Std II Mal Module 1.pmd

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1 Ub v ae- pdw - - t v 2 ae-bmfw ]mtmkq{xwtcj (IcSv) F m-h pw ]T-\-t\ w A[ym-]\ ani-hn-eqss mkv : 2 bqwn v : 1 Fs ticfw samuyqƒ 1 Fs ticfw BapJw ]T-\-t\- -ß-ƒ hyh-lmc cq]ßƒ tic-f-øns {]IrXn `wkn h Æn- p Ihn-X-bm-Wn-Xv. Cu IhnX CuW-Øn Be-]n- m\pw tic-f-øns {]IrXn `wkn-sb- p-dn v A`n-am-\n- m\pw t{]cn- n- p- - Xc-Øn thww IhnX hn\n-abw snøm. H mw- m- n ]cn-n-b-s hospw IpSpw-_hpw F {]tab-øns XpS bpw hf bpw Dd- m- p "Fs \msv' F {]tab-amwv Cu bqwn- n-t -Xv. kz w \msns `qan-im-kv{x-]-c-amb khntijxiƒ, sxmgn-ep-iƒ, X\-Xmb Ifn-Iƒ, s]mxp CS-ßƒ, Iq mbva-bn-eqss \S-Øp hni-k\ {]h Ø-\-ßƒ apx-em-bh a\- n- em- p- -Xn\pw \msns ]ptcm-k-xn-bn Xm\pw ] p tntc- -Xps at\m-`mhw cq]-s -Sp-Øp- -Xn\pw Cu bqwn- n-eqss Ign-tb- -Xp- v. ae-bmfw: I txm ti txm hmbn- txm Bb Imcy-ßƒ Bibw tn p-t]m-imsx ]d-bp- p. Ip n- -hn-x-iƒ, CuWw, Xmfw, `mhw F n-h-tbmss snm n Ah-X-cn- n- p- p. kam-\-x-i-fp hcn-iƒ Iq n-t Øv IhnX hni-kn- n- p- p. snm p-ibpw Fgp-Xp-Ibpw snøp- p. kzmb-ø-am- nb ]Z-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn v Bib ]q W-X-tbmsS hmiy-ßƒ Fgp-Xp- p. elp-hn-h-c-wßƒ hmbn v Bibw Is Øn ]d-bp- p. D m-cw ip n-tbmss hmbn- p- p. kz w Bi-b-ßƒ elp-hm-iy-ß-fn Fgp-Xp p. ]q W-hn-cm-aw, tnmzy-nn- w, A- piw F o Nn -ß-fpsS {]m[m\yw Xncn- -dn p Fgp-Xp p, hmbn- p- p. ]cn-k-c-]-t\w kz w {]tz-i-øns `qan-im-kv{x-]-c-amb khn-ti-j-x-iƒ Xncn- dn p ]d-bp-ibpw Fgp-Xp-Ibpw snøp- p. kz w {]tz-isø sxmgn-ep-iƒ At\z-jn v ] n-i-s -Sp-Øp p \nk-a\w cq]o-i-cn- p- p. \m nse Ifn-I-ƒ, Ifn coxn-iƒ F nh hyxykvxamsw p Xncn- -dn-bp-ibpw GXm\pw Ifn-Iƒ ]cn-n-b-s -Sp-Ibpw snøp- p. \m nse s]mxp CS-ßƒ Ahn-S-ß-fnse tkh-\-ßƒ F nh At\zjn p Is Øn Ah-X-cn- n- p- p. P\-ß-fpsS Iq mbva-bn-eq-ssbmwv \msns ]ptcm-kxn km[y-am-ip- -sx p Xncn- -dn-bp-ibpw AXn-\-\p-k-cn v {]h Øn- p-ibpw snøp- p. Iem-Im-bnIw Iem-Im-bnI {]hrøn ]T\w : hmxn pd Nn{Xo-I-cWw \S-Øp- p. i_vz-{i-ao-i-c-w-tømss ]msp- p. {]mtz-in-i-ambn ]cn-n-b-ap Ifn-Iƒ \nco- n- p- p. Ifn-Ifn G s -Sp- p. hnhn[ sxmgn-ep-iƒ, {]hr-øn-iƒ F nh A\p- I-cn- p- p. Np p-]mspw e`n- p hkvxp- ƒ D]-tbm-Kn v IuXpI hkvxp- -ƒ \n Ωn- p- p. IhnX (]-co Iq n-t ) F m-h pw ]T-\-t\ w A[ym-]\anI-hn-eqsS 1

2 `mjmhkvxpxiƒ ]cnkc]t\w {]{Inbm tijn-iƒ Xeßpw hneßpw, \nc-\n-c-bmbn hoxn-tb-dn-b, Iq, ] -hn-cn ]q Whn-cm-aw, tnmzy-nn- w, A piw, hnhn[ sxmgn-em-fn-i-sf- p-dn v hnh-c-ti-j-cww \S-Øp Xcw-Xn-cn v \nk-a-\-ß-ƒ cq]-s -Sp-Øp- p. kz w {]tz-isø Ifn-Iƒ ] n-i-s -Sp- Øp- p. \nk-a\w cq]o-i-cn- p- p. s]mxp CS-ßƒ At\z-jn p ] n-is -Sp-Øp- p. \nk-a\ cq]o-i-cww kma-{kn-i-ƒ F4 t] hnhn[ Ifn-I-ƒ AS-ßnb kn.-kn., a n-ß, Cu nƒ, ]e- Xcw Ce-Iƒ, k th \S-Øp- -Xn-\p t^m am- v. {]h Ø-\-ßƒ 1. tnmzy-tøm-c- m- v, 2. hmbn mw 3. CuWw Is -Ømw, 4 kpµ-c-amb \msv, 5. hc p tn mw, \ndw \ Imw. 7. Is Øn Fgp-Xmw. 8.FUn nwkv {]Xo- nx kabw : 7 awn q h vjo v : hmb-\m-km-a{kn : t]mã : k -thf Zn\m-N-cWw : kn.-]n.-sn.-f. 1. Fs \msv 1. Fs {]nb ticfw (So- -dpss cn-\) 2. tic-f-sø- p-dn- p ]m p-iƒ 1. tic-fw {]Ir-Xn-`wKn tic-f- m- p-i-ƒ, tic-f-øns {]IrXn `wkn, `mjww Npa Nn{Xw : Ip n-iƒ tij-cn, hc Nn{X-ßƒ, Ihn-X-Iƒ, a p cn\-iƒ, So -dpss cn-\. \hº 1 ticf ndhn Zn\w Ip n-i-fpss {]I-S-\w, {]Z i\w {]h Ø\w kq va {]{Inb 1. tnmtzym-ø-c- m v (20 an\n- v) Ip n-i-tfmsv ho p-im-cy-ßƒ At\z-jn- p-i. \nß-fpss ho n Fs mw km[-\-ß-fp- v. Hcmƒ H p-hoxw ]d-b-ww. Hcmƒ ]d- Xv ASpØ Bƒ ]d-b-cp-xv. Ip n-isf Dugw ImØv ]d-bm ioen- n- -Ww. Hmtcm s_ nse Ip n-ifmbn ]d-bp- p. So t_m Un Fgp-Xp- p. ] v, ]mh, m v Imdv, temdn, m v, Sn.-hn, t^m, ]m{xw... \nßƒ ]d km[-\-ßƒ tn Øv \ap v Hcp ]m p-]m-sn-bn-tem.. ]m v CjvS-at, F n c p {Kq m pw Ip n-iƒ A`nap-J-ambn \n -Ww. {Kq v 1 {Kq v 2 tnmzyw tnmzn- p p DØcw ]d-bp-i. DØcw ]d-bp p tnmzyw tnmzn- p- p. tnmzyw DØcw Hcp {Kq n tn Øp-sIm v So tnmzn- p- p. ]dbq ]dbq Nßm-Xn-Isf \nßss ho n F p v? So ASpØ {Kq n tncp p. ]dbmw ]dbmw NßmXnIsf F pss ho n ] p v Ifn XpS-cp p \ΩpsS \m n Fs - m-ap v? F tnmzyw D -bn- p- p. Ip n-iƒ ]d-bp Imcy-ßƒ So t_m Un Fgp-Xp- p. ame, txmsv, ImSv,... t]mã, ]mt-]p-kvxiw 6,7 t]pnse Nn{X-ßƒ \nco- n v Iq n-t p- p. F m-h pw ]T-\-t\ w A[ym-]\anI-hn-eqsS 2

3 tnmtzym-ø-c- m v XpS-cp- p. ]dbq ]dbq Nßm-Xn-Isf \nßss \m n F p v?... RßsS \m n ae-bp- v. F m-hcpw ]s -Sp-Øpthm? F m-hcpw kz w hcn Iq n-tn tøm? ]s -Sp- m-ø-h-cpss {]iv\w F mwv? 2. hmbn mw CuWw Is Ømw (40 an\n- v) \nßƒ Ct mƒ ]d Imcy-ßƒ am{x-amtwm \ΩpsS \m n-ep- Xv..., as -s - nepw Dt m? Ip n-iƒ {]Xn-I-cn- p p D v / C. F n Fßs\ Adn-bmw. ]mt-]p-kvxi hmb-\-bnte v. Ip n-iƒ v kzbw hmbn- m-\-h-kcw \ Ip- p. Is -Ønb Imcy-ßƒ Ah ]d-bs -. tijw So IhnX Ah-X-cn- n- p- p. Ip n-iƒ hcn-i-fn hnc \o n hmbn- p- p. (H p c p XhW Bh Øn- p- p.) Cu IhnXbn F mwv ]d-bp- Xv? Ip n-iƒ {]Xn-I-cn- p So Bib {KlWw Nne tnmzy-ßƒ t_m Un Fgp-Xp- p. Im p-tnme Fß-s\-bmWv Hgp-Ip- Xv? sh n Ac- mww t]mse Xp n fn- p- Xv F mwv? ae-bpss \ndw F mwv? ]oen \nh Øn \n m-sp- Xv F mwv? tnmzyw Ip n-iƒ hmbn- p p. a\- n-em-b-h a p- -hsc hmbn p a\- n-em- m klm-bn- p- p. Bh-iy-sa- n So hni-zo-i-cn- p- p. DØcw Is -Øm Ip n-i-f-a# IhnX hmbn- p- p. DØ-c-ßƒ sndp {Kq n ] p-sh- p- p. s]mxp Ah-X-cWw icn-bp-øcw N snøp- p. t_m Un Fgp-Xp- p. Ip n-i-ƒ sa -s -Sp-Øp- p. So Bibw t{imuo- I-cn v ]d-bp- p. F m Ip n-iƒ pw hmbn- m Ignt m? hmb-\-bn Ip n t\cnsp {]iv\w F mwv. Rms\-ßs\bmWv CXv ]cn-l-cn- p- -Xv. 3. CuWw Is Ømw (40 an\n- v) tic-f-øns {]IrXn `wknsb pdn- mwv IhnX F p a\- n-em-bn. Cu IhnX Fß-s\- bmwv A\p-tbm-Py-amb CuWw \ In Ah-X-cn- n- p-i. hy n-k-x-ambn CuWw Is -Øp- p. \mewk {Kq n ] p-sh- p- p. s]mxp Ah-X-cWw a p {Kq p-iƒ kqniw sh v hnebn-cp-øp- p. Ihn-Xm-em-]\w hne-bn-cp-øp- -sx-ßs\? Ip n-i-fpss ] m-fn-ø-tømss kqniw hni-kn- n- p- p. A\p-tbm-Py-amb CuWhpw Xmfhpw Bibw Dƒs m v ]msp- p. A\p-tbm-Pyamb i_vz-hy-xn-bm\w Hmtcm {Kq pw hne-bn-cpøn ]d-bp- p. sa -s -Sp-Øp- p. So -dpss Bem-]\w Ip n-iƒ hnebn-cp-øp- p. Ip n-ifpw So dpw tn p ]msp- p. {]XnIcW t]pn-te v F{X t] v kz w DuWw Is -Øm Ign- p? Bem-]\w hne-bn-cp-øm Ip n-iƒ v Ign-bp- pt m? a p Ihn-X-Iƒ v CuWw Is -Øm \ In-bmtem? CXn c n-xm- fpss tdmƒ F mwv? 4. kpµ-c-amb \msv (40 an\n v) \ΩpsS \msns kpµ-c-am- p Fs mw Imcy-ß-fmWv Ihn-X-bn ]d- n- p- Xv? Ip n-i-ƒ IhnX t\m n t\m v _p n ]qcn- n- -Ww. XpS v Ip n-iƒ ]d- h So F m-h pw ]T-\-t\ w A[ym-]\anI-hn-eqsS 3

4 t_m Un Fgp-Xp- p. Ip n-iƒ Fgp-Xm-Øh Fgp-Xn-tN p- p. sx p Xncp-Øp- p. (F mw Fgp-Xntbm? A -c-sø- pt m?) ]mt-]p-kvx- I-Øn ]qcn- n- p- p. (F- m-hcpw FgpXn F v Dd v hcp-ø-ww) So "Fs \msv' F h v jo v 2101 \ Ip- p. Fs \msv ]pxnb ]Z-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn v Ip n-i-ƒ hmiy-ßƒ ]d-b-s. Hmtcm {Kq n\pw Hmtcm ]Zw \ Imw. DZm : ]pg Fs \m n ]pg-bp- v. ]pg hf v ]pf v Hgp-Ip- p. ]pg-bn-eqss txmwn t]mip- p- v. Cßs\ Hmtcm {Kq nepw Hcp ]Z-ap-]-tbm-Kn v hmiy-ß-ƒ ]d-b-ww. F m-hcpw Ah-X-cn- n p Ign- m Ip n-i-ƒ ]Z-kq-cy-\nse ]Z-ßƒ p hmiyßƒ h v jo n Fgp-X-Ww. hy n-k-x-ambn Fgp-Xn-bh {Kq n hmbn- -s. a p- -h Iq n tn -s. s]mxp Ah-X-cWw sa -s -Sp-Ø a p {Kq p-iƒ hne-bn-cp-ø-s. sa s -SpØn t\m v _p n Fgp-Xp- p. F{X t] v ]Z-ßƒ am{xw Fgp-Xm Ign p. hmiy-ßƒ Fgp-Xn-b-h F{X? A -csø- v, hmiy-l-s-\, {]iv\-ßƒ B s mw `n -ti-jn- m v F p klmbw snbvxp. Cu {]h Ø-\-Øn-eqsS Fs mw Xncn- -dn-hp- m-bn. 5. hc p tn mw. (20 an\n v) ]mt-]p-kvxiw t]pv 8 se {]h Ø\w H m-asø timf-øn-ep- -Xn\v tbmpn- p ]Zßƒ c mw timf-øn-ep v Ahsb hc- p tbmpn- n- -Ww. Bh-iy-ap- -h v IhnX ho pw hmbn- mw. Ip n-i-ƒ hy n-kx {iaw. 5 {Kq n ] p-sh-bv sa -s -Sp-Ø ]n m- - msc So klm-bn- p- p. XpS v mkvxe a -cw. H mw-{kq v Hcp ]Zw ]dbw. A mw-{kq- nse Hcp Ip nsb H mw {Kq p-im-c Nq n- m-wn- pw. Ah\v DØcw ]dbww (X{ w So v am mw) DØcw ]d- m 10 t]mbn v. Cs - n ASpØ {Kq n\v Ah-kcw. Bcpw ]d- n-s - n tnmzn {Kq n\v t]mbn v {Kq p-iƒ v ]mt-]p-kvxiw t\m mw. So t]mbn v t{imuo-i-cn v hnp-bn {Kq ns\ {]Jym-]n- pw. Bh-iy-sa- n So v t{imuo-i-cn- mw. t\m v _p n-se-gp-x-ww. Ip n-iƒ Fßs\ {]Xn-I-cn p? ] m-fnøw Fßs\? 6. \ndw \ Imw. ]mt-]p-kvxiw t]pv 8 se Nn{X-Øn\v \ndw \ IWw. {Itbm kv, If s] kn C m- Ø-h v e`y-am-ip-i Hmtcm Nn{X-Øn\pw \ ti \ndw GsX p N. hy n-k-xambn \ndw \ I. ]c-kv]cw hne-bn-cp-ø. (A-\p-tbm-Py-amb \nd-amtwm? \nd-ß-fpss an{i-w-ønse anihv F nh ]cn-k-wn- -Ww) Nn{X {]Z i\w So hc v \ Inb Nn{Xw {]Z in- n- p- p. Ip n-i-ƒ hne-bn-cp-øp- p. F m-h-cp-tsbpw ] -fnøw Dd m nbnt. \ndw kw_- n Ip n-i-fpss [mc-w. 7. Ihn-X-bn \n pw Is Øn Fgp-Xmw. (40 an\n v) Ihn-X-bnse Bi-bw, CXp-hsc \S {]h Ø-\-ßƒ Ip n-bpss a\- n-te v sim v hcp- p. \ΩpsS \msns\ Ipdn v Ihn-X-bn ]d- n- p Imcy-ßƒ Fgp-Xp-I. elp N ptijw hy n-kx cn\ (10 an\n- v) kz w hmbn v sa -s -Sp-Ø. \mewk {Kq n Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw hmbn- -h-x-cn- n- p- p. a p- -h hne-bn-cp-øp- p. kqn-i-ßƒ Ip n-i-fpss ] m-fn-ø-tømss Xøm-dm- p- p. Ihn-X-bn ]d \msns `wkn ]q W-ambpw h n- p- v. Bibw hy n-k-x-tbmss hmiy-ßƒ Fgp-Xn-bn- p- v. A -c-sø- n- msx Fgp-Xn-bn- p- v. F m-h pw ]T-\-t\ w A[ym-]\anI-hn-eqsS 4

5 A\p-tbm-Py-amb ]Z-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn- p. XpS v s]mxp Ah-X-cWw. a p {Kq p-iƒ hne-bn-cp- Øp- p. So th j Ah-X-c-Ww. Nm n Fgp-Xntbm hmb-\m-km-a{kn hmb-\-i-fpss hgnbn-eqss \ Intbm? hmbn- m-\-h-kcw \ Ip- p. So hmbn p simsp- p- p. kz w cn-\- bpambn Ip n-iƒ Ah-cpsS Xe-Øn Xmc-Xayw snøp- p. Fs mw ]pxnb ]Z-ßƒ ]pxnb Imcy-ßƒ A -c-sø v F nh hne-bn-cp-øp- p. 8. FUn nwkv (20 an\n v) Hcp icm-icn \ne-hm-c-ap cn\ FUn- nw-kp-i-fmbn Nm n Fgp-Xp- p. Ip n-i-tfmsv tnmzy-ßƒ tnmzn- p-sim v FUn v snøp- p. Ihn-X-bn F m Imcy-ßfpw Dƒs - n- pt m? hmiy-ßƒ hmbn- m a\- n-em-ip- pt m? GsX- nepw hm p-iƒ hn p-t]m-bn- pt m? A cw Nn -ßƒ icn v Fgp-Xn-bn- pt m? Ip n-iƒ ]d-bp- h hni-i-e\w snbvx So Xncp-Øm hcp-øp- p. (So- th j FSpØp am mw) XpS v Ip n-iƒ cn\ sa -s -Sp-Øp- p. Cu {]h Ø-\-Øn-eqsS X\n- p- mb Xncn- -dnhv Ip n-i-fn ]T\w \S- pthm Fßs\? ]n m- - m v Ah-kcw \ Im Cu {]{Inb klm-bn- pthm? kabw IqSp-X h p Fßs\ Is -Ømw. F m-h pw ]T-\-t\ w A[ym-]\anI-hn-eqsS 5

6 Ub v ae- pdw - - t v 2 ae-bmfw h v jo vv 2101 F m-h pw ]T-\-t\ w A[ym-]\ ani-hn-eqss mkv : 2 bqwn v : 1 Fs ticfw samuyqƒ : 1 Fs ticfw Ip n-bpss t]cv : kviqƒ : ae ImSv Fs \msv IS ]pg hb Fs \m n `wkn-bp ]pg-bp- v. AXv hf v ]pf v Hgp-In-t m-ip- p. ]pg-bn-eqss txmwn t]mip- p- v. F m-h pw ]T-\-t\ w A[ym-]\anI-hn-eqsS 6

7 Ub v ae- pdw - - t v 2 ae-bmfw hmb\bpss hgnbneqss 2150 F m-h pw ]T-\-t\ w A[ym-]\ ani-hn-eqss mkv : 2 bqwn v : 1 Fs ticfw samuyqƒ : 1 Fs ticfw Fs {]nb ticfw Fs \m n ]m p-]msn Hgp-Ip ]pg- Ifpw txmsp-i-fp-ap- v. N -ap ]q ƒ \nd p \n p ImSp-Ifp- v. If-Ifw ]msn Hgp-Ip Im ptnm-e-i-fp- v. henb Ip p-i-fp- v. Fs \m n\p Np pw sh n-b-c- mww t]mse Xp n- -fn- p IS-ep- v. Imbepw \oea-ebpw Fs \msns Ag- Im-Wv. abn-en-s\-t mse ]oen hns Øn-bm-Sp sxßn txm- p-ifpw Im ns Ipfn-tc p timcn- Ø-cn p \n p hbep-ifpw ChnsSbp v. Ch-sb- m-ap Fs \msv F{X kpµ-camwv. Fs {Kma-Øns {]Ir-Xn-Zriy-ß-fpsS Nn{Xw hc v \ndw simsp- p-i. F m-h pw ]T-\-t\ w A[ym-]\anI-hn-eqsS 7