Microsoft Word - Unit-9

Bản ghi

1 mikv ii A½mg~n (Organs of Government) BDwbU 9 mikvi iv óªi GKwU iæz c~y Dcv`vb Ges GwU iv óªi gw Í bv g cwiwpz mikv ii mvaviyz AvBb, kvmb I wepvi wefvm bv g wzbwu wefvm _v K AvBb wefvm AvBb cöyqb K i, kvmb wefvm AvBb K cö qvm K i Ges wepvi wefvm wepvwik Kvh m úv`b K i MYZvwš K kvmb e e vq mikv ii wzbwu wefv Mi Kg -`ÿzvi Dci mikv ii mvdj wbf i K i GB BDwb U mikv ii GB wzbwu wel q Kvh vejxmn bvbvwea cövmw½k welq Av jvpbv Kiv n q Q GB BDwb Ui cvvmg~n- cvv-9.1 t mikv ii A½ cvv-9.2 t AvBbmfvi aviyv I Kvh vewj cvv-9.3 t GK Kÿ wewkó AvBb mfv cvv-9.4 t wø-kÿ wewkó AvBb mfv cvv-9.5 t MYZ š AvBb mfvi f~wgkv cvv-9.6t AvBb mfvi ÿgzv n«v mi KviY cvv-9.7t kvmb wefv Mi MVb I Kvh vewj cvv-9.8t kvmb wefv Mi ÿgzv e w cvv-9.9t wepvi wefv Mi MVb I Kvh vewj cvv-9.10t AvB bi kvmb cöwzôvq wepvi wefv Mi f~wgkv cvv-9.11t wepvi wefv Mi ^vaxbzv cvv-9.12t ÿgzv ^Zš xkiy bxwz cvv-9.13t ÿgzv ^Zš xkiy bxwzi myweav I Amyweav cvv-9.14t ÿgzv fvimvg bxwz cvv-9.15t evsjv ` k ÿgzv ^Zš xkiy bxwzi cö qvm BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m e v P mgq 1 mßvn cvv-9.1 mikv ii A½ (Organs of Government) D Ïk GB cvv k l Avcwb mikv ii A½mg~n m ú K Av jvpbv Ki Z cvi eb gyl kã (Key Words) mikvi, AvBb wefvm, kvmb wefvm, wepvi wefvm, AvB bi kvmb, mve fšg mikv ii A½mg~n ivóª GKwU weg~z aviyv ivóª K ev Í e `Lv hvq bv ivóª K Dcjwä Kiv hvq Gi Ab Zg Dcv`vb mikv ii gva g iv óªi Ab wzbwu Dcv`vb n Q bvmwik, f~lû I mve fšgz ivóª Zvi mve fšg ÿgzv mikv ii gva g cö qvm K i Avi mikvi MwVZ nq RbcÖwZwbwa `i wb q mikvi e ZxZ Kvb ivóª Kíbv Kiv hvq bv mikvi msweavb cöyq bi gva g ivóª cwipvjbvi bxwz ev KŠkj ˆZwi K i mikvi ivóª cwipvjbv,

2 cšibxwz I mykvmb RbM Yi wbivcëv cö`vb, RbM Yi AwaKvi iÿv, AvB bi kvmb cöwzôv, kvwší-k Ljv iÿv, RbKj vy mvab, b vqwepvi wbwðzkiymn iv óªi mvgwmök Kj vy mvab K i _v K ZvB mikvi K ev` w` q iv óªi K_v wpšívb Kiv hvq bv Gwi Uj mikv ii Kvh vewj K h wzbfv e fvm K i Qb Zv nj wm všíg~jk, kvmb msµvší I wepvi msµvší G wzb ai Yi Kvh m úv` bi Rb mikv ii wzb cökvi ÿgzvi i q Q G jv n Q AvBb welqk ÿgzv, kvmb welqk ÿgzv I wepvi welqk ÿgzv cöwzwu MYZvwš K ivr bwzk e e vq mikvi wbr ^ wzbwu wefv Mi mvnv h hvezxq Kvh m úv`b K i mikv ii G wzbwu wefvm ev A½mg~n nj (i) AvBb wefvm (The Legislative) (ii) kvmb wefvm (The Executive) (iii) wepvi wefvm (The Judiciary) mikv ii h wefvm AvBb cöyqb, cwiez b I ms kvab K i Zv K AvBb wefvm e j AvBb wefvm KZ K cöyxz AvBb K h wefvm ev ÍevwqZ K i m wefvm K kvmb wefvm ev wbe vnx wefvm e j iv óªi mkj ai bi cökvmwbk KvRKg kvmb wefvm Øviv m úvw`z nq mikv ii h wefvm wepvwik Kvh m úv`b K i Zv K wepvi wefvm e j Ab fv e ejv hvq, mikv ii h wefvm ` k cöpwjz AvBb Abyhvqx Acivax K kvw Í cö`vb K i Ges RbM Yi AwaKvi iÿv K i Zv K wepvi wefvm e j wepvi wefvm ^vaxb, wbi cÿ _vk j AvB bi kvmb cöwzwôz nq msweavb mgybœz ivlv wepvi wefv Mi Ab Zg `vwqz msm`xq kvmb e e v Z AvBb mfv Z msl vmwiô ivr bwzk ` ji nv ZB iv óªi wbe vnx wefv Mi ÿgzv b Í _v K wepvi wefvm Dfq wefv Mi wbqš bi evb i _ K ^vaxbfv e KvR K i cÿvší i, ivóªcöavb kvwmz e e v Z ÿgzvi ^Zš xkiy bxwz Pvjy _v K GB bxwz gvzv ek, cö Z KwU wefvm hvi hvi Ae vb _ K ^vaxbfv e KvR K i Avevi wzbwu wefvm hv Z K i ^vaxbfv e KvR Ki Z h q ^ QvPvix bv n q DV Z cv i, mrb ivóªcªavb kvwmz e e v Z ÿgzvi fvimvg bxwz Pvjy _v K G bxwz Pvjy _vk j mikv ii Kvb GKwU wefvm ^ QvPvix n q DV Z PvB j, Ab `yb wefv Mi gva g Gi ivk U b aivi e e v _v K A vkwuwfwu (wb R Kwi) /wkÿv_ xi KvR mikv ii A½ jvi bvg wjlyb mvi-ms ÿc PviwU Dcv`vb wb q ivóª MwVZ nq iv óªi Ab Zg iæz c~y GKwU Dcv`vb nj mikvi mikvi e ZxZ ivóª cwipvjbv Kiv Am e mikvi K iv óªi gylcvî ejv nq mikv ii gva g iv óªi B Qv-Awb Qv cökvwkz nq mikv ii A½ wzbwu h_v AvBb wefvm, kvmb wefvm I wepvi wefvm mikvi G wzbwu wefv Mi gva g Zvi mkj Kvh vewj m úv`b K i _v K AvBb wefvm AvBb cöyqb K i kvmb wefvm m AvBb ev Íevqb K i Ges wepvi wefvm wepvwik Kvh -m úv`b I msweav bi e vl v cö`vb K i _v K cv VvËi g~j vqb-9.1 mwvk DË ii cv k wuk ( ) wpý w`b 1 mikv ii wefvm KqwU? (K) 2wU (M) 4wU (L) 3wU (N) 5wU BDwbU bq c ôv 184

3 GBPGmwm cövmövg 2 ivóª mve fšg ÿgzv cö qvm K i wk mi gva g (K) ivr bwzk `j (L) AvBb wefvm (M) mikvi (N) Pvcm wókvix `j 3 mikv ii h wefvm AvBb cöyqb, cwiez b I ms kvab K i Zv K wk e j? (K) AvBb wefvm (L) kvmb wefvm (M) wepvi wefvm (N) wbe vpkgûjx 4 iv óª AvB bi kvmb cöwzwôz nq (i) wepvi wefvm ^vaxb _vk j (ii) wepvi wefv Mi Dci n Í ÿc _vk j (iii) wepvi wefvm wbi cÿ _vk j wb Pi KvbwU mwvk? (K) i (M) ii I iii (L) i I ii (N) i I iii BDwbU bq c ôv 185

4 cšibxwz I mykvmb cvv-9.2 AvBbmfvi aviyv I Kvh vewj (Concepts and Functions of the Legislature) D Ïk GB cvv k l Avcwb AvBbmfv m ú K Rvb Z cvi eb AvBbmfvi D e I µgwekvk m ú K ej Z cvi eb AvBbmfvi Kvh vewj Av jvpbv Ki Z cvi eb gyl kã (Key Words) AvBbmfv, RbcÖwZwbwa, AvBb cöyqb, msweavb ipbv, ivr bwzk PZbv, ivr bwzk ˆeaKiY, ivr bwzk g ZK AvBbmfv mikv ii h wefvm AvBb cöyqb, cwiez b I ms kvab K i Zv K AvBb wefvm e j MYZvwš K kvmb e e vq we kl K i msm`xq MYZ š AvBb wefv Mi iæz Acwimxg AvBb wefvm KZ K cöyxz AvB bi gva g GKwU ` ki kvmbkvh cwipvwjz nq AvBbmfvi m`m MY n jb RbmvaviY KZ K cöz ÿfv e wbe vwpz RbcÖwZwbwa Aa vck R WweøD Mvb vi (J.W. Garner) e jb, ÒmiKv ii h mkj wefv Mi gva g iv óªi B Qv cökvwkz I Kvh Kix nq Zb a wbtm ` n AvBb wefv Mi vb m e v P Ó Bsj v Ûi msweavb we klá Iqvëvi ebru AvBbmfv m ú K e jb, ÒGUv nj RbwcÖq cöwzôv bi gnvb PvwjKv kw³, hlv b mkj mgm vi mgvavb nq Ges me ÿ Î RbM Yi cövavb _v K Ó AvBbmfvq Rbg Zi hgb cöwzdjb nq Zgwb RbM Yi Avkv-AvKv LvI wbe vwpz cöwzwbwaiv Zz j a ib mikv ii mkj Kv R AvBbmfvi Aby gv`b cö qvrb nq AvBbmfvi Aby gv`b Qvov mikvi Avw_ K KvR m úbœ Ki Z cv i bv AvBb wefvm kvmb wefvm K msmvb K i, msm`xq MYZ š gwš mfv MVb K i Ges gwš mfv K c`p~ÿ ZI K i _v K AvBbmfv ` ki msweavb cöyqb I Zv evwzj ev ms kvab Ki Z cv i myzivs AvBbmfvi gh v`v I iæz mxgvnxb AvBbmfvi D e I µgwekvk ez gv b cö Z KwU ` k mikv ii Ab Zg GKwU wefvm n Q AvBbmfv AvBb cöyq Y AvBbmfv Kvh Kwi f~wgkv cvjb K i wkš cövpxbkv j mikv ii G AvBbmfvi Kvb Aw ÍZ wqj bv ZLb ivrz š i ivrv wksev AwfRvZZ š i AwfRvZ e w³em B AvBb cöyqb I Kvh Ki Ki Zb cövpxb MÖxK bmiivóª wji g a we kl K i G _ Ý ivóª cwipvjbv cöavb wn m e KvR KiZ G m ^wj GB G m ^wj wkqz gvîv Z AvR Ki w` bi AvBbmfv wn m e KvR KiZ Z e AvaywbK AvBbmfv Rbmvavi Yi fv U wbe vwpz `i Øviv MwVZ nq cÿvší i, G v m ^wji Rb wbe vp bi Kvb weavb wqj bv cövpxb Rvg vbxi wudwub `i (Teutons) kvmb e e vi g a wkqzuv cöwzwbwaz g~jk e e v jÿ Kiv hvq weªwuk cvj v g U K ejv nq AvBbmfvi Rbbx Aa vck gyb iv (Professor Munro) e jb, "The British Parliament is the mother of all Parliaments. ïiæi w` K GB AvBbmfvI mvaviy bvmwik `i Rb Db y³ wqj bv 1688 mv j MŠiegq wecø ei c i Bsj v Û GK QÎ ivrz š i Aemvb n q wbqgzvwš K ivrzš Pvjy nq ZLb _ KB Bsj v Ûi AvBbmfv Z_v cvj v g U RbcÖwZwbwaZ g~jk n Z ïiæ K i BDwbU bq c ôv 186

5 GBPGmwm cövmövg AvBbmfvi ÿgzv I Kvh vewj AvBbmfvi ÿgzv I Kvh vewj K cöavbz `yõfv M fvm Kiv hvq h_v (K) cöz ÿ Kvh vewj I (L) c ivÿ Kvh vewj (K) cöz ÿ Kvh vewj t 1 AvBb cöyqb msµvší t AvBb cöyqb KivB nj AvBb wefv Mi me v cÿv iæz c~y KvR ` ki msweav bi mv _ m½wz iÿv K i Ges Rbg Zi MwZ-cÖK wzi w` K mzk ` wó i L AvBbmfv bzzb AvBb cöyqb K i cyivzb AvBb ms kvab Ges AcÖ qvrbxq AvBb evwzj Ki Z cv i ez gvbkv j AvBbmfvB AvB bi me cökvi Drm AvBbmfv KZ K cöyxz AvBb ØvivB kvmb wefvm kvmb Kvh cwipvjbv K i Ges wepviwefvm wepvikvh K i _v K 2 msweavb cöyqb I ms kvab msµvší t AvBbmfvi GKwU D jøl hvm ÿgzv I KvR n Q ` ki gšwjk AvBb A_ vr msweavb cöez b I ms kvab Kiv Kvb Kvb iv óª AvBb wefvm msweav bi P~ovšÍ e vl vkz v wn m e KvR K i Avevi Kvb Kvb ` ki AvBbmfv msweavb cöyq bi D Ï k MYcwil `i (Constituent Assembly) `vwqz cvjb K i ^vaxbzv jv fi ci 1972 mv j evsjv ` k h msweavb cöyxz n qwqj Zv MYcwil` KZ K cöyxz nq cvkvcvwk AvBbmfv msweav bi h Kvb aviv ev Aby Q` cwiez b wksev ms kvab Ki Z cv i 3 wepvi msµvší t A bk mgq AvBb wefvm wepvi msµvší Kvh vewji m úv`b K i AvBbmfv Gi m`m `i AvPvi-AvPi Yi wepvi, AvBbmfv KZ K wbe vwpz D Pc` e w³ `i weiæ AvbxZ iæzi Awf hv Mi wepvi, wbe vpb msµvší we iv ai wepvi BZ vw` AvBbmfvi wepvi msµvší Kvh vewji AšÍM Z D`vniY ^iƒc, iæzi Kvb Awf hvm cögvwyz n j, wbw` ó Kvh Kvj kl nevi Av MB Awfksm bi (Impeachment) gva g gvwk b ivóªcwz K AcmvwiZ Ki Z cv i m ` ki AvBbmfv Avevi weª U b 2009 mv j mywcög KvU cöwzwôz nevi c~e ch ší, kz-kz eqi a i cvj v g Ui D PKÿ jw mfv m ` ki m e v P Avwcj Av`vjZ wn m e KvR K i 4 kvmb wefvm K wbqš Y t AvBbmfvi Ab Zg iæz c~y KvR nj kvmb wefvm K wbqš Y Kiv AvBbmfvi Giƒc wbqš Yi gva g kvmb wefv Mi ^ QvPvwiZv iva Kiv m e nq Z e kvmbe e vi cök wz Abymv i wewfbœ ` k Giƒc wbqš Yi ÿ Î gvîvmz cv_ K jÿ Kiv hvq 5 A_ -msµvší t MYZ š mikvwi A_ h nzz RbM Yi ZvB G A _ i hv Z AcPq bv nq mrb A_ msµvší hvezxq e vcv i MYZvwš K wbqš Yi e e v Kiv nq AvBb wefvm wemz eq ii mikvwi Avq-e qi ch v jvpbv, ciezx eq ii Rb e q eivïki Yi gz Kv Ri gva g MYZvwš K wbqš Y e e v K Kvh Ki K i Zv j AvBbmfvi AbygwZ Qvov bzzb Ki (Tax) avh wksev cyivzb Ki e e vi cybwe b vm Kiv hvq bv 6 kvmb msµvší t AvBbmfv K kvmb msµvší iæz c~y KvRI m úv`b Ki Z nq msm`xq kvmb e e vq GgbwK ivóªcwz kvwmz mikvi e e vqi AvBbmfv wewfbœ KwgwUi gva g kvmb msµvší Kvh m úv`b K i AvBbmfv A bk mgq D Pc` mikvwi Kg Pvix wb qvm `vb K i mwü ev Pzw³ Aby gv`b Kiv, hy NvlYv Kiv cöf wz AvBbmfvi kvmb msµvší Kvh 7 wbe vpb msµvší t AvaywbK MYZvwš K iv óªi AvBbmfv K wbe vpb msµvší KZK jv KvR m úv`b Ki Z nq evsjv ` ki AvBbmfvi m`m `i fv U ivóªcwz wbe vwpz nb mybrvij v Ûi hy³ivóªxq AvBbmfv hy³ivóªxq cwil` (Federal Council)-Gi m`m `i wbe vwpz K i gvwk b hy³iv óª ivóªcwz wbe vp b KvbI cöv_x wbe vpk ms vi (Electoral College) m`m `i msl vmwi ôi mg_ b jvf Ki Z bv cvi j, cövß fv Ui BDwbU bq c ôv 187

6 cšibxwz I mykvmb wfwë Z cö_g wzbrb cöv_x i g a h Kvb GKRb K cöwzwbwa mfv (House of Representatives) ivóªcwz wbe vwpz Ki Z cv i fvi Z ivóªcwz I Dc-ivóªcwZ wbe vp b AvBbmfv we kl iæz c~y f~wgkv cvjb K i 8 ms hvmmvab msµvší t ` ki wewfbœ GjvKvi cöwzwbwaiv wbr-wbr A ji RbM Yi Afve-Awf hvm I mgm vewj m ú K AvBbmfvq Av jvpbv K ib Gme Av jvpbvi wfwë Z mikvi cö qvrbxq AvBb cöyqb I wm vší MÖnY K i Dc iv³ Kvh vewj m úbœ Kiv QvovI, AvBbmfv bvbv ai bi Z`šÍ, wepvik `i c`p~ wz, mikv ii MVbg~jK mgv jvpbvmn bvbvwea `vwqz cvjb K i (L) c ivÿ Kvh vewj t AvBbmfvi c ivÿ Kvh vewjmg~n wb œiƒc t 1 ivr bwzk ˆeaKiY t AvBbmfv me ai bi mikv ii cöyxz Av `k, wewagvjv ev bxwzmg~n K ˆeaZvi QvocÎ w` q _v K GgbwK Pig KZ Z ev`x me vz K kvmb e e vqi AvBbmfv mikv ii Kvh vewj ˆea Kivi GKgvÎ gva g 2 ivr bwzk AskMÖnY t AvBbmfvi wbe vpb mvaviy RbMY K ivr bwzk AskMÖn Yi Kv R DØy Ki Yi cöavbzg gva g G wbe vpb wbe vpkgûjx I cöv_x `i g a hvmv hv Mi c_ ˆZwi nq Ges kvmbkv h RbM Yi AskMÖn Y Drmvn-DÏxcbvi m wó K i 3 ivr bwzk g ZK m wó t AvBbmfvi wezk I Avjvc-Av jvpbv RvZxq g ZK m wó Ges we iva gxgvsmvi djcöm~ gva g wn m e KvR K i gzwe iv ai welq jv wb q AvBbmfv Z Lvjv gjv Av jvpbvi ga w` q cwiw wzi DËiY NU Z cv i 4 we iva `~ixkiy t AvBbmfv ivr bwzk e e vq Zxeª gzv`k MZ we iva `~ixki Y e vck g ZK cöwzôv Ki Z bv cvi ji, RvZxq ^v_ mswkøó wel q cvi úwik we iva `~i Ki Z cv i 5 ivr bwzk PZbvi wekvk msµvší t MYZvwš K e e vq AvBbmfvi m`m MY wewfbœ wel q gzvgz cö`vb K ib A bk mgq Zviv wfbœ wfbœ ` wó KvY _ K GKB welq wb q Av jvpbv, wezk BZ vw` K ib msev`cî, ezvi, Uwjwfkb BZ vw`i gva g mme Av jvpbv cöpvwiz niqvi d j RbM Yi ivr bwzk PZbv e w cvq RbMY mikvwi wµqvkjv ci Dci mzk ` wó ivl Z cv i mvwe K we epbv _ K GK_v ejv hvq h, mikv ii wzbwu wefv Mi g a cö Z KwUB AZ ší cö qvrbxq n ji, AvBb wefvm Ggb KZ jv `vwqz cvjb K i h jv iæ Z i wepv i Ab `yb wefv Mi Zzjbvq GwM q _v K A vkwuwfwu (wb R Kwi) /wkÿv_ xi KvR AvBb mfvi cöavb cöavb Kvh vewj D jøl Kiæb mvi-ms ÿc mikv ii h wefvm AvBb cöyqb, cwiez b I ms kvab K i Zv K AvBb wefvm e j AvBbmfv GK-Kÿ wewkó I wø-kÿ wewkó n Z cv i wø-kÿ wewkó AvBbmfvq `ywu Kÿ wb œkÿ I D PKÿ wb q MwVZ nq wb œkÿ K ejv nq RbcÖwZwbwaZ Kÿ D PKÿ K ejv nq wøzxq Kÿ wø-kÿ wewkó AvBbmfvq wb œk ÿi m`m MY cöz ÿ fv U wbe vwpz nq AvBbmfv AvBb cöyqb, kvmb msµvší, wepvi msµvší, A_ -msµvší, wbe vpbmn eûwea Kvh m úv`b K i _v K BDwbU bq c ôv 188

7 GBPGmwm cövmövg cv VvËi g~j vqb-9.2 mwvk DË ii cv k wuk ( ) wpý w`b 1 ÒmiKv ii h mkj wefv Mi gva g iv óªi B Qv cökvwkz I Kvh Kix nq Zb a wb:m ` n AvBb wefv Mi vb m ev PÓ gšíe wu K K i Qb? (K) R WweøD Mvb vi (L) wg kj duy Kv (M) IqvjUvi ebru (N) Av šívwbi MÖvgwm 2 "British Parliament is the mother of all Parliaments K e j Qb? (K) IqvjUvi ebru (L) Aa vck gyb iv (M) Avi wr M Uj (N) R WweøD Mvb vi 3 AvBbmfvi ÿgzv I Kvh vewj K gvuvgywu Kqfv e fvm Kiv hvq? (K) 2 (L) 3 (M) 4 (N) 5 4 evsjv ` ki msweavb cöyxz nq KZ mv j? (K) 1970 (L) 1971 (M) 1972 (N) weª U bi cvj v g Ui D PK ÿi bvg wk? (K) wm bu (M) KgÝmfv (L) jw mfv (N) cöwzwbwamfv BDwbU bq c ôv 189

8 cšibxwz I mykvmb cvv-9.3 GK Kÿ wewkó AvBbmfv (Unicameral Legislature) D Ïk GB cvv k l Avcwb AvBbmfvi MVb m ú K Rvb Z cvi eb GK Kÿ wewkó AvBbmfv m ú K Ávbjvf Ki Z cvi eb GK Kÿ wewkó AvBbmfvi myweav jv Rvb Z cvi eb GK Kÿ wewkó AvBbmfvi Amyweav jv eys eb gyl kã (Key Words) wbe vpb c wz, D P Kÿ, wb œ Kÿ, RvZxq ^v_, ÿz`ª ivóª, hy³ivóªxq kvmb AvBbmfvi MVb AvBb cöyq bi m e v P ms v n Q AvBbmfv AvBb mfv KZ K cöyxz AvBb Øviv `k kvwmz nq c w_exi me ` ki AvBbmfvi MVb GK ai bi bq mikv ii MVb KvVv gv, m`m msl v, m`m c `i hvm Zv- A hvm Zv, wbe vpb c wz, Kvh Kv ji gqv` cöf wz wel q wewfbœ ` ki AvBbmfvi msmv bi g a wewfbœ cv_ K jÿ Kiv hvq Z e MVb KvVv gvi w`k _ K ez gvb mg qi AvBbmfv jv cöavbz `yb cökvi h_v GK Kÿ wewkó AvBbmfv I wø-kÿ wewkó AvBbmfv GKwU Kÿ wb q MwVZ AvBbmfv K GK Kÿ wewkó AvBbmfv e j GK Kÿ wewkó AvBbmfv mve Rbxb fvuvwakv ii wfwë Z MwVZ nq D`vnib ^iƒc, evsjv ` k GKKÿ wewkó AvBbmfv Pvjy Av Q wø-kÿ wewkó AvBbmfv `ywu Kÿ, A_ vr wb œkÿ Ges D PKÿ wb q MwVZ nq RbM bi Øviv wbe vwpz KÿwU wb œkÿ (Lower House) ev RbwcÖq Kÿ (Popular House) bv g cwiwpz D PKÿ (Upper House) K wøzxq Kÿ (Second Chamber) ejv nq wb œk ÿi m`m iv RbM Yi fv U wbe vwpz Ges ÿgzvi w`k _ K GB KÿwU AwaK kw³kvjx cÿvší i, D PK ÿi m`m iv ewki fvm ` k g bvbxz Ges GB K ÿi f~wgkv g~jz Dc `kg~jk Z e Gi wkqz e wzµg i q Q D`vniY ^iƒc, hy³ivóª AvBbmfvi D PKÿ, A_ vr wm bu m`m iv fv U wbe vwpz Ges wb œkÿ A_ vr nvdm Ae wi cö R UwU fi Zzjbvq Gi ÿgzv A bk ÿ Î ewk e j g b Kiv nq AvBbmfv GK Kÿ wewkó wø-kÿ wewkó m`m MY wbe vwpz nb wb œkÿ m`m MY cöz ÿ wbe vp bi gva g wbe vwpz nb D PK ÿi m`m nb 1 DËivwaKvi m~ Î 2 g bvbq bi gva g 3 c ivÿ wbe vp bi gva g 4 cöz ÿ wbe vp bi gva g D P Kÿ wpî t AvBbmfvi MVb BDwbU bq c ôv 190

9 GBPGmwm cövmövg GK Kÿ wewkó AvBbmfv mikv ii h wzbwu wefvm i q Q Zvi g a Ab Zg wefvm n Q AvBb wefvm ev AvBbmfv mvsmvwbk w`k _ K AvBbmfv K `yõwu fv M fvm Kiv hvq h_v GK Kÿ wewkó AvBbmfv I wø-kÿ wewkó AvBbmfv hme AvBbmfvq RbcÖwZwbwa `i wb q MwVZ GKwU gvî Kÿ ev cwil` _v K m jv K GK-Kÿ wewkó AvBbmfv e j mvaviy wbe vpb ev mve Rbxb cövß eq fvuvwakv ii wfwë Z GK-Kÿ wewkó AvBbmfv i q Q D`vniY wn m e evsjv `k, Pxb, wkdev, mvbcövm, WbgvK, wgki, wdbj vû, MÖxm, B `v bwkqv, BmivBj, bcvj, wbdwrj vû cöf wz ` ki bvg D jøl Kiv h Z cv i mvaviyz GK Kw `ªK mikvi (Unitary government) e e v cöpwjz _vkv `k jv Z GK Kÿwewkó AvBb mfv `Lv hvq GK-Kÿ wewkó AvBbmfvi myweavmg~n ivóªweávbx `i A b KB GKKÿ AvBbmfvi c ÿ hyw³ Zz j a i Qb RbM Yi mivmwi m wz, `ªæZZv, Kg c wz Z Kg RwUjZvmn bvbvwea Kvi Y GKKÿ wewkó AvBbmfv A b Ki Kv Q ewk AvKl Yxq wb œ GK Kÿ wewkó AvBbmfvi wkqz myweav D jøl Kiv njt 1 MYZvwš K c wz t GK Kÿ wewkó AvBbmfv MYZvwš K c wz Z MwVZ nq GLv b RbM Yi cöz ÿ fv U cöwzwbwa wbe vwpz nq GB K ÿi ga w` qb RbMY c ivÿfv e iv óªi kvmbkv h AskMÖnY K i wbe vp b msl vmwiô ivr bwzk `j mikvi MVb K i Ges msl vjwnô `j we ivax` j _ K mikv ii MVbg~jK mgv jvpbv K i 2 mnr-mij c wz t GK Kÿ wewkó AvBbmfv K ejv hvq GKwU mnr-mij c wz GwU RbM Yi Kv Q mn R evamg Gi MVb c wzi mij GLv b GKwU gvî Kÿ _vk e Ges m K ÿi m`m iv RbM Yi cöz ÿ fv U wbe vwpz n e 3 mnr wbe vpb c wz t GK Kÿ wewkó AvBbmfvi wbe vpb A bkuv mnr c wz Z n q _v K GLv b GKB mg q mviv ` k wbe vpb AbywôZ nq G wbe vp b RwUj Kvb wnmve wbkvk bb msl vmwiô Avmb cövß ivr bwzk `j mikvi MVb Ki e 4 `ªæZ wm vší t GK Kÿ wewkó AvBbmfvq iv óªi h Kvb Riæwi cö qvr b `ªæZ wm vší MÖnY Kiv hvq GLv b GKwU K ÿi AbygwZ n jb h Kvb wm v ší cšuqv bv m e 5 AwaK `vwqz kxj t GK Kÿ wewkó AvBbmfv AwaK `vwqz kxj RbcÖwZwbwaiv mivmwi wbe vwpz weavq RbM Yi Kv Q `Iqv cöwzköæwz jv c~i Y Zv `i K m Pó _vk Z nq Ab Kvb K ÿi Dci `vwqz Pvwc q `Iqvi my hvm GLv b bb G Rb GK-Kÿ wewkó AvBbmfvi m`m iv AwaK `vwqz kxj I KZ e civqy n q _v K 6 AvBb cöyq b myweav t GK Kÿ wewkó AvBbmfvq RbM Yi Pvwn`vgZ mg qvc hvmx AvBb `ªæZ cöyqb Kiv hvq h nzz AvBb cvk Kivi Rb Ab Kvb K ÿi Dci wbf ikxj bq mrb h Kvb Riæwi cö qvr b RbM Yi Kj vyv _ `ªæZ AvBb cöyqb Kiv m e cwi k l ejv hvq h, c w_exi A bk ` kb ez gv b GKKÿ wewkó AvBbmfv Pvjy Av Q wø-kÿ wewkó AvBbmfvi Zzjbvq Kg e q, Kg mgq ÿcy I mivmwi wbe vwpz RbcÖwZwbwa Z i gz ˆewk ó i Kvi Y GK Kÿwewkó AvBbmfv mviv we k ek RbwcÖq BDwbU bq c ôv 191

10 cšibxwz I mykvmb GK Kÿ wewkó AvBbmfvi Amyweav c w_exi A bk iv óª GK-Kÿ wewkó AvBbmfv cöpwjz _vk ji Gi wkqz ÎæwU ev Amyweav i q Q hvi d j Gi RbwcÖqZv K øvb K i Q wb œ GK-Kÿ wewkó AvBbmfvi wec ÿ hyw³mg~n Zz j aiv nj t 1 A_ en Av jvpbvi my hvm Kg t GK Kÿ wewkó AvBbmfvq Kvb GKwU cöm ½ we ÍvwiZ I A_ en Av jvpbvi my hvm wkqzuv Kg _v K we kl K i Kvb GKwU AvBb mfv Z Kvb GKwU ` ji wbi¼zk msl vmwiôzv _vk j, we ivax `jxq gzvgz jv mlv b msl vmwiôzvi Pv c A bkuvb øvb n q hvq we klz, AcwiYZ MYZ š i `k jv Z G mgm v cöku nq G ai bi cwiw wz A bk mgqb `jxq we epbvq RvZxq wm vší M nxz n Z `Lv hvq 2 gavex e w³i kvmb _ K ewâz t RbwcÖqZv n Q GK Kÿ AvBbmfvi m`m nevi cöavb kz G ÿ Î gav I `ÿzvi gz welq wj cöavb we ep nq bv GgZve vq, AvBbmfv Z GKwU gvî Kÿ _vk j, mlv b wbe vp b e _ ev Awb QzK A_P `ÿ gavex e w³ `i mev _ K ivóª ewâz nq 3 RvZxq ^v_ we ivax AvBb t GK Kÿ wewkó AvBbmfv Z we kl Kvb cwiw wz Z RvZxq ^v_ we ivax AvBb cöyq bi Avk¼v _v K `jxq ^v_ K cövavb w` q RvZxq ^v_ K ewâz Kivi SzuwK GK-Kÿ wewkó AvBb mfv Z _v K GQvov mvgwqk Av em-abyf~wz wksev kw³kvjx Kvb ^v_ Mvôxi Pv c RvZxq ^v_ we ivax AvBb cöyxz nevi Avk¼v _v K 4 AcÖwZ iva ÿgzv t GK Kÿ wewkó AvBbmfvi RbcÖwZwbwaiv AcÖwZ iva ÿgzvi AwaKvix nb AvBb cöyq b Ab Kvb KZ c ÿi Kv Q Zv `i `vqe _vk Z nq bv GQvovI cvj v g Uvwi e e v Z AvBb wefvm kvmb wefv Mi mv _ AwZwi³ Nwbôfv e hy³ _v K 5 hy³ivóªxq kvm b Abyc hvmx t GK Kÿ wewkó AvBbmfv hy³ivóªxq mikvi e e vi Rb Dc hvmx bq wewfbœ ivr ev cö ` ki ^v_ GK Kÿ e e v Z mgvbfv e iwÿz nq bv 6 cybwe Pbvi Afve t GK Kÿ wewkó AvBbmfvq Kvb AvBb cöyxz n j Zv cybwe epbvi my hvm _v K bv wkš wø-kÿ wewkó AvBbmfvq wb œk ÿ AvBb cöyxz n j D PK ÿ mb AvBb cybwe epbvi my hvm _v K GK Kÿ e e v Z cybwe epbvi my hvm bv _vkvq, msl vmwiô ` ji ^v _ AvBb cöyq bi Avk¼v _v K cwi k l ejv hvq h, bvbv-µwu wepÿ wz _vk ji, RbM Yi mivmwi fv U wbe vwpz nevi weavb _vkvi Kvi Y GK Kÿ e e vi g a B MYZ š i cöavb kz wu msiwÿz nq A vkwuwfwu (wb R Kwi) /wkÿv_ xi KvR GK Kÿ wewkó AvBb mfvi myweav jv wk wk? mvi-ms ÿc mikv ii h wzbwu wefvm i q Q Zvi g a AvBbmfv n Q Ab Zg MVb Abyhvqx AvBb mfv GK-Kÿ I wø-kÿ wewkó n Z cv i hme AvBbmfvq RbcÖwZwbwa `i wb q MwVZ GKwU gvî Kÿ _v K Zv K GK Kÿ wewkó AvBbmfv e j mvaviyz wbe vpb I mve Rbxb cövß eq fvuvi `i gva g GK-Kÿ wewkó AvBbmfv MwVZ nq c w_exi A bk ` k GK Kÿ wewkó AvBbmfv i q Q Zvi g a Ab Zg nj evsjv `k, Pxb, wkdev, WbgvK, wdbj vû, B `v bwkqv, BmivBj, wbdwrj vû I bcvj BDwbU bq c ôv 192

11 GBPGmwm cövmövg cv VvËi g~j vqb-9.3 mwvk DË ii cv k wuk ( ) wpý w`b 1 AvBb cöyq bi m e v P ms vi bvg wk? (K) mycöxg KvU (M) AvBb wefvm 2 weªwuk cvj v g Ui D PK ÿi bvg wk? (K) jw mfv (M) wm bu 3 AvBbmfv K KqwU fv M fvm Kiv hvq? (K) 2wU (M) 6wU 4 D PK ÿi m`m nb (i) DËivwaKvi m~ Î; (ii) g bvbq bi gva g (iii) Kvb Kvb ` k RbM Yi fv U wb Pi KvbwU mwvk? (K) i (M) ii I iii (L) kvmb wefvm (N) ivr bwzk `j (L) KgÝ mfv (N) cöwzwbwa mfv (L) 4wU (N) 8wU (L) i I ii (N) i, ii I iii 5 GK Kÿ wewkó AvBbmfv i q Q (i) gvwk b hy³iv óª (ii) hy³iv R (iii) Wbgv K wb Pi KvbwU mwvk? (K) i (L) ii (M) i I ii (N) iii BDwbU bq c ôv 193

12 cšibxwz I mykvmb cvv-9.4 wø-kÿ wewkó AvBbmfv (Bicameral Legislature) D Ïk GB cvv k l Avcwb wø-kÿ wewkó AvBbmfv m ú K Rvb Z cvi eb D PK ÿi MVb ey bv Ki Z cvi eb wø-kÿ wewkó AvBbmfvi myweav jv ej Z cvi eb wø-kÿ wewkó AvBbmfvi Amyweav jv eys Z cvi eb gyl kã (Key Words) wm bu, cöwzwbwamfv, ivr bwzk wkÿv, RvZxq HwZn, köwy ^v_, cömwz wø-kÿ wewkó AvBbmfv `ywu Kÿ ev cwil` wb q hlb AvBbmfv MwVZ nq ZLb Zv K wø-kÿ wewkó AvBbmfv e j Giƒc AvBbmfvi cö_g Kÿ K Ôwb œkÿõ Ges wøzxq Kÿ K ÔD PKÿÕ e j gvwk b hy³ivóª, weª Ub, KvbvWv, d«vý, fvizmn c w_exi A bk iv óª wø-kÿ wewkó AvBbmfv i q Q wb œ K ÿi MVb AvBbmfvi wb œ Kÿ KZ Rb m`m wb q MwVZ n e Zvi Kvb wba vwiz msl v bb cö Z K iv óªi wb œ K ÿi m`m msl vi ZviZg i q Q ev _vk Z cv i hgb- hy³iv óªi wb œ Kÿ Z_v cöwzwbwamfvi m`m msl v 435, weª U bi KgÝmfvi m`m msl v 652 Z e c w_exi cöwzwu iv óªi wb œ KÿB cöwzwbwaz g~jk mve Rbxb cövßeq `i fvuvwakv ii wfwë Z wb œ Kÿ MwVZ nq RbcÖwZwbwaZ g~jk niqvi Kvi Y mvavibz wb œ Kÿ D P Kÿ A cÿv AwaKZi ÿgzv I KZ Z i AwaKvix wb œk ÿi m`m msl v I Kvh Kvj ivóª f ` wfbœ n Z cv i hgb- A ªwjqvi cvjv g Ui wb œkÿ A_ vr nvdm Ae wi cö Rb UwUf mi Kvh Kvj 3 eqi cÿvší i, weª U bi KgÝ mfvi Kvh Kvj 5 eqi D P K ÿi MVb c w_exi wewfbœ iv óªi AvBbmfvi D PK ÿi KZ Rb m`m n e Zvi Kvb wbqg bb hgb, gvwk b wm b Ui m`m msl v 100 Rb wkš weª U bi jw mfvi m`m msl v 815 Rb Avevi D P Kÿmg~ ni Kvh KvjI GK bq gvwk b wm b Ui Kvh Kvj Qq eqi cöwz `yb eqi ci Gi GK Z Zxqvsk m`m Aem i hvb Ab w` K, weª U bi jw mfvi mwvk Kvb Kvh Kvj bb jw mfvi m`m iv AvRxe bi Rb m`m c` jvf K ib ivóª f ` D PK ÿi MVbcÖK wz wfbœ wfbœ ai bi nq hgb- (i) Kvb Kvb iv óª ag m~ Î D PK ÿi m`m c` `qv nq hgb, weª U bi jw mfv Z PvP Ae Bsj v Ûi cöwzwbwa wn m e wekc c`weavix 26 Rb ag iæ vb c q _v Kb (ii) Kvb Kvb iv óª AvBbmfvi D PKÿ cöz ÿ wbe vp bi gva g MwVZ nq hgb, gvwk b hy³iv óª 50wU A½ivR _ K 2 Rb K i gvu 100 Rb wm bu m`m wbe vwpz nb BDwbU bq c ôv 194

13 GBPGmwm cövmövg (iii) Kvb Kvb iv óª AvBbmfvi D PKÿ g bvbxz m`m KZ K MwVZ nq hgb, KvbvWvi wm bu (iv) Kvb Kvb iv óª AvBbmfvi D PKÿ c ivÿ wbe vp bi gva g MwVZ nq hgb, d«v Ýi wm bu wø-kÿ wewkó AvBbmfvi myweav c w_exi eû iv óª wø-kÿ wewkó AvBbmfv cwijwÿz nq we kl K i AvqZ b e nr iv óª wø-kÿ wewkó AvBbmfvi RbwcÖqZv ewk jÿ Kiv hvq wb œ wø-kÿ wewkó AvBbmfvi myweavmg~n Zz j aiv nj- 1 mywpwšíz AvBb cöyqb: wø-kÿ wewkó AvBbmfvq h _ó wepvi we epbvi mv _ RvZxq ^v _ i AbyK j AvBb cöyxz nq GK-Kÿ wewkó AvBbmfvq KL bv KL bv AvKw K Av e Mi e k Awe epbvcöm~z nvkvix I RvZxq ^v _ i cwicš x AvBb cvk n q hvevi Avk¼v _v K G e e vq cybwe epbvi Kvb my hvm _v K bv wø-kÿ wewkó AvBbmfvq Giƒc Avk¼v _ K gy³ wø-kÿ wewkó AvBbmfvq cöwzwu welq cy Lvbycy Lfv e wepvi-we køl Yi my hvm cviqv hvq G Z wejwui Kvb `vl-îæwu _vk j Zv aiv c o Ges ms kvab Kiv nq 2 ˆ ^ivpvi iva: wø-kÿ wewkó AvBbmfvq ˆ ^ivpvi iva n q _v K G cöm ½ jw A vkub (Lord Acton) e jb, ÒwØZxh Kÿ nj ^vaxbzvi GKwU Acwinvh wbivcëv, GKwUgvÎ Kÿ wb q AvBbmfv MwVZ n j Zv ˆ ^ivpvix niqvi m vebv _v K Ó wøzxq K ÿi Dcw wz GKK ÿi ˆ ^ivpvi iva Ki Z cv i 3 wb œ K ÿi mnvqk: ez gvb RbKj vyg~jk iv óª AvBbmfvi Kv Ri Pvc we klfv e e w c q Q GKwUgvÎ mfvi c ÿ G mkj Kvh myôzfv e m úv`b Kiv KwVb AvBbmfvi `yõwu Kÿ ev cwil` _vk j, iæz c~y I wezk g~jk wej jv wepvi we epbvi Rb wb œ Kÿ cö qvrbxq mgq c Z cv i Aa vck A v jb Avi ej (Alan R Ball) G cöm ½ e jb- "Certainly the second chamber can assist the lower house with the legislative programme initiating and amending bills" 4 we`» e w³ `i g bvbqb: cö Z K ` kb Ggb A bk Ávbx- Yx I we`» e w³ _v Kb hviv cöz ÿ wbe vp bi weo ^bv I RwUjZvi g a Rwo q co Z ivwr _v Kb bv D PK ÿ c ivÿ wbe vpb ev g bvbq bi Øviv ` ki GBme cwûz I AwfÁ e w³ `i AvBbmfvq vb K i `Iqv hvq G Z `k köô Ávb-eyw i gvbyl `i mev jvf Ki Z cv i Gi d j AvBbmfvq Rbg Zi DbœZZi cöwzdjb N U 5 Rbg Zi myôz cöwzdjb: wø-kÿ e e vq Rbg Zi myôz cöwzdjb N U AvBbmfvi `ywu Kÿ wfbœ mg q wbe vwpz n j cöengvb RbgZ h_vh_fv e cöwzdwjz nq wø-kÿ wewkó e e vq cwiez bkxj Rbg Zi MwZ-cÖK wz AbymÜvb I cwigvc Kiv hvq 6 ivr bwzk wkÿv we Ívi: D PKÿ RbM bi ivr bwzk wkÿv we Ív i mvnvh K i D PK ÿ cöwzwu wej K cybivq wepvi we køly K i `Lv nq AvBbmfvq wewfbœ Av jvpbv I wezk ezvi, Uwjwfkb, msev`cî Ges mvgvwrk hvmv hv Mi wewfbœ gva g RbM bi Kv Q cušqvq G Z Zv `i ivr bwzk wkÿvi cömvi N U 7 hy³ivóªxq e e vq Dc hvmx: wø-kÿ wewkó AvBbmfv hy³ivóªxq kvmb e e vq Acwinvh we epbv Kiv nq AvBbmfv wø-kÿ wewkó n j, wb œk ÿ RvZxq ch v qi cöwzwbwa Z i cvkvcvwk D PK ÿ mkj cö `k ev iv R i cöwzwbwa cöiy Kiv m e nq G Z K i AvKvi-AvqZb ev RbmsL vi Kg- ewkrwbz Kvi Y Kvb ivr ev cö `k evowz myweav ev Amyweav fvm K i bv 8 RvZxq HwZn msiÿy: eûrvwz Ges AvqZ b e nr iv óªi Rb wø-kÿ wewkó AvBbmfv Dc hvmx wø- Kÿwewkó e e v Z GKwU iv óª evmkvix mkj fvlv, ms wz, HwZ n i cöwzwbwa AvBb mfv Z vb cvevi m vebv _v K msl vq Kg n ji, g bvbqb c wz e envi K i AvBbmfvi D PK ÿ G `i cöwzwbwa Z i e e v Kiv hvq BDwbU bq c ôv 195

14 cšibxwz I mykvmb cwi k l ejv hvq, e n`vqb eûrvwz Mvôxi gvbyl evmkvix GKwU iv óªi Rb wø-kÿ wewkó AvBbmfvi wekí bb Gi gva g AvBbmfvi Kv Ri Pvc cökgb Ges RvZxq ^v_ iwÿz nq R G Avi g vwiqu (J.A.R Marriot) e jb, ÒExperience has been in favour of two chambers, and it is not wise to disregard the lessons of historyó. wø Kÿ wewkó AvBbmfvi Amyweav ivóªweávbxiv wø-kÿ wewkó AvBbmfvi bvbvwea Amyweav bvbv mg q wpwýz K i Qb wb œ wø-kÿ wewkó AvBbmfvi wkqz Amyweav D jøl Kiv nj- 1 Abvek K I ÿwzki: A b Ki g Z, wøkÿ wewkó AvBbmfv Abvek K Ges ÿwzki G cöm ½ Av e wmu q g b K ib, wøzxq Kÿ hw` cö_g Kÿ K AbymiY K i Z e GUv Abvek K Avi hw` Zv cö_g Kÿ K AbymiY bv K i Z e Zv AwbóKi 2 Awbqwš Z: wb œk ÿi ˆ ^ivpv ii weiæ D PK ÿi f~wgkv cvjb cöm½wu K A b K AwZiwÄZ g b K ib we kl K i ez gvb hy M RbM Yi mivmwi fv U wbe vwpz wb œk ÿi B Qv K D P Kÿ Av `Š KZUzKz cöwz iva Ki Z cv i m e vcv i h _ó m ` ni AeKvk Av Q GQvov wb œk ÿi RbcÖwZwbwa `i Dci D PK ÿi g bvbxz m`m MY wbqš Y Av iv ci weavb KI A b K MYZš m Z bq e j g b K ib 3 AMYZvwš K MVb c wz: A bk ` ki wøkÿ wewkó AvBbmfvi MVbc wz AMYZvwš K MYZ š i Av`k Abymv i AvBbmfv RbM Yi Øviv wbe vwpz cöwzwbwa `i wb q MwVZ niqvuvb m½z wkš A bk ` kb wøzxq Kÿ mvaviyz weëevb, g bvbxz I iÿykxj e w³ `i wb q MwVZ nq 4 `vwqz wef³: `yõwu cwil` wb q MwVZ n j AvBbmfvi `vwqz wef³ n q c o GB Ae vq AvBb cöyq bi mwvk `vwqz wba viy Kiv KwVb n q c o D`vniY ^iƒc, gvwk b hy³iv óªi AvBb mfv Z, `ywu Kÿ A_ vr nvdr Ae wi cö Rb UwUf I wm b Ui AvBb cvm Kiv K K `ª K i KL bv KL bv we iva `Lv `q 5 köwy ^v_ cövavb : wøkÿ wewkó AvBbmfvq Kvb Kvb ` k D P köwyi ^v_ cövavb c q h Z cv i BwZnv mi GKwU ce ch ší D PK ÿ RbM Yi mvgvwmök Kj v Yi cwie Z D P köwyi ^v_ iÿvi AvMÖnB ewk cökvk c Zv GRb wøzxq Kÿ K A b K cöwzwµqvkxj köwy ^v_ msiÿ Yi `ym wn m e mgv jvpbv Ki Zb 6 msl vjny `i ^v_ iÿv: bvbvwea msl vjny m úª`v qi ^v_ msiÿ Yi Rb I wøzxq cwil` Abvek K KviY msweav bb wewfbœ Dcv q msl vjny m úª`v qi ^v_ msiÿ Yi e e v Kiv hvq myzivs mw` Qv _vk j GK Kÿ wewkó AvBb mfv ZB msl vjny m úà v qi ^v_ iÿv Kiv hvq 7 AvBb cöyq b wej ^: wøzxq Kÿ AvBb cöyqb K wejw ^Z K i `yõwu K ÿi g a we iva eva j AvBb cöyq bi ÿ Î APjve vi m wó n Z cv i Gi d j cökvmb e e vq aximwz P j Av m Ges ivóªxq Kvh µg wewnœz nq Riæix Ae vq AvBb cöyqb wejw ^Z n j Zv _ K ivóªxq msk Ui m wó n Z cv i 8 e qeûj Ges AcPqg~jK: wøkÿ wewkó AvBbmfv e qeûj Ges AcPqg~jK `yõwu cwil` _vk j AwZwi³ mikvwi A_ e q n e GK_v ejvb evûj Avi wøzxq Kÿ hw` me R bi cwie Z D P köwy ev KejgvÎ mikvwi ` ji ^v_ iÿv K i Z e GB e q AcPq e ZxZ wkqzb bq cwi k l G K_v ejv hvq h, wøkÿ wewkó AvBb mfv cö `k ev iv R i ^v_ msiÿ Yi w`k _ K djcöm~ Z e, wøkÿ AvBb mfvi m`m evqvb c wz Z GL bv Aewa Kvb Kvb ` k AMYZvwš K ev cökœ mv cÿ wbqg ejer Av Q GQvov, MYZvwš K ivr bwzk ms wz Dcw Z bv _vk j, D PKÿ Øviv wb œkÿ K wbqš Y ivlvi welqwui Am e BDwbU bq c ôv 196

15 GBPGmwm cövmövg A vkwuwfwu ( wb R Kwi) /wkÿv_ xi KvR wø-kÿ wewkó AvBb mfvi Amyweav jv D jøl Kiæb mvi-ms ÿc AvBbmfv `yb ai bi n Z cv i h_v, GKKÿ wewkó AvBbmfv I wø-kÿ wewkó AvBb mfv wø-kÿ wewkó AvBbmfv D PKÿ I wb œk ÿi mgš^ q MwVZ nq wb œk ÿi m`m MY RbM Yi cöz ÿ fv U wbe vwpz nq G Rb wb œ Kÿ K cöwzwbwaz Kÿ ejv nq wøzxq K ÿi g bvbqb I wbe vpb Dfq c wzb AbymiY Kiv nq `yb ai bi AvBb mfvi ÿ ÎB GKvav i KZ jv myweav I Amyweav cwijwÿz nq cv VvËi g~j vqb-9.4 mwvk DË ii cv k wuk ( ) wpý w`b 1 A ªwjqvi cvjv g Ui wb œk ÿi Kvh Kvj KZ eqi? K) 3 eqi L) 4 eqi M) 5 eqi N) 6 eqi 2 weªwuk cvj v g Ui Kvh Kvj KZ eqi? K) 3 eqi L) 4 eqi M) 5 eqi N) 6 eqi 3 gvwk b wm b Ui m`m msl v KZ? K) 50 Rb L) 75 Rb M) 100 Rb N) 125 Rb 4 wø-kÿ wewkó AvBbmfv i q QÑ i) gvwk b hy³ivóª ii) evsjv `k iii) wbdwrj vû wb Pi KvbwU mwvk? K) i L) ii M) iii N) i, ii, iii 5 gvwk b hy³iv óªi A½ivR KqwU? K) 30wU L) 40wU M) 50wU N) 60wU BDwbU bq c ôv 197

16 cšibxwz I mykvmb cvv-9.5 MYZ š AvBbmfvi f wgkv (Role of Legislature in Democracy) D Ïk GB cvv k l Avcwb MYZ š AvBbmfvi f wgkv e vl v Ki Z cvi eb gyl kã (Key Words) MYZ š AvBbmfvi f wgkv fvu, AvBb, wbe vpb, ivr bwzk PZbv, RbgZ AvBbmfv mikv ii wzbwu A ½i g a Ab Zg iæz c~y wefvm e Z: msweavb cöyqb wksev AvBb cöyq bi gz `vwqz cvj bi ga w` q ej Z M j AvBb mfv _ KB GKwU iv óªi Kvh µg m~pbv nq RbM bi fv U wbe vwpz RbcÖwZwbwaiv AvBbmfvi m`m nb hvi Rb AvBbmfv K MYZ š i cözxk ejv nq MYZ š i mvdj Ges wekv k AvBbmfvi f wgkv Amvgvb wb œ MYZ š AvBbmfvi f wgkv Av jvpbv Kiv nj: 1 AvBb cöyqb: MYZvwš K kvmb e e vq AvBbmfv gyl f wgkv cvjb K i `k cwipvjbvi mkj wewa-weavb I AvBb-Kvbyb AvBbmfv KZ K M nxz nq ^vaxb ` ki msweavb cöyqb, Ges ciez x Z RvZxq ^v _ i mv _ m½wz i L msweavb ms kvab, cwigvr b, ms hvrb, we qvrb AvBbmfvB K i _v K 2 mikvi I RbM bi g a mzzeüb: MYZvwš K kvmb e e vq AvBbmfv mikvi I RbM Yi g a mzzeüb wn m e KvR K i AvBbmfvi m`m iv wewfbœ mfv-mgv ek wksev wewfbœ Kg m~wpi gva g RbM Yi Lye Kv Q G m Zv `i e³e ïb Z cv ib RbM Yi m e³e ev `vwe AvBbmfvi m`m iv AvBbmfvq Dc vc bi gva g G mzzeüb m wó nq hv MYZ š irb Kj vyki 3 kvmbkv h AskMÖn Yi my hvm: AvaywbK MYZvwš K kvmbe e vq RbMY iv óªi kvmbkv h AskMÖn Yi my hvm c q _v K kvmbkv h AskMÖn Yi me cöavb vb n Q AvBbmfv GKRb e w³ bz Z i bvejx, gav, RbKj vy I Rbms hv Mi e j, Kvb GKwU ivr bwzk ` ji n q wksev wb` jxqfv e wbe vp bi gva g AvBb mfv Z vb K i wb Z cv ib Avi AvBb mfvi Kvh µ g AskMÖn Yi ga w` qb wzwb m e v P gvîv Z kvmbkv h Ask bb 4 wbe vpb: wewfbœ MYZvwš K kvmb e e vq AvBbmfv wbe vpb msµvší KZK jv KvR m úv`b K i _v K hgbmybrvij v Ûi hy³ivóªxq AvBbmfv hy³ivóªxq cwil` Gi m`m `i wbe vwpz K i fvi Z ivóªcöavb I Dc-ivóªcÖavb wbe vp b AvBbmfv we kl iæz c~y f wgkv cvjb K i 5 RbgZ MVb: AvaywbK MYZvwš K iv óª AvBbmfv RbgZ MVb msµvší KvR K i _v K AvBbmfvi m`m iv msm ` h e³e -wee wz cö`vb K ib Zv msev` gva g cökvwkz I cöpvwiz n q e³ e i c ÿ-wec ÿ RbgZ MwVZ nq GB Rbg Zi wfwë Z ÿgzvi cvjv e` ji w`k wvk nq 6 ivr bwzk PZbvi wekvk: MYZvwš K kvmb e e vq AvBbmfvi m`m MY wewfbœ wel q e³e I gzvgz cö`vb K ib G jv wewfbœ cöpvi gva g cöpvwiz n j RbM Yi g a ivr bwzk PZbvi wekvk mvwaz nq Gi d j RbMY mikvwi Kvh Kjv ci Dci m`vmzk ` wó ivl Z mÿg nq BDwbU bq c ôv 198

17 GBPGmwm cövmövg 7 ivr bwzk wb qvm: AvBbmfv fwel Zi ivr bwzk bzv I cöwkÿk wb qv M mvnvh K i AvBbmfvi m`m wn m e AwfÁZv AR bi ci AvBb mfvi m`m `i A b KB cökvmwbk I ivr bwzk iæz c~y c ` Avmxb n Z `Lv hvq 8 ivr bwzk AskMÖnY: MbZvwš K kvmb e e vq AvBbmfvi wbe vpb RbMY K ivr bwzk AskMÖn Yi e vcv i DØy K i G ai bi wbe vp bi d j cöv_ x I wbe vpkgûjxi g a MYZvwš K aviv Ae vnz ivlvi gvbwmkzv m wó nq cwi k l ejv hvq h, AvBbmfv cöwzwu MYZvwš K ` k iæz c~y f wgkv cvjb K i AvBb cöyq bi Kvi Y mikv ii Ab `yb wefvm _ K G wefv Mi gh v`v AwaKZi AvBbmfv K A b K ZvB ÔRvZxq gâõ e j AwfwnZ K ib A vkwuwfwu ( wb R Kwi) /wkÿv_ xi KvR evsjv ` ki AvBb mfv MYZš iÿvq KZUzKz mv_ K? hyw³ w`b mvi-ms ÿc AvaywbK MYZš cöwzwbwaz g~jk weavq, G kvmb e e vq AvBbmfvi iæz AwaK cwigv Y cwijwÿz nq e Z: AvBb mfv Z AvBb cöbq Yi ga w` qb ej Z M j GKwU iv óªi KvR ïiæ nq AvBb cvm QvovI, AvBb mfv ZB hvezxq RvZxq iæz c~y wel q Avjvc-Av jvpbv, ZK -wezk mv c ÿ w`k wb ` kbv wvk nq cv VvËi g~j vqb-9.5 mwvk DË ii cv k wuk ( ) wpý w`b 1 mikvi I RbM bi g a mzz eüb wn m e KvR K i Kvb wefvm? K) kvmb wefvm L) AvBb wefvm M) wepvi wefvm N) wbe vpb Kwgkb 2 MYZ š i cözxk ejv nq Kvb ms v K? K) AvBbmfv L) wepvi wefvm M) kvmb wefvm N) wbe vpkgðjx 3 ÔRvZxq gâõ ejv nq Kvb wefvm K? K) kvmb wefvm L) wepvi wefvm M) AvBb wefvm N) Dc ii me jv BDwbU bq c ôv 199

18 cšibxwz I mykvmb cvv-9.6 AvBbmfvi ÿgzv n«v mi KviY (Causes of Limiting Power of the Legislature) D Ïk GB cvv k l Avcwb AvBbmfvi ÿgzv n«v mi KviY Av jvpbv Ki Z cvi eb gyl kã (Key Words) mve fšgz, Awc Z ÿgzv cöm~z AvBb, mvgwik evwnbx, wepvi wefvmxq ch v jvpbv, MY-ms hvm AvBbmfvi ÿgzv n«v mi KviY AvaywbK MYZvwš K kvmb e e vq kvmb wefv Mi cövavb e w Ges Gi cvkvcvwk AvBbmfvi ÿgzv n«vm GKwU iæz c~y Av jvp welq GKwU mgq ch ší msweavb we klá `i Av jvpbvi cöavb welq wqj AvBbmfvi mve fšgz m mgq AwaKvsk ` ki mvsweavwbk e e vq AvBbmfvi cövavb cöwzwôz wqj wkš ez gv b AwaKvsk ` ki kvmb e e v ZB kvmb wefv Mi ÿgzvi we Ívi Ges AvBbmfvi ÿgzv I cöfv ei Aemvb cwijwÿz n Q Aa vck K wm nvqvi (Professor. K.C. Wheare) Gi g Z Ò`y-GKwU e wzµg Qvov cövq mkj ÿ ÎB AvBbmfvi ÿgzv n«vm c q QÓ jw eªvbm (Lord Bryec) Zuvi 'Modern Democracies' kxl K MÖ š wewfbœ ` ki msm`xq kvmb e e v ch v jvpbvi cwi cöwÿ Z AvBbmfvi ÿgzv n«v mi KviY m ú K Av jvpbv K i Qb wb œ AvBbmfvi ÿgzv I cöfve-cöwzcwë n«v mi mvaviy KviY Av jvpbv Kiv nj 1 RbKj vyg~jk `vwq Z i m úªmviy: ez gvb MYZvwš K e e vq RbKj vyg~jk Kg Kv Ûi ewkifvm kvmb wefvmb m úv`b K i mgvrkj vyg~jk KvR-K g i wecyj `vwq Z i mv _ mvgäm ervq i L AvBbmfv G µgea gvb `vwqz h_vh_fv e cvjb Ki Z cv i bv msm`xq kvmb e e vq kvmb wefvm bxwzwba viy Ges Zv Kvh Ki K i d j kvmbwefv Mi mv _ Rbmvavi Yi e w³mz I ˆ`bw `b Rxe bi Mfxi ms hvm vwcz nq ^vfvwekfv eb RbMb AvBbmfvi cwie Z kvmb wefv Mi Dci wbf ikxj n q c o Gi d j kvmb wefv Mi ÿgzv e w cvq Ges AvBbmfvi ÿgzv n«vm cvq 2 RvZxq Ges AvšÍR vwzk cwiw wzi RwUjZv e w : wesk kz Ki cö_gv a `yõwu wek hy, wesk kzvãxi VvÛv jovb, mv úªwzkkv j gšjev`, RvwZMZ msnvzmn wbz -bzzb msku I AvksKv Ges A_ bxwz AZ ší RwUj n q covi ev ÍeZv Z, kvmb wefv Mi `ªæZ wm vší MÖn Yi ÿgzvwu ek iæz c~y n q D V Q AvšÍR vwzk ÿ Î cwiw wzi RwUjZv I RwUj cwiw wzi msl v e w c q Q G djköæwz Z ciivóªbxwz cwipvjbvi ÿ Î kvmb wefv Mi f wgkv cöavb n q D V Q mvgwik I cöwziÿvi cö qvr b MvcbxqZv iÿv Kiv `ikvi AvBbmfvi m`m `i Lvjv gjv Av jvpbvq Zv Avevi m e nq bv ^ivóª I ciivóª msµvší wel q bzzb-bzzb mgm vi m wó n Q m e vcwi RvZxq msku I Riæwi Ae vq AvBbmfv A bk mgq ZvrÿwYK wm vší MÖnY Ki Z bv cvivq Gi ÿgzv n«vm cv Q 3 `jxq e e vi K VviZv: ez gv b msm`xq MYZvwš K kvmb e e vq AvBbmfv Kvh Z ÿgzvmxb ` ji B QvgvwdK KvR K i ivr bwzk `j e e vi we Ívi, mymsmwvz `jxq e e v I `jxq wbqgvbyewz Zvi e `Šj Z gwš mfv AvBbmfvi msl vmwiô m` m i mg_ bi e vcv i wbwðší _v K AvBbmfvi msl vmwiô `j mikvi MVb BDwbU bq c ôv 200

19 GBPGmwm cövmövg K i msl vimwiô ` ji bzvivb mikv i vb jvf K ib mikv ii vwqz AvBbmfvi msl vmwiô m` m i mg_ bi Dci wbf ikxj ZvB mikvwi `j `jxq wb ` k I k Ljvi e vcv i mzk I K Vvi nq AvBbmfvi wfz i kvmk` ji m`m iv `jxq wb ` k Abymv i K_v e jb I KvR K ib ` ji evb i M j ciez x Z `jxq g bvbqb cviqvi wel q AwbðqZv _v K `jxq wb ` k gvb Kiv A_ev AwbwðZ ivr bwzk fwel r K eiy Kiv G `y qi g a AvBbmfvi m`m iv mvaviyz cö_gwu KB MÖnY K ib djköæwz Z, ez gv b A bk ` k AvBbmfv kvmbwefvmxq wb ` k Aby gv` bi GKwU ms vq cwiyz n q Q 4 AvBb cöyqb I Avw_ K wel q ÿgzv n«vm: ez gv b AvBb cöyq bi ÿ Î AvBbmfvi f wgkv A bk ÿ ÎB Abyôvbme ^ n q D V Q GLb kvmb-wefvmb AwaKvsk AvB bi D ` vm MÖnY K i AvBbmfvq DÌvwcZ we ji g a AwaKvskB mikvwi wej GQvov A_ msµvší wel qi Dci AvaywbK AvBbmfvi wbqš Y `ye j n q M Q Kbbv, AvBbmfvi mvaviy m`m iv ev RU cö Íve ev A_ wej DÌvcb K ib bv gš xivb G KvR K ib Avw_ K wel qi RwUjZv, cö qvrbxq we klá-áv bi Afve Ges mg qi ^ízvi Rb I A bk mgq ev RU cö Íve wb q cy Lvbycy L Av jvpbvi AeKvk _v K bv 5 Awc Z ÿgzvcöm~z AvBb: AvaywbK RbKj vyg~jk iv óª wewfbœ ÿ Î eûwea AvB bi cö qvrb nq AvB bi RwUjZv, m`m `i Ávb I AwfÁZvi Afve m e vcwi mg qi Afv ei Rb AvBbmfv AvBb cöyq bi wkqz ÿgzv eva n q kvmb wefv Mi nv Z Ac b K i d j kvmb wefvm K wkqz wkqz AvBb cöyqb Ki Z nq G K Awc Z ÿgzvcöm~z AvBb (Delegated legislation) e j Gi d j AvBb wefv Mi Dci kvmb wefv Mi cöfve e o P j Q 6 m`m `i A`ÿZv: AvR Ki hy M GKwU AvBbmfv K AZxZ Avg ji Zzjbvq A bk ewk RwUj I `ÿzv `vwekvix mgm vi gy LvgywL n Z nq Gme mgm vi mgvavb KejgvÎ Avš wikzv ev mvaviy Ávb Øviv mgvavb Kiv m e nq bv GRb GKwU wbw` ó gvîvi we klvwqz Ávb cö qvrb Dbœqbkxj A bk ` kb AvBb mfvi m`m `i A`ÿZv GKwU eo mgm v n q D V Q G nb ev ÍeZv Z kvmb wefv Mi `ÿzvm úbœ Avgjv `i f~wgkv kvmbkvh cwipvjbv Z eo n q D V Q 7 Pvcm wókvix Mvôxi iæz : AvBbmfv mikvi I Rbmvavi Yi g a ms hvm mva bi iæz c~y gva g wn m e KvR K i wkš ez gv b wewfbœ Pvcm wókvix Mvôx (Pressure Groups) I msmvb RbM Yi ^v_ I mgm vw` m ú K mivmwi kvmb wefv M mv _ hvmv hvm iÿv K i Ges cö qvrbxq e e v bq mikvwi bxwz K cöfvwez Kivi Ges mikv ii mv _ RbM Yi ms hvm mva bi gva g wn m e Pvcm wókvix Mvôxmg~ ni iæz I Zvrch e w c q Q Gi djköæwz Z AvBb mfvi iæz Kg Q 8 mvgwik evwnbxi n Í ÿc: Z Zxq we k i A bk Dbœqkxj iv óª ivr bwzk Aw wzkxjzvi my hv M mvgwik evwnbx kvmb ÿgzvq n Í ÿc K i ZLb AvBbmfv wei n q c o mvgwik mikv ii gva g ZLb `k cwipvwjz nq Ges AvBbmfvi f wgkv wejyß nq G ai bi cwiw wzi D e n j, AvBb mfv ^vfvwekfv eb iæz nviv Z _v K cwi k l ejv hvq, cwiewz Z cwiw wz Z B`vbxsKv j mviv we k B wbe vnx wefv Mi ÿgzv evo Q AvBb mfv K bvbvb ÿ ÎB AZxZ Avg ji Zzjbvq wkqzuv n ji Kg f~wgkv cvjb Ki Z `Lv hv Q Z_vwc, msweavb I AvBb cöyq bi ÿgzv _vkvi Kvi Y G wefvmwu GLb Aewa A b Ki ` wó Z mikv ii me P q iæz c~y A½ A vkwuwfwu ( wb R Kwi) /wkÿv_ xi KvR AvBb mfvi ÿgzv w` b w` b n«vm cv Q- Avcwb wk GB g Zi mv _ GKgZ? e vl v Kiæb BDwbU bq c ôv 201

20 cšibxwz I mykvmb mvi-ms ÿc AvaywbK ivóª e e vq kvmb wefv Mi ÿgzv e w cv Q Ges AvBbmfvi ÿgzv µgk n«vm cv Q bvbvwea ev ÍeZvq RbM Yi mv _ AvBbmfvi m`m `i m ú ³Zv K g hv Q Ab w` K, kvmb wefv Mi m`m `i mv _ bvbv Kvi Y RbM bi ms hvm e w cv Q RvZxq Ges AvšÍR vwzk cwiw wz eûgylx RwUjZvi hy M AvBbmfvi m`m iv A bk mgq h_vh_ e e v MÖnY Ki Z e _ n Q AvBbmfvi m`m `i A b Ki `ÿzvi AfveI AvBbmfvi ÿgzv n«v mi Rb Ab Zg cöavb KviY cv VvËi g~j vqb-9.6 mwvk DË ii cv k wuk ( ) wpý w`b 1 "Modern Democracies" bvgk MÖ š i jlk K? K) K wm nvqvi L) jw eªvbm M) n viì jvmi qj N) A vjvb ej 2 Ô`y-GKwU e wzµg Qvov cövq mkj ÿ ÎB AvBbmfvi ÿzv n«vm c q Q Õ Ñ Dw³wU K K i Qb? K) g vkvbfvi L) n viì jvw M) K wm nvqvi N) Rb jk 3 AvBbmfvi ÿgzv n«v mi Kvi Y Kvb wefv Mi ÿgzv e w c q Q? K) kvmb wefvm L) wepvi wefvm M) wbe vpb Kwgkb N) wbe vpkgðjx 4 AvBbmfv KZ K cöyxz AvBb K msweavb ewn f Z e j evwzj NvlYv Ki Z cv i K? K) kvmb wefvm L) mwpevjq M) `yb xwz `gb Kwgkb N) mycöxg KvU BDwbU bq c ôv 202

21 GBPGmwm cövmövg cvv-9.7 kvmb wefv Mi MVb I Kvh vewj (Composition and Functions of the Executive) D Ïk GB cvv k l Avcwb kvmb wefv Mi MVb m ú K ej Z cvi eb kvmb wefv Mi Kvh vewj m ú K Av jvpbv Ki Z cvi eb gyl kã (Key Words) cöwziÿv `ßi, ÿgzv ^Zš xkiy, A_ `ßi, ^ivóª gš Yvjq, Avgjv kvmb wefv Mi MVb AvaywbK MYZvwš K ivóªmg~ n mikv ii wzbwu wefv Mi g a kvmb wefv Mi cövavb e o Pjvi jÿy mȳ úó e vck A _ kvmb wefvm ej Z iv óªi cöavb wbe vnx (Chief Executive) _ K ïiæ K i cökvmwbk Kv R wbhy³ mvaviy Kg Pvix ch ší mkj KB evsvq kvmb wefv Mi `ybwu Ask Av Q t (K) ivr bwzk Ask Ges (L) A-ivR bwzk Ask (K) ivr bwzk Ask: kvmb wefv Mi hme e w³ RbM Yi Øviv wbe vwpz nb Zuv `i K kvmb wefv Mi ivr bwzk Ask ejv nq wbw` ó mg qi Rb wbe vp bi djvd ji wfwë Z Giv kvmb wefv M hvm `b Kvh Kvj AwZµvšÍ niqvi ci G `i cybivq wbe vpbx cöwzøw ØZvq AeZxY n Z nq kvmb wefv Mi ivr bwzk Ask K mikv ii bxwzwba vi Yi e vcv i P ovšífv e `vwqz kxj _vk Z nq G `vwqz mvsweavwbkfv e AvBbmfvi Kv Q Ges P ovší wepv i wbe vpkgûjxi Kv Q G `vwq Z i cök wz nj cöz ÿ D`vniY wn m e evsjv ` k cöavbgš xi bz Z vaxb gwš mfvi m`m `i K_v ejv hvq (L) A-ivR bwzk Ask: Aciw` K mikv ii vqx Kg Pvix `i kvmb wefv Mi vqx ev A-ivR bwzk Ask ejv nq Giv cöwz hvwmzvg~jk cixÿvi gva g YMZ hvm Zvi wfwë Z vqxfv e kvmb wefv M hvm `b G `i wbhyw³i e vcv i wbe vpbx ivrbxwzi Kvb m úk bb vqx mikvwi Kg Pvix `i ÔAvgjvÕ bv gi AwfwnZ Kiv nq kvmb wefv Mi ivr bwzk Ask cökvmwbk bxwz-wba viy K ib Ges Zvi ev Íevq bi w` K bri iv Lb Avi mikv ii Avgjv ev vqx Kg Pvixiv bxwz jv K ev Í e iƒcvwqz K ib kvmb wefv Mi Kvh vewj RvwZ-ivóª (Nation-state) cöwzôvi ïiæi w` K g b Kiv nz h, ewntkîæi AvµgY _ K `kiÿv Ges Af šíixy kvwší-k Ljv ervq ivlvb nj kvmb wefv Mi KvR wkš mg qi cwiµgvq, wbw` ófv e ej j, wesk kzvãx Z G m, iv óªi Kvh ÿ Îi cwiwa wecyjfv e m úªmvwiz n q Q bvbvwea Avš R vwzk cöwzôv bi f~wgkv e o Pj ji, GB GKwesk kzvãx ZI iv óªi bvbvwea f~wgkv cöwzwbqzb e w cv Q iv óªi Kvh vewj e w cviqvi mv _ mv _ ^vfvwekfv eb kvmb wefv Mi Kg cwiwa we Í wz jvf K i Q AvaywbK iv óªi kvmb wefvm hme KvR m úv`b K i m jvi g a we kl iæz c~y nj- 1 Af šíixy kvmbkvh cwipvjbv: AvBbmfv KZ K cöyxz AvBb kvmb wefvm Kvh Ki K i AvBb-k Ljv f½kvix K wepvivj qi m y L Dcw Z Kiv, wepvivj qi ivq Abymv i Acivax K kvw Í`v bi e e v Kiv cöf wzi BDwbU bq c ôv 203

22 cšibxwz I mykvmb gva g kvmb wefvm ` k kvwší-k Ljv iÿv K i ZvQvov Aat Íb mikvwi Kg Pvix `i wb qvm, e`wj, c `vbœwz Ges c`p~ wz wel q Kvh Ki e e v MÖnY, Riæwi Ae vi gvkv ejv Kivi Rb AwW b vý Rvwi cöf wz kvmb wefv Mi iæz c~y KvR 2 ciivóª msµvší: ez gv b Kvb ivóªb wb R K ^qsm ú~y e j `vwe Ki Z cv i bv ZvB ivóªmg~ ni cvi úwik m úk wba viy Kiv GKvšÍ cö qvrb kvmb wefv Mi cöavbb wewfbœ iv óªi mv _ K U bwzk m úk iÿv K ib wbr iv óªi K U bwzk Ab iv óª cöiy, Ab iv óªi K U bwzk cöwzwbwa MÖnY, ivr bwzk I evwywr K Pzw³ m úv`b; Kvb iv óªi mv _ K U bwzk m úk vcb Kiv n e wksev Kvb iv óªi mv _ m úk wqbœ Kiv cö qvrb BZ vw` wba viy Kiv kvmb wefv Mi ciivóª m úwk Z Kvh vewji AšÍf ³ Gme Kv Ri `vwqz ciivóª `ß ii Dci Awc Z nq 3 cöwziÿv Kvh vewj: ` ki mve fšgz I ^vaxbzv iÿvi iæ`vwqz kvmb wefv Mi Ic i b Í _v K mvaviyfv e mk evwnbxi me vwabvqk wn m e ivóªcöavb ˆmb evwnbxi MVb, cwipvjbv, hy cwipvjbv wel q cwikíbv MÖnY Ges `k iÿvi cö qvr b emvgwik kw³ K Kv R jvmv bv cöf wz Kvh m úv`b K i ivóªcöavb cö qvrb ev a mvgwik AvBbI Rvwi Ki Z cv ib hy I cöwziÿvi `vwqz cöwziÿv `ß ii (Defence Department) Dci b Í _v K 4 AvBb msµvší Kvh vewj: msm`xq e e v Z AvBb I kvmb wefv Mi bz Z mvaviyz GKB e w³ _v K weavq, AvBb wefv Mi Dc i kvmb wefv Mi ^vfvwekfv eb GK ai bi n Í ÿc P j Av m Ab w` K, ivóªcöavb kvwmz e e v Z ivóªcöav bi m wz Qvov AvBb wefv Mi AvBb cöyq bi KvR m úbœ n Z cv i bv ÿgzv ^Zš xkiy bxwz Pvjy _vk ji, AvR Ki w` b ivóªcöavb kvwmz e e v Z AvBb mfvi Dc i ivóªcöav bi A bklvwb cöfve jÿ Kiv hvq 5 wepvi msµvší Kvh vewj: ivóªcöavb kvwmz e e vq kvmb wefvm cöavb wepvicwz `i wb qvm K ib wepvi wefvm KZ K `ÛcÖvß e w³ K ÿgv cö`k b, kvw Íi cwigvy n«vm cöf wz wepvi msµvší Kvh vewj ivóªcöavb m úv`b K ib ZvQvov kvmb wefv Mi Kvb Kg Pvixi Ab vq AvPiY wksev `yb xwzi wepvi I kvw Í `vb, Kvb mikvwi Kg Pvix K Ab vqfv e c`pz Z Kiv n q Q wkbv Zvi wepvi kvmb wefvm K i _v K Giƒc wepvi K kvmb wefvmxq wepvi ejv nq weª Ub, d«vý I fvizmn c w_exi A bk ` k Giƒc kvmb wefvmxq wepvi e e v cöewz Z Av Q 6 A_ msµvší Kvh vewj: mikv ii hvezxq Kvh m úv` bi Rb wecyj cwigvy A _ i cö qvrb GB wecyj A_ msmö ni `vwqz cöavbz kvmb wefv Mi Aek AvBb wefv Mi Aby gv`b bv c j kvmb wefvm A_ e q Ki Z cv i bv Ki msmön I e q eivï Kiv QvovI kvmb wefvm K mikvwi KvlvMv ii wnmve cixÿv Ki Z nq A_ `ßi (Finance Department) Gi nv Z G ÿgzv Awc Z _v K 7 RbKj vyg~jk Kvh vewj: AvaywbK iv óª Rb ^v, Rbwkÿv, K wl, wkí evwy R i DbœwZ, hvmv hvm e e vi DbœwZ, A_ bwzk cwikíbvi gva g `ªæZ A_ bwzk DbœwZ mvab cöf wz RbKj vyki Kvh vw` kvmb wefvmb m úv`b K i 8 bxwz wba viy msµvší KvR: ^ivóª Ges ciivóª msµvší KvRKg cwipvjbvi Rb mikv ii mywbw` ó bxwz _vk Z nq mikv ii kvmb wefvm G bxwz wba viy K i weª Ub, fviz, evsjv `k cöf wz msm`xq kvmb e e vi ` k cöavbgš xi bz Z K vwe bu G bxwz cöyqb K i Zv K Aciw` K gvwk b hy³iv óªi gz ivóªcöavb kvwmz kvmb e e vq wewfbœ ÿ Î mikvwi bxwz wba viy I cö qv Mi `vwhz Ges ÿgzv ivóªcwzi Dci b Í _v K 9 AvBb ejerkiy msµvší KvR: kvmb wefv Mi Ab Zg gyl KvR AvBb ejer Kiv me ai bi mikv ib AvBbmfv KZ K cöyxz AvBb K kvmb wefvm mwvkfv e ejer K i _v K gvwk b hy³iv óªi msweav b mikv ii BDwbU bq c ôv 204

23 GBPGmwm cövmövg wzbwu wefv Mi ÿgzv I Kvh vewj K fvm K i `Iqv n q Q Zv Z ejv n q Q, AvBbmfv KZ K cöyxz AvBb K kvmb wefvm wek ÍZvi mv _ Kvh Kixfv e cö qvm Ki e cwi k l ejv hvq h, ez gv b iv óªi Kvh vewj DË ivëi wecyjfv e e w cviqvi d j kvmb wefvm µgk: ÿgzvkvjx n q DVvi GKwU cöeyzv jÿyxq we kl K i msm`xq kvmb e e vq AvBb wefv Mi cövav b i cwie Z kvmb wefv Mi ÿgzv e w we klfv e jÿyxq ivóªcöavb kvwmz kvmbe e v ZI `jxq kvm bi gva g kvmb wefvm AvBb wefvm K eûj cwigv Y wbqš Y Ki Z mg_ n Q A vkwuwfwu ( wb R Kwi) /wkÿv_ xi KvR kvmb wefv Mi Acwinvh KvR jv wk wk? mvi-ms ÿc kvmb wefvm AvBb wefvm KZ K cöyxz AvBb K ev Íevqb K i AvB bi gva gb iv óªi B Qv cökvk cvq Avi G AvBb K Kvh Ki K i kvmb wefvm iv óªi mkj ai bi cökvmwbk Kvh vewj kvmb wefvm m úv`b K i kvmb wefv Mi `ybwu Ask i q Q h_v ivr bwzk Ask Ges A-ivR bwzk Ask kvmb wefvm AvBb msµvší, wepvi msµvší, ciivóª msµvší, A_ -msµvší, cöwziÿv msµvší, Af šíixy kvmbkvh cwipvjbv msµvšímn eûwea Kvh m úv`b K i _v K cv VvËi g~j vqb-9.7 mwvk DË ii cv k wuk ( ) wpý w`b 1 kvmb wefv Mi KqwU Ask Av Q? K) 2wU L) 4wU M) 6wU N) 8wU 2 Aa v `k (Ordinance) Rvwi Ki Z cv ib K? K) cöavbgš x L) ivóªcöavb M) úxkvi N) cöavb wepvik 3 cvj v g Ui Awa ekb Avnevb K ib K? K) cöavbgš x L) úxkvi M) ivóªcöavb N) cöavb wepvicwz 4 ivóªcwz kvwmz kvmb e e v `Lv hvq Kvb ` k? K) evsjv `k L) gvwk b hy³ivóª M) fviz N) weª Ub BDwbU bq c ôv 205

24 cšibxwz I mykvmb cvv-9.8 kvmb wefv Mi ÿgzv e w (Growth of Power of the Executive) D Ïk GB cvv k l Avcwb kvmb wefv Mi ÿgzv e w i KviY Dc vcb Ki Z cvi eb gyl kã (Key Words) A_ bwzk msku, hy, RvwZi gylcvî, my hvm bz Z, msm`xq mikvi kvmb wefv Mi ÿgzv e w i KviY mikv ii wzbwu wefvm i q Q; AvBb wefvm, kvmb wefvm I wepvi wefvm ivóª GKwU weg~z aviyv iv óªi mkj wm vší mikvi Zvi wzbwu wefv Mi gva g ev Íevqb K i Zv K Z e mv úöwzk Kv j mikvwi wm vší ev Íevqb Kivi ÿ Î kvmb wefv Mi ÿgzv Ab `yb wefv Mi P q ewk e w c q Q RbKj vyg~jk iv óª kvmb wefv Mi ÿgzv e w i bvbvwea KviY i q Q hv wb œ D jøl Kiv nj: 1 iv óªi Kv Ri cwiwa e w : ez gvb AvaywbK RbKj vyg~jk iv óª Kv Ri cwiwa e vck e w c q Q AvBbk Ljv iÿv, `kiÿv I ivr ^ Av`v qi gz mbvzbx Kv Ri evb i ez gvb Kv ji cöwzwu ivóª K wecyj gvîv Z Dbœqbg~jK Kg Kv Û m ú ³ n Z nq Avi Gme `vwqz m úv` bi ÿ Î kvmb wefvm AMÖYx f~wgkv cvjb K i Gi gv b n Q iv óªi ev mikv ii KvR e w cviqvi A_ nj ev Í e kvmb wefv Mi KvR Z_v ÿgzv e w cviqv 2 AvBb cöyq b RwUjZv: ez gv b bvbvwea Kvi Y AvBb cöyq b e vckzv I RwUjZv e o hvevi Kvi Y, A bk mgq AvBbmfv Zvi KvR Ki Z mgm vi m ylxb nq GgZ ev ÍeZvq A bk mgq AvBbmfv wb R D ` vmx n q AvBb cöyq bi A bkuzkz KvR kvmb wefv Mi nv Z Zz j w` Q Gi d j kvmb wefv Mi ÿgzv e w cv Q 3 A_ bwzk msku I mgm v: iv óªi bvbvwea A_ bwzk msku I mgm v mgvav bi ÿ Î mikv ii Ab `yb wefvm _ K kvmb wefvm AMÖYx f wgkv cvjb K i hvi Rb kvmb wefv Mi mv _ mvaviy RbM Yi mswkøó niqvi my hvm ewk m wó nq GQvov iv óªi A_ bwzk msku gyn~ Z kvmb wefvm `ªæZ wm vší MÖnY Ki Z cv i 4 hy I AvšÍR vwzk mgm v: AvaywbK wek bvbv ai bi hy I AvšÍR vwzk mgm vq RR wiz G ai bi mgm vi mgvavb I wm vší MÖn Yi ÿ Î mvaviyz kvmb wefv MB g~j f~wgkv cvjb K i GQvovI cöwzwu iv óª cöwziÿvi `vwq Z wb qvwrz _v K kvmb wefvm `kiÿvi ÿ Î g~j `vwqz nv Z _vkvq ^vfvwek fv eb kvmb wefv Mi ÿgzv e w cvq 5 n ÍvšÍwiZ AvB bi cövavb : mv úªwzk Kv j AvBb cöbqy RwUj, mgq mv cÿ I we klááv bi `vex`vi n q DVvq GK cökvi eva n q kvmb wefv Mi nv Z AvBb cöbq Yi A bkuzkz Ask n ÍvšÍi K i AvBb wefvm KZ K `vwqz n ÍvšÍ ii Avwa K i Kvi YI AvBb mfvi ÿgzv n«vm cv Q Ges kvmb wefv Mi ÿgzv e w cv Q 6 kvmb wefvm K wbqš Yi Afve: ZË MZfv e AvBbmfv kvmb wefvm K wbqš Y Kivi K_v wkš `je e v wfwëk mikv ii G hy M ev Í e kvmb wefv Mi cwikíbv Abyhvqx AvBbmfvi Kvh µg cwipvwjz nq Gi d j kvmb wefvmb klvewa ÿgzv PP vq GwM q hvq 7 RvwZi gylcvî I cöwzwbwa: ` ki cöavb wbe vnx KZ v mgmö RvwZi gylcvî I cöwzwbwa wn m e ` k gvb f~wgkv cvjb K ib cwipvjbvi ÿ Î I m ev P wbe vnxi f~wgkvb cöavb n q D V ^vfvwekfv eb mikv ii KvRKg BDwbU bq c ôv 206

25 GBPGmwm cövmövg cwipvjbvq m e v P wbe vnxi fveg~wz we klfv e cöfve we Ívi K i Ges Gi ga w` q kvmb wefv Mi ÿgzv e w cvq 8 Z_ cövwßi myweav: mikvwi Kv Ri wm vší MÖnY Kivi Rb cö qvrbxq Z_ -DcvË kvmb wefv Mi Kv QB _v K Gme Z_ DcvË e envi K i kvmb wefvm RbM Yi Rb hme AZ vek Kxq KvR K i Zv Z Zvi RbwcÖqZv e w i mv _ ÿgzvi e w cvq me k l ejv hvq, ez gvb Kv ji MYZvwš K ivóªe e v wj Z bvbvwea Kvi Y AvBbmfvi HwZn MZ cövavb wkqzuv n ji n«vm cv Q cÿvší i, mikvwi Kg Kv Ûi cwiwa e o hviqv Ges cwiw i `vex Abyhvqx `ªæZ wm vší wb Z cvivi ÿgzv _vkvi e `Šj Z, AvR Ki w` b mikvwi Kvh µg cwipvjbv Z kvmb wefv Mi cöfve e o P j Q A vkwuwfwu ( wb R Kwi) /wkÿv_ xi KvR kvmb wefv Mi ÿgzv e w i K qkwu KviY wjlyb mvi-ms ÿc mv úªwzkkv j kvmb wefv Mi Kvh vewj A bkuvb e w c q Q Gi d j kvmb wefv Mi ÿgzvi e o Q ivóªcwzkvwmz Ges msm`xq Dfq ai bi kvmb e e v ZB kvmb wefv Mi KZ Z I cövavb cöwzwôz kvmb wefvm iv óªi RbKj vyg~jk I cöwziÿvg~jk Kvh m úv`b K i _v K kvmb wefvm iv óªi mvgwmök bvmwi Ki mv _ m ú ³ _ K RbKj vyg~jk KvR K i g~jz AvaywbK RbKj vyg~jk MYZvwš K ivóª e e vq RvZxq Ges AvšÍR vwzk wewfbœ ÿ Î kvmb wefv Mi `ªæZZv I `ÿzvi Kvi Y ÿgzv e w cv Q cv VvËi g~j vqb-9.8 mwvk DË ii cv k wuk ( ) wpý w`b 1 mikv ii Kvb wefvmwu RbM bi mv _ ewk m ú ³ n Z cv i? K) AvBb wefvm L) kvmb wefvm M) wepvi wefvm N) wbe vpb Kwgkb 2 A_ bwzk m¼ugq mg q `ªæZ wm vší wb Z cv i Kvb wefvm? K) AvBb wefvm L) kvmb wefvm M) wepvi wefvm N) `vzv ms v 3 cöwziÿvi `vwq Z wb qvwrz _v K Kvb wefvm? K) AvBb wefvm L) wepvi wefvm M) kvmb wefvm N) Rb cökvmb wefvm 4 gvby li gšwjk AwaKvi Le nq KLb? K) wbe vp bi ci L) msweavb cöyqb n j M) fv Ui gva g N) msweavb wmz n j BDwbU bq c ôv 207

26 cšibxwz I mykvmb cvv-9.9 wepvi wefv Mi MVb I Kvh vewj (Composition and Functions of the Judiciary) D Ïk GB cvv k l Avcwb wepvi wefv Mi MVb ey bv Ki Z cvi eb wepvi wefv Mi Kvh vewj Av jvpbv Ki Z cvi eb gyl kã (Key Words) AvB bi Abykvmb, D P Av`vjZ, `Û wefvm, gvgjv- gvkïgv, wepvi wefvmxq ch v jvpbv wepvi wefv Mi MVb wepvi wefvm mikv ii Ab Zg GKwU iæz c~y Ask wepvi wefvm ivóªxq AvBb jv e vl v I cö qvm K i GQvovI weev` gxgvsmv Kiv n Q wepvi wefv Mi Ab Zg KvR AvBb mfvi Kvb wm vší msweavb m Z n q Q wkbv, m e vcv ii wepvi wefvm e³e ivl Z cv i mikv ii wbe vnx wefv Mi wm v šíi e vcv ii wepvi wefvm e³e ivl Z cv i wb œ wepvi wefv Mi mvsmvwbk KvVv gv D jøl Kiv nj: 1 wb œ Íi Av`vjZ: h Av`vj Z bvmwik `i AwaKvi, Aciva, we iva msµvší gvgjv m úbœ nq Zv K wb œ Íi Av`vjZ ev Aa: Íb Av`vjZ e j wb œ Í ii Av`vjZ K Aciv ai cök wz Abymv i `yõwu fv M fvm Kiv nq h_v: dšr`vwi Av`vjZ I `Iqvwb Av`vjZ RbM Yi wewfbœ cökvi Aciva msµvší gvgjvi wepvi Kiv nq dšr`vwi Av`vj Z Ges bvmwik `i m úwë msµvší wewfbœ gvgjvi wepvi Kiv nq `Iqvwb Av`vj Z 2 ga Í ii Av`vjZ: ga Í ii Av`vj Z g~jz wb œ Av`vj Z cö`ë iv qi cybwe epbvi Rb Avwcj Kiv nq Gme Av`vj Z KL bv KL bv iæz c~y gvgjvi cö_g ïbvbx I wepvi Kiv nq G Í i dšr`vwi I `Iqvwb Av`vjZ Kvh Ki _v K ga Í ii `Iqvwb gvgjvi Rb evsjv ` k Ò Rjv RR Av`vjZÓ Ges dšr`vwi gvgjv wb úwëi Rb Ò`vqiv RR Av`vjZÓ i q Q GQvov i q Q AwZwi³ Rjv RR ev AwZwi³ `vqiv RR Av`vjZ ez gv b evsjv ` k `vqiv RR Av`vj Zi mgch v qi Òbvix I wkï wbh vzb `gb Av`vjZÓ bv g GKwU we kl Av`vjZ MVb Kiv n q Q 3 D P Av`vjZ: D P Av`vjZ nj ` ki m e v P Av`vjZ D P Av`vj Zi cöavb ev g~j KvR nj ga Í ii Av`vj Zi iv qi weiæ Avwc ji ïbvwb MÖnY I wepvi Kiv GQvov D P Av`vjZ iv óªi mvsweavwbk cökœ RwoZ wewfbœ gvgjvi ïbvwb MÖnY I wepvikvh m úv`b K i D P Av`vj Zi `ywu wefvm _v K h_v: nvb KvU wefvm I Avwcj wefvm wepvi wefv Mi Kvh vewj wepvi wefvm mikv ii cöavb wzbwu wefv Mi GKwU Z e mikv ii Ab `ybwu wefvm RbcÖwZwbwa wbf i n ji, wepvi wefv Mi ÿ Î Zv N U bv wepvi wefvm h Kvb iv óª b vqwepvi wbwðzki Yi cöavb KvVv gv GB wefvmwu ZË MZfv e ivr bwzk `j e e vi D aÿ _ K m ev P wbi cÿzvi wfwë KvR K i A vjvb e ji g Z, ivr bwzk e e vq wepvi wefv Mi Kvh vewji cwigvy we klxki Yi gvîvi (degree of specialization) Dci wbf ikxj wb œ wepvi wefv Mi Kvh vewj Av jvpbv Kiv nj: BDwbU bq c ôv 208