wl Rwg GK dmjx Avev `i Rb wel vz wkqy wkqy K wl Rwg Z eq i 2 evi avb Avev` Kiv hvq eq ii ekxi fvm mgq A c vk Z DPz Rwg Z ZvgvK Pvl, wewfbœ ai bi mwâ hgb kkv, wssmv, wpwpsmv, eiewu, KvKij, e b, g~jv, wmg, jvd, cuj, WvUvkvK, KuPz, wgwó Kzgov BZ vw` Avev` Kiv nq emz wfuvq vbxq RbMb eiewu, KuPz, njỳ, e b, gwip, wmg, jvd, WvUvkvK BZ vw` Avev` K i 5.7 ebfywg A ea `Lj: duvwmqvlvjx eb cövyx Afqvi Y A eafv e ebf~wg `L ji mwvk Kvb cwimsl vb bvb wf jrv ii msl v 165 Rb hvi AwaKvskB i q Q WzjvnvRiv I duvwmqvlvjx GjvKvq 14

21 cvu - 2 iw Z GjvKvi mn-e e vcbv cwikíbv ev evq b KŠkjMZ mycvwikgvjv 1.0 iw Z GjvKvi mn-e e vcbv 15

22 1.1 D Ïk vbxq RbM bi AskMÖn bi gva g Ggb GKwU e e vcbv M o Zvjv hvi gva g iw Z GjvKvi mne e vcbvi mv _ RwoZ bz e ` wb R `i Dbœqb cwikíbv wb RivB cöbqb Ges ev evqb Ki e hvi j n e duvwmqvlvjx eb cªvyx AfqviY Aš f ~³ m ve m e v P cwigvy eb GjvKv wuwk q ivlvmn Rxe ewp Î i Dbœqb Gi cvkvcvwk vbxq RbM bi Av_ -mvgvwrk Ae vi Dbœqb GB mn-e e vcbvi cöavb D Ïk jv wbgœiƒc t Ggb GKwU e e vcbv M o Zvjv hv Afqvi Y i Ges Av kcv ki Rxe ewpî msi Y Ges Dbœq bi Rb M nxz `xn gqv`x cwikíbv cöbqb I ev evqb Ki e mkj K nvìvi `i Askx`vwiZ Ges K nvìvi I vbxq Awaevmx `i g a cvi úwik mn hvmxzvi wfwë Z mn-e e vcbv ` ji AbyeZ x n q Rxe ewpî msi Y KvR Kiv iw Z GjvKv e e vcbvi Rb cwikíbv cöyqb, Kg cöwµqv wba viy, AeKvVv gv Dbœqb Ges cövwzôvwbk Kv Ri m gzv AR b Ges Zv DË ivëi e w Kiv Afqvi b i eb cövyx msi Y Kiv hvi Aš f~³ _vk e fqven wec `i m ylxb cövyx, ûgkxi gy L _vkv cövyx, msiw Z cövyx Ges `yj f cörvwzi MvQ hz `ª Z m e Dw `K~j, cövyxk~j I fšz Dcv`vb m úwk Z welq cybi vi Kiv Ges ebr cöwz e ki Drcv`bkxjZv a i ivlv wbw` ó wkqz v b cwi ek evüe ch Ub K DrmvwnZ Kiv mn `k bv_ x `i åg Yi Rb mkj cökvi my hvm myweavi Dbœqb Kiv m e vcwi, wekí Avq m wó msµvš Kv R KvwiMwi mnvqzv cö`v bi gva g vbxq ebwbf ikxj RbM bi ` Zv e w mn RxweKvi Dbœqb Dc iv³ D Ïk jv AR bi Rb gyj Kvh µ gi cvkvcvwk wb gœv³ Kvh µg jvi nv Z wb Z n e : Rwi ci gva g AfqviY mxgvbv wpwýz Kiv Ggb GKwU mn-e e vcbv g Wj M o Zvjv Ges Gi mv _ m ú ³ Kv R mswk ó bxwz welqk wb ` kbv cöyqb, mn-e e vcbv K iw Z GjvKv msi Yi mv _ msmwzc~y K i M o Zvjv hv Z mkj K nvìvi `i mv _ Askx`vix Z i wfwë Z KvR Kiv hvq Rxe ewp Î i Drm mg~ ni Rwic cwipvjbv Kiv eb wefv Mi cövwzôvwbk ` Zv e w Kiv hv Z iw Z GjvKv e e vcbvq mswk ó wefvm h_vh_ f~wgkv ivl Z cv i msi Y m ú K m PZbZv m wó Kiv Ges msi Y welqk Bmÿ Z m cömviy Kvh µg M o Zvjv vbxq K nvìvi Ges eb wefv Mi Kg Pvix `i ch vß cöwk Y cö`v bi gva g msi Y e e vcbv, Avq e w I m PZbZv m wómn iw Z GjKvi myweav Dbœq b Kvh Ki f~wgkv cvj bi m gzv AR b Afqvi Y i g a msi Y Ges `k bv_ x `i Rb myweavi Dbœqb Askx`vwi Z i wfwë Z Av kcv ki MÖvg wj Z ebvq bi gva g ebr m ú `i hvmvb e w Kiv 16

23 `kxq Rv Zi Pvivi gva g ebvqb K DrmvwnZ Kiv Ges ax i ax i we `kx Rv Zi Mv Qi j `kxq Rv Zi Pviv ivcy Kiv cöavb K nvìvi ev eb wbf i vbxq `wi`ª RbM bi Rb wekí Kg ms v bi my hvm m wó Kiv 1.2 mn-e e vcbv c wz evsjv `k mikvi wm vš MÖnY K i Q h, cövk wzk eb msi Y I e e vcbv we k ly K i iw Z GjvKv e e vcbvq vbxq Rb Mvôxi Ask MÖnY I mwµq mn hvwmzv MÖnY Ki e mn-e e vcbv cöwµqvq AskMÖnYKvix I mn hvwm mk ji g a iw Z GjvKv/cÖvK wzk eb _ K cövß mydj ev DcKvi mylgfv e e Ub Kiv n e Ges e e vcbv I cwipvjb wel q wm vš MÖnY cöwµqvq mk ji Kvh Ki Ask MÖnY wbwðz Kiv n e mkj K nvìvi `i Kvh Kix Ask MÖnY I mn hvwmzvi gva g cövk wzk m ú` msi Y I e e vcbvi GB cöwµqvb n Q Õmn-e e vcbvõ mn-e e vcbvi D Ïk mg~n iw Z GjvKvi RxeˆewP Î i `xn gqv`x msi Y wbwðz Kivi cvkvcvwk vbxq RbmvaviY K cªavb vk nvìvi wnmv e Gi e e vcbvq Ask MÖn bi my hvm m wó Kiv iw Z GjvKvi Avkcv k emevmkvix RbM Yi Ask MÖnY wfwëk ebr m ú `i e envi I wekí Av qi my hvm m wó Ges Zv `i ` Zvi Dbœqb NUv bv iw Z GjvKv e e vcbvi Rb AeKvVv gvi Dbœqb, cöwk Y cö`vb Ges hvmv hv Mi my hvm-myweav m wómn DbœZZi cökvmwbk KvVv gv wbwðzkiy cwi ek ch Ub K DrmvwnZ Kiv Ges `k bv_ x `i Rb ch vß my hvm-myweavi e e v Kiv vbxq RbM Yi civgk I mwµq Ask MÖn Yi gva g mn e e vcbv Kvh µg K cövwzôvwbk iƒc `qv iw Z GjvKvq eb cövyx e e vcbv Kvh µ g mnvqzv cö`vb Kiv Ges cö qvrbxq M elyvi welq mbv³ Kiv Rjevqy cwiez bi wzki cöfve I Gi mv _ Lvc LvIqv bvi KŠkj m ú K RbMY K m PZb Kiv mn-e e vcbv msmvbmg~n mn-e e vcbv msmvb n Q mn-e e vcbv c wzi gva g mywbw` ó iw Z GjvKvi e e vcbv I Rxe ewpî msi Y wb qvwrz msmvb GB msmvb n Q mikvi KZ K Aby gvw`z mywbw` ó iw Z GjvKvi mv _ wewfbœ fv e m ú ³ Rb Mvôx I mikvwi wefv Mi Kg KZ vm Yi mgš^ q MwVZ duvwmqvlvjx eb cövyx Afqvi Y i e e vcbvq wb qvwrz mn-e e vcbv msmvb jv n jv: wf jr KbRvi fkb dvivg (wfwmgd), wccjm& dvivg (wcgd), mn-e e vcbv KvDwÝj (wmggwm), mn-e e vcbv KwgwU GQvovI Gi e e vcbvi AvIZvq Ab vb mn hvmx msmvb jv n & Q: KwgDwbwU c Uªvwjs MÖ c (wmwcwr), d i KbRvi fkb K ve (Gdwmwm), wmwei BZ vw` cövk wzk m ú`mg~ ni UKmB e e vcbv wbwðz Ki Z mn-e e vcbv msmvbmg~ ni buiqvwk s ˆZixi gva g wb gv³ D Ïk jv AwR Z n Z cv i: mn-e e vcbvq wb qvwrz msmvb mg~ ni g a hvmv hv Mi gva g GKwU Kvh Ki buiqvk Zix iw Z GjvKv mn-e e vcbvi Rb KŠkjMZ mvg_ Dbœqb 17

24 mn-e e vcbv c wzi AvIZvq bzzb bzzb GjvKv Aš f ~³ Kiv Rjevqy cwiez b gvkvwejvq h_vh_ Kg m~px MÖnY Ges Gi m ½ Lvc LvIqv bvi welqwu Z h _ó i Z cö`vb Kiv cövk wzk m ú` msi Y h_vh_ e e vcbv Ges Rxe ewpî msi Y mn hvwmzv e w Kiv eb wbf ikxj `wi`ª Rb Mvôxi e bi Dci wbf ikxjzv Kwg q Avbv I wekí Kg ms v bi my hvm m wó Kiv myweavmg~ ni e Ub K) 50 kzvsk ivr ^ Avq iw Z GjvKvi Dbœq b e qt iw Z GjvKvq cö ek I cvwks wd mn mn-e e vcbv msmvb KZ K cwipvwjz wewfbœ Kg KvÛ n Z cövß Av qi kzkiv 50 fvm ciez x eqi Afqvi b i Dbœqb Ges e e vcbvq e q Kivi Rb mn-e e vcbv msmv bi wbku diz cö`v bi e e v i q Q hgb: iw Z GjvKvq `k bv_ x KZ K cö `q cö ek wd Ges z W U Wi guix e e vcbv n Z cövß Av qi kzkiv 50 fvm mn-e e vcbv KwgwUi wbku ciez x eqi diz `qv nq G QvovI evdvi GjvKvh mvgvwrk ebvq bi gva gi DcKvi fvmxmb m ó eb n Z wbgœi c jf vsk c Z cv ib t L) kvjeb e ZxZ we` gvb evmvb I cövk wzk e bi Î t 1) eb Awa`ßi 50% 2) DcKvi fvmx 40% 3) e ivcy Znwej 10% M) vbxq RbMY wb R `i D ` v M eb wefv Mi f~wg Z M nxz mvgvwrk ebvq bi Ît 1) eb Awa`ßi 25% 2) DcKvi fvmx 75% N) vbxq Rb Mvôxi D ` v M mikvwi, Avav mikvwi I ^vqëkvwmz ms vi f~wg Z mvgvwrk ebvq bi Ît 1) eb Awa`ßi 10% 2) DcKv fvmx 75% 3) f~wgi gvwjk ms v 15% Dc iv³ Kvh µg ev bvq bi d j myweav fvmx `i DcKvi wbwðz n e j vû c Dbœqb Znwej / Gb Wv g U dvû / N~Y vqgvb Znwej duvwmqvlvjx eb cövyx Afqvi Y i Af š i Ges Av kcv k e vck msl K RbMY i q Q hv `i AwaKvs ki RxweKv we` gvb e bi cövk wzk m ú `i Dci wbf ikxj GB Rb Mvôxi wekí Avq m wó, mvgvwrk I mvgwók Dbœq b AvBc vk cökí KZ K j vû c Dbœqb Znwej (GjwWGd) _ K /UvKvi cwikíbv ev evq bi gva g i Z c~y f~wgkv ivl Q GQvov wewfbœ cökv ii cöwk b Ges Avw_ K mnvqzv cö`v bi gva gi wewfbœ cökvi wekí Kg ms vb Kvh µg (GAvBwR) ev evqb Kiv n Q wkš GB wekvj Kg KvÛ Ab vb mswk ó `i mn hvwmzv Qvov GKKfv e AvBc vk cök íi gva g AR b Kiv m e bq GRb wbmm buiqvk mswk ó Askx`vi I mg_ bkvix wewfbœ mikvix Ges emikvwi ms vi hš_ D ` vm I Askx`vwiZ cö qvrb wekí Avq e w I e emvq D ` vmmg~ n mswk ó ms v K RwoZ Kivi gva g Kvb Rb Mvôxi Avw_ K I mvgvwrk Ae vi Dbœqb m e n Z cv i Kvb mev`vbkvix cªwzóvb hgb: wrwu RW, BDGmGBW, Kv WK, BDGbwWwc, eª vk, MÖvgxb e vsk, Avkv, AvBwmwWwWAviwe, BZ vw` n Z Znwej cviqv M j Zvi h_vh_ e envi wbwðz Kiv 2.0 Avevm &j c~bi vi Kg m~wp 18

25 2.1 D Ïk mg~n Avevm j cybi vi Kg Kv Ûi cöavb D Ïk n Q t Dw ` I cövyxk~ ji esk e w iw Z GjvKvq RbemwZ vcb eü I K wl KvR wbqš Yi gva g bzzb eb m Rbmn Rxe ewpî msi Y imvm& evbi, nvwzmn wec`vcbœ cövyx `i wbivc` evm vb wbwðz Kiv eb cövyxi Aeva PjvPj,Lv` I Avkªq wbwðz Kiv wbqwš Z B Kv-UzwiR gi wekvk Rjvk qi weávb wfwëk e envi 2.2 ez gvb ebvâj Ges Z`msjMœ j vû c g vc nvjbvmv`kiy eb wefv Mi mnvqzvq iw Z GjvKv mn j vû c g vc nvjbvmv` KiZ: mn-e e vcbv KwgwUi gva g vbxq Rb Mvôxi Kvh Kjvc, A_ bwzk Kg KvÛ, f~wg Dc hvmx K wl dm ji Drcv`b, cwzz Rwg, Rjvkq BZ vw` Rwic K i Kibxq wel q wba vib Kiv cö qvrb g v c wewfbœ Rvb, HwZnvwmK vb/wb`k b Gi mȳ úó D j L _vkv cö qvrb 2.3 mxgvbv wpwýzkiy mxgvbv wpwýzki Yi Rb h_vh_fv e mv f Kivi ci mxgvbv m ú K wbwðz niqv hv e Ges cö hvr Î mxgvbv wcjvi vcb Kiv cö qvrb Gi cvkvcvwk m PZbZv I wb ` kbvg~jk mvbb evw I wej evw vcb Kiv `ikvi hw`i ek wkqz wej evw B Zvg a vcb Kiv n q Q BwZc~ e vwcz mvbb evw I wej evw cö hvr Î givgz I c~ytgỳ ªY Kiv h Z cv i 2.4 A eafv e MvQ KvUv / e b Av b `qv / wej mpv Ges cï Piv bv wbqš Y Dc iv³ welq jv wbqš b wbgœewb Z e e v MÖnb Kiv hvq t A ea fv e MvQ KvUv wbqš Y eb wefv Mi Kg x `i hy Mvc hvmx cöwk Y I DcKiY mieivn eb wefvm Ges wmwcwr KZ K MwVZ eb Unj `j c~y MVb I kw³kvjx Kiv hš_ Unj ` ji Rb wekí Kg ms v bi e e v Ki Z cö qvrbxq e e v Kiv i v Kv R `vwqz cvj bi Î gvvkgx I vbxq jvkrb `i KD ` óvš g~jk Ae`vb ivl Z cvi j Zv K cyi v ii e e v Kiv mn-e e vcbvi gva g vbxq RbM Yi wewfbœ wel q m PZbZv e w Kiv eb wbf i `wi`ª Rb Mvôxi Rb mn-e e vcbv KwgwUi D ` v M wekí Avq-e w g~jk Kvh µg MÖnY I ev evqb Kiv j vû vc GjvKvi mvgvwrk m PZbZv e w Z m PZbZvg~jK Kvh µg MÖnY Kiv AeKvVv gv ( zj, iv vnvu, eªxr/kvjfvu ) Dbœq b wewfbœ Kvh µg MÖnb ev evqb Kiv Av b wbe vcbx cö qvrbxq hš cvwzi mieivn Kiv e b MvPviY e Ü Mevw` cïi gvwjk `i AwewnZ Kiv ebf~wgi A ea `Lj gy³ Kiv I A ea `Lj iv a Kvh Kix c` c MÖnY Kiv wm Gg wm I eb wefv Mi g a mgš^q mfvi gva g wewfbœ wm vš MÖnY I ev evqb Mb m PZbZv e w i Rb cöpvi cöpviyvi gva g mfv I mgv ek Kiv 3.0 mn-e e vcbv Kvh µg 19

26 3.1 D Ïk mn-e e vcbv Kvh µ gi cöavb D Ïk n jv : ûgkxi m ylxb wbe vwpz iw Z A ji Kvh Ki cöwz iva M o Zvjv hv Z Rxe ewpî i v cvq e bi Dbœqb I msi Yi gva g eb cövyx emev mi Dc hvmx K i Zvjv e bi m vebvgq Drm jv K msi Y Kiv hvi g a wbe vwpz Rxe ewpî I Aš f ~³ _vk e K nvìvi `i civgk I Kvh Ki Ask MÖn Yi gva g mn-e e vcbv c wz K kw³kvjxkiy Rxe ewpî i vi ^v _ `kxq I vbxq cörvwzi Pviv wbe vpb I ivcb Kiv eb cövyx `i Aeva I wbivc` Avkªq, Lv` I Ae vb wbwðz Kiv Rb m PZbZv e w Z K nvìvi `i AskMÖnb wbwðz Ki Y D ` vm MÖnb Kiv mn-e e vcbv c wzi my hvmmyweav m ^ Ü m PZb K i Zvjv mn-e e vcbvi c wzi gva g vbxq ebwbf i Rb Mvôxi gšwjk Pvwn`v c~i Yi Rb wekí Av qi my hvm wbwðz Kiv mikvix I emikvix cöwzôv bi m ½ vbxq ebwbf i Rb Mvôxi gvbwmk I AvwZ K m úk I Av v m wói e e v wbwðz Kiv eb cövyxi AfqviY m wó Z cöwzeük Kzms vi I AÜ wek vm `~ixki Y mn-e e vcbv c wzi hy Mvc hvmx Ges AvaywbK a vb avibvq IqvwKenvj Kiv 3.2 Z`msjMœ j vû c GjvKv e e vcbv iw Z GjvKvi Dbœq b j vû vc GjvKvi i Z Acwimxg mb j j vû c GjvKvi Dbœq b ªxc ebvqb, ms hvm mok wbg vy, eªxr, KvjfvU ms vi/wbg vy, weï cvbxq Rj mieivn, mwb Ukb e e vi Dbœqb, ^íg~ j DbœZ Pzjv vcb, m cömviy, g vwjwiqv wbqš Y m PZbZv e w I wpwkrmv mev wbwðz Kiv Ri ix GQvovI vbxq eb wbf i Rb Mvwôi wekí Av qi Drm m wó Kiv cö qvrb G Kv R A _ i mskzjvb Ki Z wewfbœ cökí cöyqb I `vzv ms v wj n Z A_ mnvqzv MÖn Yi cö Póv Pvjv bv h Z cv i mn-e e vcbv KwgwUi Dbœqb Kvh µ gi mv _ j vû c GjvKvi Kg iz emikvix Dbœqb ms vi Dbœqb Kvh µ gi mv _ mgš^q mvab Kiv h Z cv i 3.3 iw Z GjvKvi g~j Ask ( Kvi Rvb) e e vcbv Avevm j Dbœqb Kvh µg GbwiP g U c v Ukb: Kvi Rv bi wzmö Ask hlv b cövk wzkfv e e bi ^vfvwek cybi ¾xeb cöwµqv evavmö n Q mlv b bzzb ebvqb Kiv I we` gvb cövk wzk e bi h_vh_ e e vcbv Kiv Nvm Rwgi Dbœqb Z Y fvrx ey cövyx `i Lv` cövwß wbwðz Ki Z evdvi GjvKv mn Lvm RwZ Z Nvm evmvb m Rb Kiv h Z cv i Rjvkq i Yv e Y 20

27 ey cövyx `i Rb e bi Af š i cvbxq R ji mieivn wbwðz Kivi Rb Rjvkq Lbb I ms vi/c~ytlbb Kiv we kl Avevm j i Yv e Y we kl we kl eb cövyx msi Yi Rb we kl ai bi Avevm j e e vcbv Kiv cö qvrb hgb: imvm& evb ii Rb QvU QvU Mv Qi Av Qv`b i v cö qvrb eb cövbxi Lvevi cövc Zv wbwðz Kivi Rb ebr I dj` e i ebvqb mn we` gvb dj` MvQ msi Y e e v MÖnb Kiv Avevm j c~bi vi Kvh µg IqvUvi kw e e vcbv iw Z GjvKvi K vp g U Gwiqvi Dbœqb mvabc~e K IqvUvi kw Dbœqb mvab Kiv cwi ek evüe Kg KvÛ c~biæ vi nvwi q hviqv cörvwzi cybiæ vi f~wg q I f~wgaÿm iva K í ûgwki gy L cwzz cvnvox c_ I Lv j/qovi cv o ev kui Pviv Øviv ebvqb I Nvm evmvb m R bi D ` vm biqv Rei`LjK Z ebf~wg D vi K i ebvq bi AvIZvq Avbv 3.4 Z`msjMœ j vû c AÂj ( Rvb) evdvi AÂj ebvqb Dc hvmx evdvi Rvb GjvKvq Askx`vwi Z i wfwë Z mvgvwrk ebvqb m Rb I Askx`vi wbe vpb K i Askx`vi `i gv S jf vsk wezib wbwðz Kib j vû c AÂj j vû c GjvKvq grv cykzi I Rjvavi K grm Pv li AvIZvq Avbv I Unj ` ji m`m Ges eb wbf i Rb Mvôx K w` q grm Pvl Kiv bvi gva g wekí Av qi Dr m cwibz Kiv j vû c GjvvKvq cwzz/cövwš K Rwg Z ebvqb, mok I ms hvm mok ebvqb wekí Avq I KzwUi wk íi Dbœq b cvwu/gv`yi ˆZix, Uzwc mjvb, bvm vix D Ëvjb, DbœZ P~jv ˆZix, Szwo evbv bv Ges wecb bi Rb cöwk Y cö`vb I weµq KY vi Pvjy Kiv evwuk/eywu Ki cöwk Y cö`vb I Kvh µg Pvjy Kiv cwi ek evüe ch Ub Kvh µ gi cöwk Y cö`vb j vû c GjvKvi Rb Mvôx K m PZb Kivi j wewfbœ cökvi e e v MÖnb 4.0 RxweKvqb Ges fjy PBb Kg m~wp 4.1 D Ïk RxweKvqb Ges fjy PBb Kg m~pxi cöavb D Ïk n Q t eb wbf ikxj Rb Mvôxi vqx Kg ms v bi gva g iw Z GjvKvi Dci Pvc Kgv bv vbxq `wi`ª Rb Mvôxi wekí Kg ms vb m wó vbxqfv e Drcvw`Z c Y i vqx evrvi ˆZix 21

28 4.2 f vjy PBb Ges Kbvi fkb G UvicÖvBR f vjy PBb cöwµqv K UKmB Kivi Rb GKB ckvq wb qvwrz vyxq Rb Mvóx K `je KiY, `jmz fv e KvuPvgvj msmön, evrvirvzki Y D ỳ KiY Ges evrv ii mv _ ms hvm m wói D ` vm biqv h Z cv i e bi Dci wbf ikxjzv Kgv bvi Rb duvwmqvlvjx wmggwmi AvIZvq 30wU wfwmgdmn wmwcwr, Gdwmwm Ges Ab vb msmv bi m`m `i gva g f vjy PB bi AvIZvq wekí Avqea K Kg m~px ev evqb Kiv h Z cv i cöwz wfwmwgd n Z 30 Rb `wi`ª m`m K wba vwiz 4 wu Uª W (K wm, grm Pvl, evuk- e Zi wrwbm ˆZix Ges bvm vix D Ëvjb) `jmz fv e wef³ K i cöwk b mn cö qvrbxq DcKiY mnvqzv cö`vb Kiv n Q ciez x Z eiv cviqvi cªw& Z j vû c GjvKvi Rb Mvôx K Av iv e vcknv i wewfbœ wekí Avq ea K Kg m~pxi AvIZvq Avbv h Z cv i K wl Ges nwu KvjPvi dmj K wl I nwu KvjPvi dmj e e vcbv Kvh µg nv Z bqv h Z cv i D P djbkxj dm ji/mwâi Avev` e w mgwš^z emzwfuv Lvgvi e e vcbv ebr, dj` I flr Pviv Øviv emzwfuv ebvqb, nuvm-gyiwm cvjb, grm Pvl, Mi gvuvzvrv Kib, mwâ Pvl, bvm vix m R b Drmvn cö`vb D P djbkxj I D P g~ j i dm ji Pvlvev` ^í mg q D Pdjbkxj dm ji exr mieivn I Drcv`b e w i Rb GjvKvi K lk `i m PZb I mn hvwmzv Kiv wf jr bvm vwi emzwfuv wfwëk bvm vix D Ëvj b DrmvwnZ Kiv nwu KvjPvi evmvb m Rb wewfbœ cörvwzi djr Mv Qi evmvb m wó Z cövwš K Rwgi e env i Drmvn cö`vb grm Pvl/AvniY mn-e e vcbv msmv bi mn hvwmzvq Unj`j I ebwbf i Rb Mvôxi Avw_ K Dbœq b `jxqfv e gvq Pv l m ú ³ Kib wel q Drmvn `vb euvk m ú` Dbœqb emzwfuvi cövwš K Rwg Z euv ki evmvb m Rb K i KzwUi wk íi Rb KuvPvgvj mieivn wbwðz KiY n Íwkí/ZuvZ wkí eb wbf i `wi`ª gwnjv I wk kvixw`m K evwuk I eywuk, kv wcp BZ vw` ˆZwii wel q cöwk Y cö`vb Ges evrvirvz Ki b mnvqzv Kiv DbœZ Pzjv DbœZ Pzjv vc b ` KvwiMi ˆZixi wel q cöwk b cö`vb DbœZ Pzjv vc b j vû vc GjvKvi RbMY K D z Kiv 22

29 wmggwmõi D ` v M ^í g~ j j vû vc GjvKvi RbM Yi gv S DbœZ Pzjv vcb/mieiv ni e e v Kiv G Î, wrwu RW Gi KvQ _ K Avw_ K I KvwiMwi mnvqzv MÖnY Kiv h Z cv i mn-e e vcbv KwgwUi D ` v M eb wbf i `wi`ª RbM Yi Av_ -mvgvwrk Dbœq b mikvi I `vzv Mvôxi mv _ hvmv hvm, welq wfwëk cökí MÖnY I ev evqb Kiv R vjvbxi Ace q iva K í e bi Dci Pvc Kgv bv I Kve Y wbm gb Kgv bvi D Ï k DbœZ P~jv ˆZix I e envi welqk cöwk Yi e e v Kiv 5.0 dwmwjwur (AeKvVv gv g~jk) Dbœqb Kg mywp 5.1 D Ïk mg~n AvMZ ch UKMY hv Z ^v Q ` dvuwmqvlvjx eb cövbx Afqvi Y ågb Ges ch vß Ávb jvf Ki Z cv i mrb cª qvrbxq AeKvVv gv wbg vy I my hvm myweav wbwðz Kiv ch UK `i Rb cwi ek evüe B Kv- K UR wbg v bi cvkvcvwk eb e e vcbvq wb qvwrz eb wefv Mi gvv ch v qi Kg KZ v/kg Pvix `i Ae v bi Rb I evwoni wbg vb Ges ch vß wbivcëv wbwðz Kiv Ri ix 5.2 myweavw`i Dbœqb ch UK `i cök wz Dc fv Mi D Ï k wbgœwjwlz myweavw`i Dbœqb Kiv cö qvrbt cöwkw Z B Kv-MvBW ˆZix cö qvrbxq v b eâ wbg vbmn cvwb I Uq j Ui e e v Kiv ch Y UvIqvi I MvjNi wbg vy 5.3 e b nvuvi iv Ív/ UªBj wbg vb we` gvb UªBj ms vi Kivmn bzzb UªBj wbg vb e bi iv v givgz I Dbœqb cö qvrb ev a KvjfvU wbg vy I ms vi Kib 6.0 `k bv_ x e e vcbv Kg m~px 6.1 D Ïk mg~n cwi ek evüe ch Ub wk íi wekv ki j Uz i Kv úvwb jvi mv _ hvmv hvm vcb GjvKvevmxi RxweKvq bi my hvm m wói j ch Ub wbf i wewfbœ Kvh µg MÖnb Avw`evmx `i wkí I ms wzi wekvk Gi e e v Kib cvwk s úu ms vi I m cömviy Kiv 6.2 cwi ek evüe ch Ub cwi ek evüe ch Ub GjvKv wpwýzkiy wisfs e Ki 1962 m bi cyi bv MR b I XvwK Rv gi evmvb ch Ub m ebv gv_vq i L wkq~ Dbœqb Kiv M j AvKl bxq cwi ek evüe ch Ub K `ª wnmv e M o Zvjv m e myweavw` Dbœqb cö ek wd 23

30 cö ek wd msmö ni gva g ivr ^ Avq e w Kiv Ges mikvix bxwzgvjv Abyhvqx iw Z GjvKvi Rxe ewpî msi Y I GjvKvevmxi Dbœq b e envi Kiv QvGvevm I B Kv-K U R Gi gva g Avq Ges Av qi A _ Dbœqb g~jk Kg KvÛ MÖnb I ev evqb cök wz Ges nvbwks UªBj we` gvb nvbwks UªBj Gi DbœwZ mvab mn bzzb UªBj wbg v bi c` c MÖnb Uzwi wbqgvejx m úwk Z wjd ju ˆZix mn wej evw cö yz KiZ: nvbwks UªBj Gi cv k wba vwiz v b vcb MvjNi I ch e Y UvIqvi wbg vy mš `h ea b c` c MÖnb Kiv cö qvrb evwus Gi Rb wbpz GjvKvq evua wbg v bi gva g Rjvf~wg m wó Ges Z_vq wpë we bv` bi Rb cwj evu Gi e e v Kiv wckwb Ki Rb myweavw` wckwbk úu I kw wbg vy ivbœvi Rb DbœZ Pzjv vcb mn emvi Rb eâ wbgv b Mvj Ni/QvZv wbg vy B KvK UR/ z W U WiwgUix wbg vy KwgDwbwU wfwëk cwi ek evüe ch Ub KwgDwbwU wfwëk vbxq HwZn evnx `ªe I wk íi wekvk mn wecbb e e v M o Zvjvq mnvqzv cö`vb cwi ek evüe ch Ub wbqš Y B KvMvBW Gi gva g iw Z GjvKv åg b DrmvwnZ Kiv ch UK `i wbivcëv wbwðz Kiv m vwb Ukb myweav wbwðz Kiv mzk xkiy weáwß/mvbb evw vcb Kiv mnr hvzvqvz wbwðz KiYv _ g vc cö`k b Kiv 6.3 msi Y welqk wk v I m PZbZv m wó 6.4 ch Ub wk vi Rb B UviwcÖ UwUf gva g mvbb evw, wej evw, wjd ju, wfwwi wpî, UªBj wpý, B Kv-Uz i MvBW, gvevbj wfwwi f vb, BZ vw` wbw`ó GjvKvq vc b cö`k bi e e v MÖn bi gva g ch UKiv Avbw `Z Ges DcK Z n Z cv i 6.4 cwi ek welqk wk v wewfbœ mfv, mgv ek, nvbwks, µm wfwru, gvbwks, wfwwi cö`k b, cöwk Y, BZ vw`i gva g vbxq zj/k j Ri QvÎQvÎx mn ch UKiv GØviv DcK Z n Z cv i cök wzex Y K `ª wbg vy Kiv 24

31 wewfbœ cwi ek welqk eb I cyw Kv msi Y Kiv 7.0 AskMÖnY g~jk gwbuwis (cixwe Y) Ges m gzv e w KiY Kg m~wp 7.1 D Ïk mg~n mn-e e vcbv ` Zv e w mn m úvw`z Kv Ri weeib Rvbv Ges Gi bmz gvb m ú K j ivlv gwbuwis Gi Dci wbf i K i ciez x cwikíbv MÖnY I myôz e e vcbvi gva g Kg m~pxi mdj ev evqb 7.2 Ask MÖnYg~jK gwbuwis µm wfwru, hš_ mgx v Ges cöwk Y Kvh µ gi gva g ` Zv evov bv ev evwqz/ev evwqze Kv Ri bmz gvb wbwðzkiy 7.3 cöwk Y mn-e e vcbv c wzi mv _ RwoZ mn-e e vcbv msmv bi wewfbœ ii cöwzwbwa `i ` Zv e w i Rb cöwk Y cö`vb wekí Avq m wói j GjvKvq wi mvm cvm b `i D vebx KŠkj m úwk Z cöwk Y cö`vb wmggwmõi wnmve Kg KZ v I cökvmwbk Kg KZ v K cöwk Yi gva g Zv `i ` Zv e w 8.0 cövwzôvwbk Dbœqb Kg m~wp 8.1 D Ïk mg~n mn-e e vcbv cöwzôvb K ` /MwZkxj Kiv ` fv e cwipvjbvi Rb Rbej e w ebf~wg, Rxe ewpî msi Y, B KvUzwiR g, BZ vw` msµvš hvezxq Kg KvÛ myózfv e m úv`b 8.2 vd `i cöwk b wnmvei Y I cökvmwbk mnkvix K welq wfwëk cöwk Y cö`vb wuwku KvD Uvi mnkvix, mycvifvbrvi I D` vb e e vcbvi mv _ RwoZ e w³em K welq wfwëk cöwk Y cö`vb D` vb e e vcbv I cwi ek Rxe ewpî msi Y MwVZ Dc-KwgwU mg~ ni m`m `i cö qvrbxq cöwk Y cö`vb welq wfwëk ` Rbej wb qvm I cöwk Y cö`vb mn-e e vcbv msmvb wj MwZkxj Kivi j cö hvr Î cö qvrb Abyhvqx Kgx wb qvm 8.3 `vwqz I KZ e mg~n cvi úvwik `vwqz I KZ e m ú K cöwzwu mn-e e vcbv Kg x K m ú~b IqvwKenvj _vkv evãbxq `vwqz Dcjw I wbôvi mwnz m úv`b/cvjb 25

32 9.0 ev RU me `v ib ivlv cö qvrb hv Z wbr K g i wewbg q hv Z iw Z GjvKvi Rxe ewpî msi bmn vbxq RbM bi Av_ -mvgvwrk Ae vi DbœwZ nq 9.1 cö qvrbxq BbcyU Ges wb ` kk g~jk ev RU cöv jb iw Z GjvKvi e e vcbv, cwi ek I Rxe ewpî msi Y MÖnxZ Kvh µ gi ev evqb hvm evrmwik/câevwl K cwikíbv cöbqy I m ve Li Pi ev RU cö yz I mn-e e vcbv KvDwÝ ji Aby gv`b MÖnY mv c ev evqb Kvh µg ev evq b wbr ^ Znwej m wó I ewn: Drm m wó/ LuvRv cöv wjz ev RU wbqš Y Ges h_vh_ fv e M nxz Kvh µg ev evqb 9.2 ev RU cwiez b/cwigvr b cwikíbv ev evqbvaxb mg q evrvi g~j Abyhvqx `ªe g~j g~j ùxwzi nv i ev RU ms kvab Kiv h Z cv i Z e ms kvwaz/cwigvwr Z ev RU mn-e e vcbv KvDwÝ ji Aby gv`b mv c ev evqb Kiv h Z cv i 10.0 mn-e e vcbv msmvb wji avivevwnkzv ervq ivlvi KŠkj cök íi gqv` kl niqvi c ii mn-e e vcbv msmvb wj hv Z djcömy Ges Kvh Ki fv e iw Z GjvKv jv msi b Ges Dbœqb Kvh µ gi avivewnkzv ervq ivl Z cv i mb j AvBc vk Gi Kg cwikíbvq mwµq Ges ev em Z c` c MÖn bi w`kwb ` kbv cö`vb Kiv n q Q, hv wbgœi ct 10.1 AvBc v Ki AvIZvaxb 25wU iw Z GjvKvi Rb GjvKv wfwëk avivevwnkzvi Kg cwikíbv cöbqb avivevwnkzv ervq ivlvi j 16wU iw Z eb Ges 5wU iw Z Rjvf~wgi Rb h 21 wu iw Z GjvKv mn-e e vcbv cwikíbv cöbqb Kiv n q Q Zv Z w`kwb ` kbv m ^wjz G Aby Q`wU ms hvrb Kiv n q Q mn-e e cbv msmvb wj hw` mn-e e vcbv cwikíbvq D j wlz w`kwb ` kbv gvzv ek Zv `i mvsmvwbk Kvh µg jv h_vh_ fv e cwipvjbv K i Z e cökí gqv`v š Zv `i avivevwnkzv Aek B ervq _vk e 10.2 avivevwnkzvi Rb cövwzôvwbk ` Zv e w Ges gvbe m ú` Dbœqb cöwk bi gva g cövwzôvwbk ` Zv e w mn `jmz Kg ` Zv Dbœq bi wfwë Z mn-e e vcbv cöwzôv bi avivevwnkzv ervq ivlv AvBc vk cök íi Ab Zg g~j j GB j cöwk bi cvkvcvwk cövwzôvwbk Ges Avw_ K e e vcbvq we kl i Z cö`vb Ki Z n e GLv b D j L Kiv cö qvrb h mn-e e vcbv cöwzôvb wji e e vcbvi Rb h mkj my úó w`k wb ` kbv cö`vb Kiv n q Q mb gvzv ek mne e vcbv msmvb wj Zv `i Kg KvÛ cwipvjbv Ki Q wkbv mb welq wj wbwðz Ki Z n e hgb t h_vmg q mn-e e vcbv msmv bi wbav wiz mfv jv AbywôZ niqv ( hgb: mne e vcbv KwgwU, wccjm& dvivg, wbmm mnvqk, wf jr KwgDwbwU dvivg Gi wbav wiz mfv jv) cöwzwu mfvi Kvh weeibxmn wm vš wbav wiz gn j cöib Kiv wfwmgd, Gb Gm Ges wc Gd msmvb jvi Kvh µg wbqwgz fv e wmggwm KZ K gwbui Kiv mswk ó mikvix cöwzôv bi mv _ wbav wiz mfv jv h_v mg q m úv`b Kiv, BZ vw` 26

33 GQvovI Avw_ K e e vcbv hv Z wbqgbxwz gvzv ek ^ QZvi mv _ cwipvwjz nq m wel qi wbwðz n Z n e hgbt mn-e e vcbv cöwzôv bi (wmggwm/aviggi) evwl K Dbœqb cwikíbv cöbqb Ges wbav wiz KZ c i wbku n Z Aby gv`b Kiv mn-e e vcbv cöwzôv bi mkj Avq e q ^ QZvi mv _ wnmvevwqz Kiv ` Zvi mv _ iw Z GjvKvi cö ek wd mn Ab vb wd Av`vq KvDwÝj KwgwU Z wmggwm/aviggi Gi Avw_ K cöwz e`b Dc vcb Ges Aby gv`b Kwi q biqv wbav wiz mg q AwfÁ AwWUi Øviv wnmve wbkvk AwWU Kiv bv, BZ vw` Avgv `i g b ivl Z n e h myôz cövwzôvwbk ` Zv Ges ^ Q Avw_ K e e vcbvi DciB mn-e e vcbv cöwzôv bi avivevwnkzv wbf jkxj D j L h mn-e e vcbv cöwzôv bi Rb GKwU Ôcvidi gý gwbuwis vikvwõ cªbqb Kiv n q Q hv Kvh Ki fv e m úvw`z Kvh µg/dbœqb avivevwnk fv e g~j vwqz n Q cöm½z h GB Kvh µ gi gva g mikvix cöwzôv bi ` Zv Ges cöwzkö wz e w cv e hv mn-e e vcbv msmvb I Gi A½ msmvb jvi mv _ msi bi wel q mg_ b e w Ki e djkö wz Z GK Î KvR Kiv mnr n e 10.3 `xn gqv`x Ges m ^wš^z Avw_ K e e vcbv M o Zvjv cöwzwu iw Z GjvKvq wbw`ó m vebvgq welq wj wpwýz K i `xq gqv`x Ges mgwš^z Avw_ K e e vcbv M o Zzj Z n e Gi g a i q Q mkj mn-e e vcbv msmv bi mvmvj I qj dqvi `ß i wbeüb Kiv hv Z Zviv Znwej msmön/m wó Ges Gi e e vcbv Ki Z cv i Znwej msmön m vebvi g a i q Q t iw Z GjvKvi cö ek wd, cvwk s wd BZ vw` eve` cövß ivr ^i kzkiv 50 fvm iw Z GjvKvi B Kv-Uz wirg _ K cövc Av qi fvm Avib K dvd Ûkb Gi mv _ mn-e e vcbv msmv bi mzzeüb vc bi gva g cövß dvû mikvix eiv cövwßi my hvm Kwi q `Iqv Ab vb `vzv Ges emikvix cöwzôv bi wbku _ K Avw_ K mg_ b cövwßi j Dbœqb cökí cöbqb Ges `vwlj Kiv, BZ vw` D j wlz m vebv jv h_vh_ fv e Kv R jvmv bv M j mn-e e vcbv msmv bi avivevwnkzv i vi Î h e vck Ae`vb ivl e Zv ejvi A c v iv L bv 10.4 ÔwbmM buiqv K iõ cwjwm Ges AvBbMZ mg_ b wbwðzkib iw Z GjvKvi mn-e e vcbv K Ôcwjwm Ges AvBbMZÕ mg_ b jv fi j bzzb Ôiw Z GjvKv bxwzgvjvõ cöbqbmn mn mn-e e vcbv avibv K Aš f~³ K i we` gvb Ôeb AvBbÕ Ges Ôeb cövbx AvBbÕ ms kvab Kvh µg cövq P~ovš ch vq GQvovI we` gvb RvZxq eb bxwz Z I Ômn-e e vcbv avibv KÕ Aš f~³ K i eb wefvm GKwU hy Mvc hvmx RvZxq ebbxwz cöbq bi KvR nv Z wb q Q G Î AvBc v Ki AR b h _ó Drmvne ÄK iw Z GjvKvi mn-e e vcbv K wewfbœ gn j Zy j aiv mn mikvix mg_ b Av`vq Ges mikvix Avw_ K Ges KvwiMix mnvqzv cövwßi m vebvgq Î wj Kv R jvmv bv M j mikv ii mwµq/djcömy mn hvmx wnmv e mn-e e vcbv msmv bi avivevwnkzv i v wbwðz n e 10.5 gz-wewbg qi gva g mn-e e vcbv msmvb wji g a buiqv K vcb 27

34 iw Z GjvKv msi b Ômn-e e vcbv c wzõ evsjv `k mikv ii AvBb Ges cwjwm MZ mg_ b jvf mn Avw_ K mnvqzv cövwßi wbwg Ë Kvh Ki cöfve we v ii j GKwU RvZxq KÚ (National Voice) Ges gâ (Platform) vc bi Rb mn-e e vcbv cöwzôvb wji g a gzwewbg qi gva g Kvh Ki buiqvwk s M o Zvjv Ri ix GB j mn-e e vcbv msmvb jvi mswk ó BDwbqb cwil`, Dc Rjv Ges Rjv ch v qi Kg KZ v `i mv _ Nwbô hvmm~î vcb Kiv Ri ix GQvovI mn-e e vcbv buiqv K Gi gva g wewfbœ RvZxq dviv g mn-e e vcbv welqwu Dc vc bi Kvh Ki c` c MÖnb Kiv cö qvrb 11.0 Rjevqy cwiez bi cöfve Ges Gi m ve Awf hvrb cwikíbv 11.1 Rjevqy cwiez b Rjevqy n Q Kvb GjvKvi Kgc 30 eq ii Mo AvenvIqv Kvb wbw` ó FZy Z GKwU GjvKvi AvenvIqvi j Yxq cwiez b nq Rjevqy cwiez bi Kvi Y Rjevqy cwiez b GKwU wbqwgz cövk wzk NUbv wkš gvby li Kg Kv Û Zv e vckfv e cöfvwez nq Rjevqy cwiez bi d j c w_exi ZvcgvÎv e w cv Q hv ˆewk K Dòvqb bv g AwfwnZ Rjevqy cwiez bi Kvi Y gvbe Aw Z mn G MÖ ni RxeˆewPÎ ûgwki m ylxb 11.2 Rjevqy cwiez bi KviYmg~n cövk wzk KviY t hgb: f~-k úb, mši kw³i ZviZg, c w_exi K xq cwiez b, Av MœqwMwi, mvgyw`ªk mªv Zi ZviZg, µgvmgb BZ vw` gbyl m ó KviY t hgb: MÖxb nvdr M vm wbtmiy, ewk K DòZv, ebvâj aÿsm, f~wg e env i cwiez b BZ vw` 11.3 duvwmqvlvjx eb cövbx Afqvib Ges Gi j vû c Rjevqy cwiez bi cöfve mgỳ ªc ôi D PZv e w avibv Kiv nq h mgỳ ª c ôi D PZv 45 mw UwgUvi e w c j 2050 mvj bvmv` evsjv ` ki 10-15% f~wg cvwez n e hvi d j DcK~jxq GjvKvq Rjve Zv e w cv e, K wl, emwz I AeKvVv gvmz Dbœqb wzmö n e mgỳ ªc ôi D PZv 1wgUvi e w c j GB A ji cvwb wb vkb e nz n e, cvwbi jebv³zv e w c q K wl I grm m ú `i e vck wz n Z cv i mgỳ ªc ôi D PZv e w c j R jv Qvm&RwbZ wzi e vwß I cwigvb n e AviI fqven hv RvZxq `y h vm m wó Ki Z cv i `wi`ª, f~wgnxb RbMb hv `i emzevwo Kivi gz RvqMv bb Zviv ewk SzwuKi g a co e AwZ e wócvz Rjevqy cwiez Z n j `ke vcx el v gšmy g e wócvz AwZgvÎvq evo e G Z el vq we kl K i gvzv gûix b`x Ges Avkcv ki Qovq cvwbi cöevn evo e, hv Z evov e eb vi cö Kvc AwaK e wó, AvKw K eb v I gšmygx eb vi cwigvb e w i Kvi Y AvDm ev Avgb Pv li GjvKv K g hv e Ges dm ji Drcv`b e vnz n e b`xi xy cöevn 28