CHINH SACH DINH DIEN CUA CHINH QUYEN NGO DINH DIEM 6 MIEN NAM VIET NAM ( ) TRAN im HA* Nim quyen thdng tri d mien Nam Viet Nam, My va Ngd Dinh

Bản ghi

1 CHINH SACH DINH DIEN CUA CHINH QUYEN NGO DINH DIEM 6 MIEN NAM VIET NAM ( ) TRAN im HA* Nim quyen thdng tri d mien Nam Viet Nam, My va Ngd Dinh Diem nhfin thqc dqdc rfing, cdng san thing lfi nhd cd ndng dan ung hd; dl gianh dudc thing ldi trong cong cupc thing Cong d mien Nam Viet Nam, vfi'n de dfit ra lfi phai ldi k6o cho ky dudc ndng dfin, phai "tranh thu., chinh phuc trdi tim, khdi dc ngudi ndng ddn". Ngay nhqng ngfiy diu len cim quyen mien Nam, Ngd Dinh Diem dfic biet chu trpng cac chinh sach dd'i vdi nong dan, nhieu lan "ho khdu hiiu": "anh em lao dgng", "gidi phdng nong ddn", "hihi sdn hda ndng ddn",... Chung da nhfin dinh: "de thdng dich, dieu kien tien quyi't Id phdi tranh thu lai nhdn ddn trong tay Viet Cong, ldm the ndo tdch rdi Cong phi ra khoi qudng dai qudn chung, khep chat nhdn ddn ldm mgt luc ludng hd trd cho ta... Chi cd su hd tro tuong ducfng dy mdi mong tiiu diet duoc dich mgt cdch tan gd'c vd ldu ddi" (1). Tra ldi bao chi tai Ll khanh thfinh trudng Qude gia Ndng lam d Blao ( ), Ngd Dinh Diem dfi ndi: "Tu do ngdy nay se mat het y nghla ne'u khong di ddi ciing mgt cugc gidi phdng kinh te, nhdt Id gidi phdng nong ddn, thdnh phdn cd hdn cua ddn tgc. Chinh sdch nong nghiip cua Chdnh Phu nhdm muc dich ndng cao mdc sd'ng ndng ddn, gidi thodt ndng ddn khdi cdnh v6 sdn, ngheo ndn vd cdi thien sinh hoat thdn que" (2). NhQng lufin dipu nfiy cua Ngd Dinh Diem dqdc tay chan tuyen truyen phd bien rpng rai dl tranh thu cam tinh ciia nong dan. Thvtc hien y dd tren, chinh quyen Ngd Dinh Diem da cho ra ddi nhieu chinh sach mi dan ddi vdi ndng dan d mien Nam Vipt Nam, trong dd cd chinh sach dinh dien. Nfim 1956, trude khi tien hfinh dinh dien, chinh quyen Ngd Dinh Diem Ifip "Uy ban Nghien cou vdn di khai thdc viing Cao Nguyen vd cdc vung Dong lay d mien Nam Viet Nam" (3), do Trinh Vfin Hi, Ddng ly Vfin phdng Bd Dien thd vfi Cai each dien dia dqng dfiu. Uy ban nfiy cd nhipm vu tim kiem, khao sat cac dia dilm de thvfc hien dinh dien, dvta theo nhqng tieu chuin do chinh Ngd Dinh Diem de ra: "Theo Tong thdng nin chgn nhihig ncfi cd chut it dieu kien phdt triin... chgn ncfi thdp cd sdn nudc dn, tdm, giat, tudi cdy vd cd du diiu kiin ve ddt dai (ddt td't, cd khodng rdng dedinh cu td 1000 ngudi trd len)... NgUdi My tdn thdnh dinh dien d ncfi di, chdc dn khdng scf Id..." (4). Ket qua khao sat ban diu eua uy ban: Tay Nguyen cd 4 dia diem (5) vfi cd nhieu triln vpng bdi "cd tdi mdu ddt de trdng trgt... ddt rdng phi nhieu, cd sudi ddi, cd the quy tu 2 hoac 3 ngdn ngudi trd len... ' Trudng THPT chuyen Nguyen Du, Tp. Buon Ma Thupt, Dfik Lfik

2 Chinh s6ch dinh dien. 25 Viing Cao Nguyin xet co du khd ndng don nhgn ddng bdo di ddn vd phdt trien, rdt thich hgp cho viec dinh dien..." (6), cdn vung ddng liy "ke't qud khong ddng ddi ddo ldm" (7). My va chinh quyen Ngo Dinh Diem tien hfinh dinh dien khfip mien Nam nhung xac dinh, trpng tam qude sach dinh dien lfi Tay Nguyen. Bdi, Tay Nguyen ngofii nhqng tiem nfing kinh te cdn cd y nghla mang tinh chie'n ludc het sqc quan trpng ve chinh tri va quan svf; khong chi dd'i vdi Viet Nam mfi ca Dong DUdng vfi Ddng Nam A. Chinh quyen Sfii Gdn da nhan dinh: "Mud'n chii'n thdng d Nam Viet Nam thi phdi kiim sodt bdng ducfc vung Cao nguyin Trung phdn cd tinh chdt chii'n ludc ndy" (8). Vi vfiy, Td'ng tham muu trudng My Raffor da tuyen bd^, Tfiy Nguyen cd thl trd thfinh dia bfin cd ddng quan trpng, mpt khu vvtc tfip trung quan dpi, Ifi'y Pleiku lam trung tam, cdn "Chinh quyen Ngo Dinh Diim cd ke' hoach dua tdi mgt phdn mudi todn bg so'ddn mien Nam len Tdy Nguyin, nghla Id do hcfn mdt triiu, de tg.o mgt ngudn luc tai chd rdt cdn thiet cho chii'n tranh vd chudn bi chien tranh" (9). Tren cd sd ket qua khao sat dd, ngfiy , Ngd Dinh Dipm ra Sic lenh sd 103- TTP, thfinh Ifip "Phu Tong uy dinh dien", td chqc nhu mpt bd, triic thupc Phu Tdng thd'ng, dudi quyen kiem soat vfi dieu hfinh cua Phd Tdng thd'ng (10). Bui Vfin LUdng Ifim Tdng uy trudng (11), dieu hfinh Phu Tdng uy dinh dien, phu ta tudng Le Vfin Kim, cd' vfi'n My chi dao triic tiep la Leland Barrows (ngay , Barrows tuyen bd. My danh 10 trieu Dola cho dinh dien) (12). Ve td chqc dinh dien, chinh quyen Ngo Dinh Diem trien khai mpt he tho'ng chfit che tq trung Udng xudiig cac dia diem dinh dien d dia phudng: Theo Nghi dinh sd 691-TTPArP, ngfiy , cua Td'ng thd'ng Ngo Dinh Diem, Phu Td'ng uy dinh dien cd trach nhiem dieu hanh mpi hoat dpng dinh dien tren tofin mien Nam thdng qua cac cd quan: Vfin phdng; Nha, Sd npi thupc nhu: Nha Hfinh chinh, Nha Tai chinh, Nha Di dan vfi Dinh cu, Nha Ky thuat, Nha Ndng cd; va Vung dinh dien (13). NhQng boat dpng cua Phii Tdng iiy dinh dien dudc "Nha Thanh tra Hdnh chinh, Tdi chinh vd Ky thudt" theo doi vfi bao cao len phd Td'ng thdrig (14). Tiep theo, Nghi dinh sd 1502 va TTPA/'P ngfiy , Chinh quyen Sfii Gdn thiet lap va trien khai hoat ddng d mien Nam Viet Nam tren thvtc te 4 vung dinh dien: - Vung dinh dien Cao nguyen Trung Phin (15) gdm cac tinh Kon Tum, Pleiku va Dfik Lfik. - Vung dinh dien Ddng Thap Mudi gdm cac tinh Kien Tudng vfi Kien Phong. - Vung dinh dien An Xuyen - Ba Xuyen gdm cac tinh An Xuyen va Ba Xuyen. - Vung dinh dien Cai Sin gdm cac tinh Kien Giang va An Giang. Theo Nghi dinh sd 967-PTArp/ND, ngfiy , vung dinh dien &\i6c td chqc nhq sau: dqng diu moi vung dinh dien la mdt Quan ddc, giup viec ed mpt phd Quan Ddc. Quan doc, phd Quan ddc vung dinh dien chi dao trvfc tiep cac TrUdng khu dinh dien va dieu hfinh hoat dpng cac dinh dien trong vung qua Phdng Hfinh chinh, Phdng Ke toan, Phdng Chuyen vfin cung cac cd quan chuyen mon thupc cac Bp khac... Trudng khu dinh dien chi dao triic tiep cac dia dilm trudng, ngudi dqng diu cac dia diem dinh dien. Ve td chqc hfinh chi'nh dia diem dinh dien, ngoai dia dilm trudng dqng dau phu

3 26 Rghien curu Lich sii. s6' trach chung, cdn cd cac cd quan hfinh chinh, an ninh, quan svt vfi he tho'ng quan ly san xufi't kinh doanh, cac dofin the chinh tri phan dpng nhu: Thanh nien cdng hda, Phu nq lien ddi, Phong trfio each mang qud'c gia. Dang cin lao nhan vi,... Dfic biet, dinh dien nao cung cd nhfi thd Thien Chua giao, Ifim "phuong tiin" tuyen truyen cho chung (16). Trong dia dilm dinh dien chia thanh cac fi'p, cac lien gia khoang 5 den 7 gia dinh. Lien gia trudng, ngudi dqng diu cac lien gia, phai chiu trach nhiem dieu ddng vfi kiem soat nhqng gia dinh trong lien gia cua minh. NhQng phin tvt chd'ng dd'i hay bi tinh nghi cd lien quan den cdng san deu bi theo doi, bi bit giam, tra tfi'n va thfim chi true xufi't ra khdi lien gia. Sau khi on dinh dupc td chqc, mfi theo each ndi ciia chung, la "an ninh dd vdn hdi", cac dinh dien dupe "dia phuong hda", tqc trd thfinh mpt ddn vi hfinh chinh cd sd cua dia phudng. Trong thdi gian lam Tdng tho'ng Viet Nam Cong hda ( ), Ngd Dinh Diem da rfi't "tdm huyet" trong viec thvfc hien chinh sach dinh dien. Tai budi dien thuyet "Ve cong cudc dinh dien tg.i Viet Nam", ngay , d rap Thdng Nhfi't Sfii Gdn, Td'ng uy dinh dien Bui Vfin Ludng da ndi: "Cong cugc dinh dien chinh Tdng tho'ng chu truong nin NgUdi dich thdn chi dg,o... chinh Ngo Tdng thd'ng Id cha de ra dinh dien, chinh NgUdi da cd chu truong do vd dich thdn hoach dinh ke hoach chinh sdch dinh dien..." (17). Chinh sach dinh dien sau dd dudc nang len thanh "Quo'c sdch" cua chinh quyen Ngd Dinh Diem. Cung svf hd trd cua My, chinh quyen Ngo Dinh Diem da day manh chinh sach dinh dien tren toan mien Nam. Theo bao cao ciia Phu Tdng uy dinh dien, den ngfiy , tofin mien Nam Ifip dudc 84 dia diem dinh dien, khai pha dupc ha vdi dan sdlfi ngudi (18). Cdn trong bao cao cua Phu Tdng uy dinh dien vd Nong vu, ngay , chinh quyen Sfii Gdn da lap dudc d mien Nam Viet Nam: 18 khu dinh dien, tren 22 tinh vdi 208 dia dilm dinh dien (dia phudng hda dudc 62 dia dilm dinh dien) (19). Thvfc hien chinh sach dinh dien. My vfi chinh quyen Ngd Dinh Diem nhfim muc dich: Ve chinh tri, dinh dien lfi dl "gff' bdt dan sd' d nong thon, cac tinh, thi trfi'n dong due, nhqng gia dinh mfi chinh quyen Ngo Dinh Diem cho la dd'i lap vdi chung, phan tan hp nhieu dia diem dinh dien khac nhau, xen hp vao cac gia dinh Thien Chua giao, tien viec kilm soat. Ddng thdi, dinh dien cdn lfi bien phap xao trpn cac cd sd each mang d dia phudng, Ifim cho phong trao dfi'u tranh cua nhan dan tan ra. Ngofii ra. My vfi chinh quyen Ngd Dinh Diem cdn dung liic lupng dan di cu mien Bfie de kim kep, kiem soat bd phfin chung tinh nghi lfi cpng san hi bit dua tq ddng bfing len (nhfi't lfi vung tvf do cu cua Lien khu V vfi cfin cq each mang cu d Nam Bd). Cho nen, viec lap cd sd dinh dien d Tay Nguyen, U Minh, Ddng Thap MQdi, vung DUdng Minh Chau, d vung chien khu D, deu nhfim triic tiep danh vfio cac cd sd cu cua khang chien, dl "cdy" vfio ndi a'y nhqng ngudi mfi Ngd Dinh Diem tin tudng trung thanh vdi che dp. Vi vfiy, td Cdch mang qud'c gia ( ) viet: "... ddng bdo di ddn tinh nguyin tham gia ki' hog,ch dinh dien, rdt xdng ddnh Id chii'n si tiin phong trong mat trdn chd'ng cong" (20). Ve qudn su, quoc sach dinh dien cua My vfi chinh quyen Ngd Dinh Dipm nhfim bien mien Nam thanh cfin cq quan svf ciia My. Tay chan Ngd Dinh Diem ra sqc dao tao

4 Chfnh sach dinh dien. 27 hua'n luyen, trang bi vu khi cho cac dinh dien. Trung tam Doan Vo (PhUdc Long) la ndi chung dfio tao can bd dinh dien, hua'n luyen cac liic ludng quan svf, an ninh cho dinh dien. Bao cao cua trung ta Nguyin Cao, ngay cho biet, Trung tam hufi'n luyen Dofin Vo da dao tao dupc: "284 Tieu dgi trudng; cdn bg dinh dien; Idp Trung dgi trudng 40 hgc viin dang xuc tii'n" (21). Sau dd, dl tfing cudng dao tao tay sai, chung cdn md them Trung tam Doan Vd II (PhUde Long), Trung tam EA- NAO (Dfik Lfik)... Liic ludng nfiy chung sq dung vfio cac muc dich quan sii, chinh tri. He thd'ng an ninh dupc td chqc chat che tq cfi'p trung Udng den vung, khu vfi dia diem dinh dien. Theo ket lufin trong Bien ban phien hpp ngfiy tai Bp Npi vu, chinh quyen Ngd Dinh Diem td chqc he thdiig an ninh d cac dia diem dinh dien nhq sau: - "Thdnh lap Ban an ninh gdm cd: dia diim trudng, ldm Chd tich hay TrUdng ban; dg,i diin Bdo an; dgi dien Cong an, dgi diin ddn ve vd dg,i diin Hgi dong qudn tri dia diem. Ban an ninh cd nhiem vu duy tri an ninh tai dia diim, dp dung ngdn ngda mgi biin cd. Ngodi ra, nhdn viin Ban ndy cdn ludn ludn trao ddi tin tuc thu luom duoc di so sdnh khai thdc gap vd ne'u cdn thong bdo cho cd cdc dia diim ldn can ciing Khu, Vung, Tinh, Phu Tong uy. - Cdng an vien biit phdi phuc vu tgi dia diem se Id TrUdng ban Trgt tu cua dia diem vd ddt trong he thd'ng chi huy cua dia diem trudng. - Di' cho viec bdo vi trgt tu an ninh cdc dia diem duoc chu ddo tgi moi dia diem, diu cd td chdc Ddn vi dudi 2 hinh thdc: Ddn ve chim vd Ddn vi ndi..." (22). DI tfing cudng an ninh vfi vdi cac am muu quan sii khac, cuo'i nfim 1961 Phii Tong iiy dinh dien de ra ke hoach kien toan.d ChQc an ninh dia dilm dinh dien theo to hudng, tuyin chpn, dfio tao, vd trang cho thanh nien d cac dinh dien: "di nghi Tong thdng kien todn to' chdc luc luong Thanh niin bdo vi huong thon cdc dia diem dmh diin... Thiim phu se cii 1 dy ban den cac dia diim di cdu xet tgi chd vi khd ndng qudn su cdng nhu nhgn dinh tinh than thanh niin bdo vi huong thdn vd cho bdtuc ne'u cdn trudc khi cdp vu khi... se xuc tien thdnh lap dgi dgi thanh niin bdo v$ huong thon cho dia diem hogc liin dia diem... Khi dgi dgi Thanh niin bdo ve huong thdn cd du khd ndng, Dgi dgi bdo an dinh diin se ndi rong vong dai hogt dgng thim nda vd xin di nghi lap Khu chie'n ddu dinh diin. Chi huy trudng cdc Khu chien ddu dinh diin Id Dgi dgi trudng Bdo an dinh diin... Cd su yem tro cua qudn dgi vd luc luong chinh quy" (23). Liic iqdng trong cac dinh dien gdm: dai dpi "bdo an", "ddn vi", "thanh niin bdo vi huong thdn", "thanh niin cdng hod. Chiing bien cac dinh dien thanh nhqng cfin cq bao vay "Viet Cong", ddng thdi lfi ngudn bd sung binh linh cho quan Cdng hda vfi quan dia phudng, Ifim chd diia cho cac cudc hanh quan cfin qu6t. Tfii lieu cua Phu Tdng uy dinh dien ghi: "Lap khu dinh diin Id biin phdp xe dudng dua ddn vdo chii'n khu cua Viet Cong, diing ddn ddy Viet cdng ra khoi cdc vung dd Dinh diin Id noi cung cdp tin tinh bdo xudt phdt hdnh qudn, rdo chgn xdm nhgp cua dich" (24). Theo bao chi chinh quyen Sai Gdn, lap cac dia dilm dinh diln lfi "Nhdng ca diim bao vdy Viet Cong, khong cho cdng sdn mot mdnh ddt hoang vu ndo dehogt dgng". Dudi danh nghia "phdt trie'n cong dsng" My va chinh quyen Ngd Dinh Diem bfii ngudi di dinh dien Ifim dudng sa, xay ciu cong, xay cdng trinh quan svt di kilu "Bdo

5 2S Rghien curu Lich sii. s Thdi cudc (1-1958) tinh rdng dung nhdn cong dinh diin xdy dung ddn bdo an vd 34 ki-l6-met dudng, chi td'n 1 triiu ddng, trong khi do cong chinh ldm 30 ki-ld-met dudng phdi chi phi den 700 triiu" (25). Vi kinh te, khi mdi tien hfinh chinh sach dinh dien (4-1957), muc dich kinh te khong dupe My vfi chinh quyen Ngd Dinh Diem dfit ra cap thiet nhu chinh tri, quan svf, nhung vdi ban chfi't ciia chu nghia thvfc dan mdi My, vfi'n de kinh te ngfiy cfing dupc quan tam. My vfi chinh quyen Ngo Dinh Diem tuyen truyen, dinh dien lfi de "Giup dong bdo dia phuong, cdi tii'n sinh hogt cua dong bdo ThUOng, sau la ddng bdo di cu, phdt trien cdng ddng, cdi tien ddn sinh, cho ddn cdy cd rugng ddt, tdng gia sdn sudt..." (26). Thiic ra, tien hanh dinh dien chiing nhfim hoc lot sqc lao ddng ciia ndng dan va khai thac tfii nguyen phong phu ciia mien Nam, dfic biet la vung da't dd bazan d Tay Nguyen. Chinh quyen Ngo Dinh Diem trdng mpt sd'cay cong nghiep, dap Qng nhu ciu thi trqdng My va cac nudc ddng minh cua My nhu cao su, keenaf, day gai, thud'c la,... cay ludng thvfc vfi mpt so' cay khac cd gia tri cao nhu cfi phe, hoa qua dfic san. Cudi nfim 1958, Cdng ty Nong Nghiep My da "Ndm 8 dia diim dinh diin d viing Buon Ma Thugf (27), tnic tiep nfim quyen quan ly vfi dieu hfinh trdng cay cao su vung dat dd nay. Nhu vay, dinh dien la mpt hinh thqc tap trung dan; khu dinh dien la he thd'ng quan svf tra hinh; cac dia diem dinh dien lfi cd sd bdc lot kinh te, bdc lot nhan cong cua chii nghia thvfc dan mdi My. Dinh dien la bien phap tnic tiep phuc vu cho chudng trinh "binh dinh" nong thon ciia My vfi chinh quyen Ngo Dinh Diem d mien Nam Viet Nam. Trien khai chinh sach dinh dien, chinh quyen Ngd Dinh Diem da thi hanh nhqng bien phap \-Qa mua chudc mi dan bip bdm. vqa tring trdn dilng bao liic cudng bqc, ddn ep quan chung vao cac khu dinh dien. Mdt mfit, chung md Idp dao tao hfing trfim can bp phu trach cac dia diem dinh dien, xay dvtng thi diem cac dinh dien nit kinh nghiem. Mfit khac, "Chinh quyin Diem dung du cdch de mg phu. Cdch mg phu cua Diim phong phu, tdn nhdn gdp mdy chuc ldn cdch mg phu cua bgn Ba-zanh ngdy trudc" (28). Chinh quyen Ngo Dinh Diem td chqc hpc tap tfii lieu dinh dien, vdi nhqng lufin dieu tuyen truyen IQa gat rfing, dinh dien la bien phap nhfim "tdng vdn vd loi ich qude gia ddng thdi tu hdu hda nong ddn v6 sdn", "cdi tii'n kl thugt canh tdc", "diiu hba ddn cu", "chinh trang Idnh thd", "cdi thiin ddn sinh",..." Chung to chqc chieu phim ve cdng cudc dinh dien, dung Ivtc ludng tay sai, vdh lfi ngudi di dinh dien da bi mua chupc... de tuyen truyen ve cupc sd^ng no du d cac dinh dien, IQa gat nong dan. Chinh quyen Ngo Dinh Diem cdn dua ra tieu chuan, bit ddng bfio phai binh nghi coi ai rdi vfio tieu chuan dd. Cd trudng hdp bd tri "binh nghi" khong dupe, chinh quyen Ngd Dinh Diem chi dinh cac gia dinh bupc phai di dinh dien. Chi dinh mfi khdng chiu di thi bi xem lfi "Vief Cong", "thdn Cong" hofic tdi tinh nghi chinh tri. Luc dd nan nhan "ddnh nghiin rdng, ngdm nudc mdt md dap nhd bdn rugng, bdng con trdng chd ra di vd trd thdnh tu nhdn sudt dudng di cung nhu vinh viin tgi ncfi hg bi dua din" (29), dudi svf kim kep tnic tiep eua nhqng ten tay sai ac dn. Cdn nhqng ngudi nfio bi tinh nghi that svf thi te xa cq bit di, bit ca gia dinh chiing ghet, nhqng gia dinh khong chiu dut lot. Cd ndi, chinh quyen Ngo Dinh Diem td chqc "td'cgng" de "lgc" ngqdi di dinh dien. Ddi vdi ddng bfio Thien Chua giao, chinh quyen Ngo Dinh Diem dqa nhqng Hnh muc

6 Chinh sach dinh dien "dn cdnh" vdi chung den du do, cdn linh muc nao chd'ng viec lua con chien di cu di dinh dien thi chinh quyen cho dua ra tda, vu du thq tpi. 6 thfinh phd', dfic biet la Sai Gdn, tay chan Ngo Dinh Diem di ddt cac xdm nhfi la, nhfi gd cua dan ngheo. Khi ngudi dan hi diy vfio bude dudng cung, chung se du do hay bude di dinh dien: "Mdy ldn dd't nhd d Phu Thg liu, Xdm Mdi (}d Vdp,... phdn ldn do tay chdn cua Phu Tong dy Di cu; mdy ldn con chien bdt duoc ke dd't nhd, nhung roi ke dot nhd duoc nhd cdm quyin td chdc ddnh thdo, cdn ngudi bdt duoc ke dd't nhd bi trdng tri vi bdt ngudi khong cd ly do vd khong cd quyen hgn.f" (30). Vfiy lfi, de ed du sd dan di dinh dien mfi chinh quyen Ngo Dinh Diem da giao vfi lap cdng vdi Tdng thd'ng, bpn quan chqc cac tinh dfi khong tq mpt thu doan nfio dl bit 6p dan di dinh dien. Tfi't ca nhqng vu quay rap, bit bd, dp bupc dd dudc bao bpc bfing tuyen truyen rim rp cua bao chi rfing, chinh phu se cho trau, Hoa Ky giup may cfiy, se dupe cfi'p dfi't, cfi'p nhfi, se dudc ca'p gao fin, ndng cu de san xufi't... "Lin din noi dinh diin thi mdi bie't ro cdng viec chdng khdc gi mdy so vdi viec cua ddn dien cua thuc ddn Phdp ngdy trudc. Dong bdo cong lung ldm viec cho din khi dd't dai thdnh thugc, cd hoa loi thi chinh quyin tgm cdp mgt phdn rugng ddt vd buoc phdi trd ddn tiin tdn phi khai hoang trong vong td 3 din 5 ndm, hogc phdi ky khe Udc td diin logi C" (31). Phin ldn da't da thfinh thude thi gpi lfi cd sd dl "phdt trien cdng ddng", khai thac bfing each "liin canh tren dd't dai cong cdng". Ky thfit, ngudi dan phai Ifim ta dien vfi Ifim phu cho My vfi chinh quyen Ngd Dinh Diem, ban san pham cho cac "hop tdc xd", tqc lfi cac cdng ty tu ban, nop ludng thilc cho quan dpi ddng tren hay di qua vung fi'y. Nhu the, mieng da't "tgm cdp" nhu Bao Marches tropicaux gpi la "Nhdng cdm gidc sd hihi de cd tdc dung kich thich, chd thuc te nd chi Id cdi cgc ddng dudi ddt co sd dinh diin, cot chdn ngudi bi bdt di phu vdo ddn diin cua be lu My-Diim" (32). Nhu vay, eac loai tfii lieu van dpng dan di dinh dien deu dupc chinh quyen Ngo Dinh Diem tuyen truyen la "Tap hop nhdng ngudi tu nguyen xin di ldm dinh dien" (33), dieu nfiy cd ve nhu tu do dan chu, cong khai, nhung trong thiic te hoan toan trai ngude, chung "Binh nghi, bdt di di ddn, mgt su binh nghi... de khung bd' ngn nhdn vd ddn chung" (34). Tdm lai, dinh dien lfi mdt su kien ndi bat trong lich svt mien Nam Viet Nam tq nfim 1957 de'n Lfip nhieu dia dilm dinh dien khong phai de "cdi thiin ddn sinh", "chinh trang lanh thd*', hay "tu sdn hda nong ddn vo sdn" nhu chung reu rao, ma la de lfip ra nhqng trai tap trung kim kep nong dan, bdc lot nhan cong, chuan bi cho chien tranh, cho'ng lai each mang. Dinh dien la mpt bien phap de chinh quyen Sfii Gdn thvfc hien cac am muu cua minh. Chinh vi vfiy, "Ngo Dinh Diim vd cdc quan thdy ldn cua qudn ddi, ngogi giao My, cdc tudng lanh thd Dong Nam A xdm luoc, hay lui tdi cdc dia diim dinh diin" (35); "Tinh di'n ngdy Song Thdt ( ) da cd tdi 139 cugc viing thdm" (36). Qud'c sach ddn dan vao cac dinh dien cua chinh quyen Ngd Dinh Diem, dfi dfin chung vfio mdt cudc khung hoang chinh tri mdi sau quoc sach "to' Cong". Cupc di dan dd da tfin pha xdm lang, ngang nhien chfi dap len quyen Ipi dfi't dai, phong tuc tfip quan ciia ddng bao dan tdc, Ifim ly tan biet bao gia dinh, gay long cfim phfin trong nhan dan. Dd la nguyen nhan lam bung nd nhqng cupc dfi'u tranh chdng di dan, chdng chiem dit lap dinh dien d mien Nam.

7 30 Rghien cuu Lich sii. sd' Ddi phd lai am muu ddn dan, chiem da't lap dinh dien cua dich, diu nfim 1957 XQ iiy Nam Bp da chi dao cac dia phudng quyet tam "day mgnh phong trdo ddu tranh chinh tri cua qudn chung, cuong quyet bdm ddt, bdm ldng, khong chiu vdo cdc khu tap trung cua dich" (37). O mien nui, Tay Nguyen, ddng bao cac dan tdc svt dung bien phap "chgy ldng" de chd'ng lai chinh sach dinh dien cua chinh quyen Ngo Dinh Diem. Ca Ifing khong chiu di den dia diem chinh quyen chi dinh ma di vfio sau trong rqng nui, tim cho dinh cq mdi. Cac ndi da td chqc hang trfim dofin ngudi, keo len qufin, tinh keu kien, ddi tra dfi't. Cd ndi, hang ngan ngudi mang cpc, cfing day giq pham vi dat dai cua minh. Dich dua xe cay ui den, hfing trfim ngudi ket thanh mpt khdi can diu xe dich. Am muu, thu doan ddn dan, lap dinh dien cua dich da thfi't bai tqng budc. Chung phai han che ddn dan, lap dinh dien d nhqng ndi hoang hda. Ddng bao d ddng bfing bi "xuc" di dinh dien dfi'u tranh bfing nhieu each nhu, bieu tinh phan dd'i di dinh dien, dua khau hieu "thd chit d ldng, khong di phu dinh diin"; trong budi "binh nghi" nhan dan cung nhau "chdt vd'n" (nhu d Quang Tri) "chung tdi nop du suu thue, sao lgi phdi di di ddn?" (38) lam cho chung lung tung; cd khi tre em, phu nq xong ra dudng nfim can xe chd phu len dinh dien... Phan dong quan chung hi ddn ep, cudng bqc vfio cfic khu dinh dien, khdng chiu nd'i cupc sd'ng d vung xa xdi heo lanh, bi bpn cai quan o ep, bdc lot kinh te, ky thi tdn giao, truy bqc tinh than cfing thing, din dau benh tfit hoanh hanh... tinh trang rat bi tham: "Mung min rdch hit, dm dau luon, thiiu phuong tiin mihi sinh..." (39). Chinh vi vay, phong trao trd'n khdi cac dinh dien lan rpng. Cuo'i nfim 1958, Phu Tdng uy dinh dien phan anh, "sd ngudi bo trdn cdc dinh diin ngdy mgt tdng" (40). Chinh quyen Ngd Dinh Diem cung cong khai thqa nhan nhqng nfim 1957, 1958 viec lap dinh dien "6 gt qud", "thiiu chudn bi"... DI "cihi nguy" cho chinh sach dinh dien. My vfi chinh quyen Ngd Dinh Diem ban hanh chinh sach khac: "Khu tru mat" (1959), "dp chii'n luoc" (1961). Dieu nay cd nghia, chinh sach dinh dien tqng budc di vao that bai. Sau khi chinh quyen Ngd Dinh Diem dd ( ), Phu Tdng uy dinh dien cung bi bai bd ( ), thay vfio dd la Phu Td'ng uy tan sinh ndng thdn (41). CHU THICH (1). Ban Tuyen giao tinh uy Dfik Lfik, Phong Nghien ciiu Lich sii Dang (1954), DU dn ke hoach tdc chie'n tgi mien thucfng du, ki hieu tfii lieu, 15/DIso 15. (2). Tran Vfin Giau, Tong tfip, Phan II, Tap I, "Miin Nam gid vdng thdnh dong", Nxb Quan doi Nhan dan, Hfi Noi, 2006, tr (3). Viet Nam Cong hoa (1956), Cdng vdn sd 3455-DTCCITVP, ngdy TTLT Quoc gia II. Ky hieu tfii lieu, De I CH (4), Bili Vfin Luong, Cudn sdch "Cdng cugc dinh diin tgi Viet Nam". TTLT Quoc gia II. Ky hieu tfii li?u, De I CH-11589, tr. 8. (5). Viet Nam Cong hofi (1956), Nhdng dia diem dd dudc lua chgn di' khai thdc tgi vimg Cao Nguyin Trung Phdn TTLT Quoc gia II. Ky hieu tai lieu, De I CH (6), (7), (17), (26). Dili Vfin LUdng, sdd, tr. 7, 14, 6, 8, (8). Bo Tu lenh Quan khu 5 (1989), Khu 5, 30 ndm chien tranh gidi phdng. Tap H, Cudc khdng chien chdng My cdu nudc ( ), tr. 35. (9), (20), (25), (28), (30), (31), (32), (35). Trin Vfin Gifiu: sdd, tr. 852, 852, 852, 850, 850, 851, 851, 853.

8 Chinh sich dinh dien (10). Tong thong Vigt Nam Cong hoa (1957), Sdc linh sd 103-TTP, ngdy TTLT Quoc gia II, Ki hifu tfii ligu De I CH (11). Tong thong Vi?t Nam Cong hoa (1957), Sac linh sd 104 TTP, ngdy TTLT Quoc gia II, Kl hifu tfii lifu Df I CH (12). TrSn Ba Df (Chu bien), Le Cung, Gido trinh Lich sd Viet Nam, Tap VII (td 1954 den 197S). Nxb. Dai hoc Su Pham, Hfi Noi, 2007, tr. 68. (13). Theo Nghi dinh 691-TTPArP, ngfiy , goi lfi 'Trung tam". Sau do, theo Nghi dinh 1502-TTPAT, ngfiy huy bo danh tii 'Trung tam", thay the bing danh til "Ving dinh dien" (14). Vift Nam Cfng hoa (1957), Nghi dinh sd 691-TTP/VP, ngdy TTLT Quoc gia H, Kl hifu tfii lifu Df I CH (15). Ngfiy , chinh quyen Sfii Gon ra Sfic If nh so 147-a/NV, chia Trung phin thfinh hai mien: Cao nguyen vfi Trung nguyen. Lanh tho Cao nguyen Trung phin lfi lanh tho ciia Cao nguyen mig~n Nam cii. Lanh tho Trung nguyen Trung phin lfi lanh tho cua Trung Vift cii (Dieu thil nhfi't). TTLT Quoc gia II. K^ hifu tfii lifu, De I CH (16). Viet Nam Cong hoa (1958), Phii'u trinh sd 4191-IDDIVPIBT, vjv tinh hinh cdng gido vd cdc linh muc Idnh dgo tinh thdn cdc dia diem dinh diin. Trung tam luu trij Quoc gia II. Ky hifu tfii lifu, Dfl CH (18). Vift Nam Cpng hoa (1959), Thdnh tich cua Phu Tdng uy dinh diin de'n ngdy Song Thdt TTLT Quoc gia II. Ky hifu tfii lieu, Df I CH (19). Vift Nam Cong hoa (1963), Phii'u gdi sd 368-DD/VP/2, ngdy cua Phu Tong uy dinh diin vd ndng vu, Bia diim dinh diin todn qud'c, TTLT Quo'c gia II. Ky hifu tfii lifu, Df I CH (21). Vift Nam Cfng hoa (1961), Phii'u trinh sd 2021-DDIVP(AN)M, Phu tdng uy dinh diin. Trung tfim luu trfl Quoc gia II. Ky hifu tai lifu, Df I CH (22). Viet Nam Cong hoa (1958), Biin bdn Phiin hgp tgi phdng Khdnh tiet Bg Ngi vu, ngdy Trung tam luu trq Quoc gia II. Ky hifu tfii lifu, Df I CH (23). Vift Nam Cong hoa (1961), Phii'u trinh sd 2021-DBIVP(AN)M, ngdy , v/v di nghi td chdc liic luang bdo vi an ninh dinh diin. Trung tam luu trii Quoc gia II. Ky hifu tfii lifu, Df I CH (24). Vifn Lich sii Dang, Hoi dong bien soan Lich sii Nam Trung Bo, Nam Trung Bg khdng chie'n ( Nxb. Su thfit, Hfi Noi, 1992, tr (27). Cao Vfin Lu^ng, Pham Quang Tofin, Quynh Cu, Tim hieu phong trdo dong khdi miin Nam Viet Nam. Nxb Khoa hgc xa hoi. Ha Noi, 1981, tr.21. (29), (34). Le Cung,' Phong trdo Phdt gido miin Nam Viet Nam ndm Nxb. Thufin Hoa Hud', 2003, tr. 70, (33). Viet Nam Cong hoa (1959), Thdnh tich cua Phu Tdng-uy dinh diin din ngdy Song Thdt TTLT Quoc gia II. K^ hifu tfii lifu, Df I CH-12592, tr. 2. (36). Vift Nam Cfng hoa (1959), Bdn thdnh tich cua Phu Tdng uy dinh diin din ngdy song thdt TTLT Quoc gia. Ky hifu tfii lifu, Df I CH (37). Vien Lich sii Dang, Lich sd biin niin xd uy Nam Bg - Trung Ucfng cue miin Nam. Nxb. Chinh tri Quoc gia, Hfi Npi, 2002, tr (38). Vift Nam Cpng hofi (1959), Thuyi't trinh cud ky su Dodn Vdn Sdo, Gidm ddc Nha di ddn vd dinh cu. TTLT Quoc gia II. Ky hifu tai lifu, Df I CH (39). Vift Nam Cong hoa (1958), Cdng vdn sd 39-YT. TTLT Quoc gia II. Ky hifu tfii lifu, Df I CH (40). Vift Nam Cpng hoa (2958), Cdng vdn sd 307/DD/DI/M, ngdy TTLT Quoc gia II, Ki hifu tfii lifu Df I CH (41). Vift Nam Cpng hoa (1963), Sac linh sd9- TTP, ngdy TTLT Quoc gia II, Ki hieu tfii lifu CBVNCH-J.427.