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6 Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) Farrokhi A 1, 2*, Soleymaninejad M 1, 2 1- Radiology Department, school of paramedical and health sciences, Zanjan University of medical sciences, Zanjan, Iran 2- Student Researches committee of Zanjan University of medical sciences, Zanjan, Iran Abstract: Purpose: Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), the system that has emerged for the imaging of head and neck bone area. Important advantages of this system are very high compared to other existing systems. The purpose of this study, familiarity with the imaging system and its advantages and applications. Methods: In this review relevant articles in the Medline database and the journals were Dentomaxillofacial Radiology. This search by keyword such as CBCT and cone beam computed tomography and was in English. This article reviews the main advantages of this new technology. Results: Studies conducted with very interesting results were obtained. This technology has many advantages such as reduced radiation dose, image artifact reduction, and lower prices and increases the spatial resolution images. While applications are very good in the dental field. Conclusion: Given the known benefits and applications in this system, it is necessary to use this device class is a wide range of practitioners, especially dentists. 2

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11 1- P Sukovic: Cone Beam Computed Tomography in craniofacial imaging. Orthod craniofacial res 6 (suppl.1), 2003 / Yamamoto K, Ueno K, Seo K, Shnohara D: Development of dento-maxillofacial cone beam X-ray computed tomography system. Orthod craniofac res. 2003;6 suppl 1: Sharon L. Brooks: Medical and dental patient issues dental. Health Physics Society (HSP.org). Updated in 18 December Faisal A. Quereby, Truitt A. Savall, J. Martin palomo: Application of cone beam computed tomography in the practice of oral and maxillofacial surgery. J oral maxillofacsurg. 2008: 66: A. C Miracle, S. K. Mukherji: Cone Beam CT of the Hand and Neck, part 2: Clinical application. American journal of Neuroradiology 2009 ; 30: Published by Marcilan. com. Anatomy of CBCT. Copyright KaepplerG: Application of cone beam computed tomography in dental and oral medicine. Int J Comput Dent. 2010; 13(3): Wiliam C. Scarfe, Allan G. Farman, Predag Sukovic: Clinical application of conebeam computed tomography in dental practice. J Can Dent Assoc. 2006; 72(1): Pohlenz P, Blake F, Blessmann M, Smeets R, Habermann C, Begemann P, Schmelzle R, Heiland M. Intraoperative cone-beam computed tomography in oral and maxillofacial surgery using a C-arm prototype. first clinical experiences after treatment of zygomaticomaxillary complex fractures. J Oral Maxillofac Surg Mar;67(3):

12 Hematoparasitology: role of parasites in blood disorders Ehsan sabori 1, seyadjavadseyd tabaei 2 1- Master student of parasitology depatment, shahidbeheshti university of medical scitnces 2- Assistant professor of parasitology. Faculty of medicine, shahidbeheshti university of medical seinces Abstract: Hematoparasitology is the science of evaluating the interference of parasitology science in hematology science. This scientific field consists of two major parts: parasite s role in blood disorders and parasite s role in circulation. In this study we demonstrated the former and because there is a lot of information regarding this section we would not have time to discuss the later. In the first part of this study we determine the role of important protozoans in blood disorders and then describe the role of worms. Firstly, we state an introduction concerning parasitology science and after that express an introduction around hematology. An introduction to parasitology Parasites are organisms which share one mutual aspect (consuming another organism) and compose of ectoparasites and endoparasites that live outside and inside of their host, respectively. In addition to intruding the host, in most of the cases they cause damages to their host. On the whole, ectoparasites consist of insects and endoparasites consist of worms and protozoan. At the beginning of this part, we address a brief holistic description about parasites. Virtually all parasites hurt their host; however, a few are neutral in normal situations and only become pathogen if there is lack of nutritious. Nevertheless, in some conditions these harms are too mild to cause clinical manifestations. The effects could be general such as malnutrition and or anemia. On the other hand, due to parasitic products and their interfering with an organ specific function can lead to local consequences such as hepatic damage. However, some parasites can cause severe and acute symptoms like dysentry which manifests as a result of Entamoebahistolytica. In this regards, host immune system, genetic structure and heritage, diet and also parasite species and genus play important roles. An introduction to hematology Hematology is the science of determining blood structure and evaluating resultant cause and factors in producing diseases and blood disorders. The total blood volume of an adult is 5-6 liter which red blood cells, white blood cells and platelete form 45% of it and the remaining 55% compose of the liquid part that is called plasma. 99% of plasma consists of protein and the remaining 10% consists of proteins, lipids and minerals. Hematopoiesis Hematopoiesis is a term concerning blood cell production that depending on individual age occurs in different organs such as liver, spleen, thymus and eventually bone marrow. After the puberty up to the end of the life hematopoiesis is restricted to red bone marrow of wide bones and long bone endings. As can be seen from the figure all of cellular genera originate from a pluripotential stem cell (PP. SC). Hormones and different endocrine factors convert the stem cell to blood cell precursors and finally to its specific cells. Erythropoiesis is the process in which red blood cells are produced. There are varieties of hormones and factors participating in hematopoiesis. They are formed from different cells and different conditions. Erythropoietin is one of the most effective hormones in red blood cell production. Primary stem cell is converted to red blood cell precursor by secreted erythropoietin from the kidney and eventually to red blood cells. Reduction in blood oxygen and consequent decrease in oxygenating the kidneys lead to stimulation of them to produce more erythropoietin. In addition to erythropoitine, erythropoiesis, under the influence of different factors such as interleukins, clonal stimulating factors etc, plays roles as well. 8

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22 The rate of under five year child mortality in Iran in two recent decades in comparison to universal and regional rate Hamid Salehi,epidemiology student. Abstract: Introduction: Child mortality is an important index to evaluate countries in reaching at the third millennium goals. To be aware of the condition of health and disease in the community, epidemiological checks and diagrams of death or disease rate are needed. so that this research is conducted with the aim of determining The rate of under five year child mortality in Iran in two recent decades and comparing it to universal and regional rate. Materials and method: This is a cross-sectional study in 2012 by using data of the World Health Organization. to check the rates, needed information about under five year child mortality was gotten from the WHO reports from 1990 to the Excel softwarewas used to draw the diagrams and for analysis. Results: the rate of mortality in under five year boys is more than girls. The rate of under five year child mortality in Iran has been decreasing in two recent decades. And the rate has been less than the east mediterian region. Conclusion: Considering Iran's success in lessening the rate of child mortality, our health programs can pattern for the other countries in the region. And also the programs should be continued to reach at the minimal rate. Key words: mortality-children-iran-east mediterian-world 18

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27 Human cloning 1-masume jabbari fakhr,student of veterinarian,tehran university of medical sciences. 2-Ramin mazaheri nejad fard, molecular microbiologist, Tehran university of medical sciences. Abstract: The word cloning comes from a Greek word and means graft. Cloning is seen in simple invertebrates like worms, aquatics like hydr and some insects like bees. All animates produced by asexual ways are similar to the parent and are identical genetically. Clones do not have genetic differences not only with the parent, but also with each other. But clone is not a biologic replica. it should be considered that cloning is not absolute replicating and clones are not copies of their parents. Efforts for understanding the basis of cell diversion resulted to developments in cloning. 23

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31 References 1- Byrne JA, Gurdon JB. Commentary on human cloning. Differentiation 2002; 69: Wilson C. Statement in the Ad Hoc Committee on the International cloning of human beings. Issues in Law and Medicine 2002; 18: Wert G, Mummery CH. Human embryonic stem cells: research, ethics and policy. Human reproduction 2003; 18: Coors ME. Therapeutic cloning: from consequences to contradiction. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 2002; 27: Kalb C. A new cloning debate. Newsweek 2004; 143: : DNA : : IVF. DNA. 70! 27

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33 Perceptions and beliefs about factors influencing the cure in family that Covered by population research center of Birjand mohammad reza miri (1) Hamid salehiniya (2)*, Saeid Dashti(3) 1) PhD in health education. Birjand University of Medical Sciences. Birjand. Iran 2) 2MS. c Student of Epidemiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences and researcher in Birjand Atherosclerosis and Coronary Artery Research Centre. Birjand, Iran (Corresponding Author) Abstract: Background and aim: The sense of healing and religious beliefs in someone when disease, is created more than before. Belief in healing, prayer and appeal to god not only emotion but can affect all aspects of a person. This study aimed Perceptions and beliefs about factors influencing the cure in family that Covered by population research center of Birjand at Methods: This is cross-sectional study. The study population was family that Covered by population research center of Birjand. The 400 subjects were selected by multistage sampling. They were face to face interview method examined. For data collection, the researcher made questionnaire whose validity and reliability had been confirmed used. Independent t-tests and analyze one-way ANOVA tests at the significance level of less than 5%was used to analyze. Result: The attitude of the 45 scores, the average score obtained by the subjects was that 15.8% with a mean attitude and 84.3 percent had a good attitude. Average score for men and women's attitudes towards curative factors and this difference was not statistically Between marital status, occupation, religion, and attitudes of individuals, there was a significant relationship (p <0.05), but this difference was not significant with level of education. Conclusion: Findings showed that people have a good attitude about curative factors. Given the importance of all aspects of the treatment and existence some diseases incurable recommended In addition to medical treatments, with regard conditions to patient beliefs, attitudes and beliefs about healing factor, use his beliefs and attitude to help relieve the pain and was better tolerated. Keywords: attitudes, beliefs, perceptions, Factors, Healing Patients. 29

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38 7- Norbakhsh M, Pooryousefi H. Role of religion and beliefs of mental health. Relig Stud J. 2006;14: [Persian] 8- Taleghani F. The coping process in breast cancer patient [dissertation]. Tehran: Nursing School of Tehran University; [Persian] 9- Sadri M. The effect of trust in god to provide mental health of student years of Isfahan. Isfahan Behav Sci Res. 2004;1(2): [Persian] 10- Tasumura Y, Maskarince G, Shumay DM, Kakai H. Religious and spiritual resources. Alter Ther Health Med. 2003;9(3): Kamali A. Subject interpretation of Quran. Tehran: Maaref Publication; [Persian] 12- Koeing HG. Spirituality wellness and quality of life. New York: SRM; Abedi H, Asgari M, Kazemi Z, Saffari F, Nasiri M. Religious care patients and the barriers. J Teb Tazkieh. 2005;4(53): [Persian].. :. :. 1- ness,r. c&wintrob,r. m. (1981). folk healing;a description and synthesis. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY,137, favazza,a. r. (1982). modern Christian healing of mental illness. american journal of psychiatry,139, Wulff DM, editor. Psychology of religion. 2nd edition, John Wiley & Sons Inc Levin JS, Anderpool HY. Is frequent religious attendance really conducive to better health? Toward an epidemiology of religion. Social Sci Med 1987;24: Seyed Javad Tabatabai Prayer Argansm effects on the body., Navidi A, Ghasemi K. Encyclopedia of medicine comprehensive prospective: Methods of traditional medicine and modern. Tehran: Saman Publication; [Persian] 34

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40 Addiction to different kinds of illicit drugs in patients referring to Department of Psychiatry, Shahid Zareh Hospital, Sari, Iran (2012) Samira Esmaeili Rey Kande 1, Javad Razavian 2, Mostafa Roodbari 3 *, Farzaneh Farrokhi 4, Elham Rostami 5, Shamila Abbaspour 6, Manijeh Habibpour 1 1. Master student of Hematology, Paramedics Faculty, Student Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences 2. Student of Laboratory Sciences, Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences 3. Assistant professor at Paramedics Faculty, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences 4. Assistant professor of Biology, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran 5. Master student of Vital Statistics, Hygiene faculty, Student Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences 6. Medical student, Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences Corresponding author: Mostafa Roodbari, Professional Doctorate of Laboratory Sciences. Address: Paramedics Faculty, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. Cell phone & ; DRroodbari@yahoo.com Abstract: Nowadays drug abuse is one of the major problems in human societies. It is becoming threatening and completely intricate and spearing worldwide. Regarding the high cost of psychopathy treatment in the society, we have aimed to study drug abuse prevalence to different kinds of substances in patients referring to Department of Psychiatry, Shahid Zareh Hospital, Sari, Iran in the year Method: This study was a descriptive and sectional experiment related to patient s archived documents in Medical Records Section, Shahid Zareh Hospital, Sari. The data was coded and analyzed using SPSS software (v. 18), K 2 test and descriptive statistics. Results: Among 1380 referred patients 1030 were male (75%) and 350 were female (25%), and the mean age was 35. In diagnostic tests, out of 1241 amphetamine abusers 73 individuals were positive (9. 5%). Regarding methadone, from 1372 patients 159 were positive (6. 11%). When it came to morphine, 242 out of 1249 people were positive (3. 81%) that had the most abundance. In THC Test, from 1300 cases, 40 cases were positive (1. 3%). Moreover, cocaine (Coc) test was negative in all the cases. In morphine test, the majority of positive cases were years old while in the other tests they were There was a significant relation between gender and different tests and the results were positive with a higher rate in males. However, age was not a significant marker in nearly all the tests except morphine that increasing age led to more positive outcome. Conclusion: Due to remarkable susceptibility of our young population as well as other age groups to drug abuse and addiction and associated disturbances and as a result, significantly more psychological disorders in addicts comparing general population, considering this crisis appears an important priority. Key words: addiction, illicit drugs, methamphetamine (MET), morphine (MT), psychological disorders. 36

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46 ratesscl-90self-referred drug addiction and rehabilitation centers. Journal-Substance AbuseResearch. 2003;1: (Persian) 6- Molavi P, et al. Personality disorders among patients with substance abuse disorder,addiction center of Ardabil province in1387. Journal of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, 2010, 4: (Persian) 7- HeidariPahlooyan A, Amir zargar MA, FarhadiNasab A,Mahjoob H. Comparison of characteristics of drug addicts and non-addicts in Hamadan. Scientific Journal of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services. 2004; 28: (Persian) 8- Parvizi A, Birask B, Atef M, Shakeri G. Comorbidity of anxiety disorder in treatmentseeking addicts and normal controls. Thought and behavior Journal. 2002;3(54): (Persian) 9- Shargh A, Shakibi A, Neysari R, Alilo L. Factors influencing relapse of drug addiction from the perspective center Addiction in West Azerbaijan Province. 2012: 22(2), (Persian) 10- Saberi- Zafarghandi MB and et al. Situation of Drug Use, Addiction and Related Services in the Laborers of Assaluyeh Industrial Area (South Pars Gas Field) in Hakim Research Journal 2010; 12(4): (Persian) 11- Dinmohammadi MR, Amini K, Yazdankhah MR. Survay of social and environmental factors related to the replace of addiction in volunteer addicted individual in welfare organization of Zanjan. Zanjan Med Univ J 2007; 15(59): (Persian) 2/59 (9) 25 (10) ( ٨/٦٩) 2/55 ا. (11). References: 1- Rahimikhah S, Taghavi M, Mohammadi N. Epidemiologic Survey of Psychiatric Disorders in Substance Abusers Referred to Addiction Therapy Centers in Shiraz. Dena Journal, 2008: 2(3);1-11. (Persian) 2- Parsania Z and et al. The evaluation of personality disorders among drug abusers. Medical Science Journal of Islamic Azad University,tehran Medical Unite 2012;22(2): (Persian) 3- Asayesh H and et al. Substance Abuse and Correlation between of Route of Administration and Age Factors in Substance Abuser Journal of Gorgan Bouyeh Faculty of Nursing & Midwifery 2012;9(22): (Persian) 4- Dehghani Kh, Zare A,Dehghani H, Sedghi H, Pourmovahed Z. Prevalence and factors associated with drug abuse in students of Yazd University of Medical Sciences. Journal of Shaheed Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences. High Risk Behavior Conference. 18,3, Suppl. 1, (Persian) 5- Mohseni-Tabrizi A. Depression and Addiction scale used to measure depression 42

47 Cleft lip and its treatments 1- maryam noorafshar,student at school of dentistry,tehran university of medical sciences. 2- Fatemeh yaghoobnejad, student at school of dentistry,tehran university of medical sciences. 3- Maryam johari,radiology resident at school of dentistry,tehran university of medical sciences. 4- Sareh adabi firoozjaie,studet at Babol university of medical sciences. Abstract: fissure in lips and palate tissues is described as an abnormal congenital space which can be seen in upper lip,palate and maxilla dental alveolus. This disease is considered as the most common abnormality in oral and dentoalveolar area. The prevalence of this disease in Iran is estimated to be 1 in each 500 birth. This disease can be seen more in some special races and is more prevalent in Asian race. Cleft in lips and palate together is 2 times more common in boys, on the other hand palate cleft alone is more common in girls and lip cleft alone is more common in boys. Lip cleft should be treated by surgery when the baby is nearly 6 months and palate cleft should be treated before the baby is 2 years old. 43

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54 ) :( Abood S. Quality improvement initiative in nursing homes: the ANA acts in an advisory role. Am J Nurs [serial on the Internet] Jun [cited 2002 Aug 12];102(6): [about 3 p. ]. Available from: Wawatch.htm JPEG 8 cm 500x400 pixels) PDF TIF GIF. (300 resolution ) -18 Système International (SI). (. ). (. Scientific Style and Format : Vancouver. doublespaced /. Style. Reference Manager Index Endnote. ( Medicus : Author(s) Family name and initials. Title of article. Title of journal abbreviated Publication year, month, day (month & day only if available); volume(issue): pages Rose ME, Huerbin MB, Melick J, Marion DW, Palmer AM, Schiding JK, et al. Regulation of interstitial excitatory amino acid concentrations after cortical contusion injury. Brain Res. 2002;935(1-2): ( ) : Author(s) Family name and initials, Multiple authors separated by a comma. Title of book. Edition of book if later than 1st ed. Place of Publication: Publisher Name; Year of Publication. Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Kobayashi GS, Pfaller MA. Medical microbiology. 4th ed. St. Louis: Mosby;

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