SL/ DUNG THANG DO VINELAND II TR'ONG DANH GIA MQC DO PHAT TRIEN TAM LY CUA TRE 3-6 TUOI i TS. Nguy n Ofic Son Phd Trudng khoa Khoa Tdm ly - Gido due,

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1 SL/ DUNG THANG DO VINELAND II TR'ONG DANH GIA MQC DO PHAT TRIEN TAM LY CUA TRE 3-6 TUOI i TS. Nguy n Ofic Son Phd Trudng khoa Khoa Tdm ly - Gido due, Trudng dgi hgc Suphgm Hd Ndi. T6M TAT )(em.vet cdc thudc tinh do ludng tdm ly ciia Thang do hdnh vi thich ifng VINELAND II dita tren ke't qud ddnh gid 80 tie trong cdc trudng Mdm non tgi Hd Ngi, Ihdng qua mdu phdng vd'n bdn cd'u triic ddnh cho phu huynh. Ke't qud ddnh gid tren nghiem the nghien cim cho thdy di) hieu life ciia thang do la khd td't, 5 linh vite duge do ludng phdn dnh duge ea bdn cdc mat ciia sit phdt trien tdm ly d tie vd cd the giiip xdc dinh dugc cdc vdn de chdm phdt trien. Tuy nhien, thudc tinh ndy cdn ditgc nghien citu sdu han. Do tin cdy ciia cdc thang do cho cdc ITnh vitc vd cdc tieu ITnh vu la rdt td't. Cdn quan tdm de'n mdt sd vd'n de ve vdn hda. Cd the sd dung thang do ndy de ddnh gid suphdt trien tdm ly eiia tre trong nghien citu vd ldm sdng. Vide sfi dung cdc trdc nghidm, thang do trong qua trinh theo doi, ddnh gia mfic dp phat triln tam ly cua tre trong nghidn cfiu va lam sang la rdt pho bid'n. Hidn nay, cd nhilu cdng cu danh gia dupe sfi dung rpng rai nhu: Test Denver, Coner CBRS (Coner behavior rating scale). Battle. Vineland... Mdi cdng cu do cd nhfing dilm manh va han chd' ridng. Tiiy thugc vdo uu diem, hgn che ciia cdc thang do vd van de cdn ddnh gid md cdc chuyen gia cd the lua chgn mdt thang do thich hop trong sd iddeu thang do khac nhau. Trong qud trinh su dung cdc cdng cu ddnh gid, viec xem.xet Igi cdc thugc titdi do ludng tdm Iy (Psychometric properties) ciia cdc thang do cdn duac quan tdm thich ddng di cd ca sd dua ra cdc khuyen cdo cho viec sit dung thang do mdt cdch hieu qud, gidp cho viec chinh sua, dieu chinh, bo sung thang do vd tien ich han. Tai Viet Nam, vide sfi dung cac cdng cu dl danh gia sfi phat triln tdm ly cua tre da bdt ddu dupe quan tdm nhung chua thuc sfi phd bid'n trong nghidn cfiu va thuc hdnh tam ly hpc. Cung vl vay, cac nghidn cfiu di danh gia cac cdng cu cdn rdt ft dupe tie'n hanh. Vide nghidn cfiu, danh gia cac cdng cu cdn dupe 56 TAP CHf TAM Ly HOC, Sd (54), - 0

2 quan tam ban nfia bdn canh vide thfch nghi, chudn hda hoac thid't ke cac cdng eu mdi. Trong qua trinh sfi dung Thang do hanh vi thfch fing Vineland II dl ddnh gia mfic dp phat triln tam ly ciia tre em tai cac trudng mdm non d Ha Ndi mpt sd vdn dd vl trdc dac tam ly da dupe dat ra. Trdn co sd thuc te sfi dung thang do nay va cac dfi lieu thu dupe, chiing tdi tid'n hanh phan tfch mdt sd thudc tfnh do ludng ca ban ciia thang do trdn khach thi la mdt sd tre em Viet Nam nham cd duac cac kd't luan bude ddu vl cdng cu nay.. Khach the nghien cfiu Gidi thieu Vineland II.. Khdch the nghien cdu Nghidn cfiu dupe tid'n hanh trdn 80 tre, thdng qua mdu phdng van nhfing phu huynh eua tre. Day la nhutig tre dupe cae trudng mam non khuyd'n cao la CO nhfing ddu hidu lidn quan dd'n cham phat triln tam ly hoac cd cac ddu hidu bat 6n vl tam ly, vf du tang ddng giam chu y, tu ky nhe, cham ngdn ngfi, rut re, kem tuang tac xa hdi... Tuy nhidn, cac tre nay chua ducic danh gia, chan doan mdt each chfnh thfic d bdnh vidn hoac bdi cae chuydn gia tam ly hpc. Phan bd khach thi nghidn cfiu nhu sau: Tre ndm trong dp tudi tfi 3 6 tuoi. Trong dd: Sd tre trai la: 57 7,5% Sd tre gai la: 3-8,75% 3 tudi: 8-35% 4 tuoi: 30 - '3,5% 5 tuoi: 6 6 tuoi: 6-7,5% Ty Id nam/nfi la,47 la ty Id kha pho bid'n trong cae nghidn cfiu tre cd rdi nhidu phat triln tam ly. Lifa chgn khdch the: Tre dupe Idy tfi danh sach tre ed ddu hidu cham phat triln tam ly tai cac trudng mdm non trdn dia ban Ha Ndi, bao gdm cac quan: Hoan Kiem, Ddng Da, Hai Ba Trung, Cdu Gidy, Thanh Xudn, Ba Dinh, Ha Ddng. Cac tre nay diu dang tham gia cac ldp hpc tai cae trudng mdm non. Tien hdnh ddnh gid: Cac nghidm vidn da dupe tap huan sfi diing thang do Vineland II trong thdi gian 6 budi vl ly thuyd't va thfic hanh. Cae phu huynh dupe thdng bao trudc va dupe hen phdng vdn true tid'p tai nha. Thdi gian phdng vdn: 60 phut dua trdn mdu khdo sat bdng phdng van bao gdm tdt ca cac item TAPCHfTAMLyHOC,Sdl(54), 0 57

3 ciia thang do. Dfi lidu phdng vdn dupe xfi ly bdng phdn mim xfi ^ kd't qua cua Vineland II dupe cung cdp kem theo thang do. Nhu vay cac kd't qua ciia Vineland II duac phan tfch chua phdi la kd't qua tren mdu chudn ciia tri Vidt Nam, md chi Id ke't qud bude ddu thu duac tit mdu nhd tre cd tdntng dd'u hieu chdm phdt trim tdm Iy. Tuy vdy, viic phdn tich cdc ket qud ndy cd the dem Igi nhitng ke't ludn ban ddu rd't cd y nghta ve cdc thudc tinh do ludng tdm ly ciia thang do, tgo ca sd cho viec sd diing thang do trong thuc hdnh vd nghien citu.sdu hon hodc chudn h()a trac nghiem ndy tgi nudc ta... Gidi thieu thang do VINELAND do Sara S.Sparrow, Domenie V Cicchetti, David A. Balla thid't kc va dupe chudn hda trdn mdu khdch thi, dupcxudt ban bdi nha xudt ban Peasron (Hoa Ky) d'n hdnh. Vineland II la phidn ban tai ban ldn da cd chinh sfia. Day la thang do dupe sfi dung khd phd bid'n tai cac ca sd thfic hanh va nghidn cfiu tai My. Thang do dupe sfi dung vdi cac muc dfch sau: ) Chdn doan: cham phat triln trf tud, cae rdi nhidu gien, khuydt tat, cham phat triln, rdi nhidu hanh vi; ) Danh gia phdt triln: danh gia mfic dd phat triln ciia tre, xdc djnh su edn thidt can thidp; 3) Dilu chinh qua trinh: ddnh gia sfi tid'n bd trong vide hpc cae hanh vi, ky nang mdi; 4) Lap kd' hoach can thiep va 5) Nghidn cfiu (3, trang 5). Thang do Vineland la cdng cu do cdc hanh vi thfch fing cua ca nhdn tfi 0 dd'n 90 tudi. Vide danh gia dfia trdn ca sd cac hanh vi ma ca nhan thfic hidn trong su so sanh vdi mdu chudn cung dd tudi, do vay, thang do cd tdn gpi la thang do hanh vi thfch fing. Thang do tap trung xac nhan su hidn didn cua cae hanh vi do tre thfic hidn ma khdng ddnh gia vl vide tre cd khd nang thuc hidn hanh vi hay khdng. Thang do dupe thid't kd' vdi 5 linh vuc danh gia chinh (domain): Giao tid'p; Cae ky nang sdng; Xa hdi hda; Ky nang van ddng va Cac hanh vi kem thfch fing. Mdi linh vuc danh gid chfnh bao gdm nhilu tilu linh vuc (sub domain), mdi tilu linh vue dupe danh gia bdng mdt thang do. Cu thi:. LTnh virc giao tid'p bao gdm 3 tilu linh vuc: Tid'p nhdn: Danh gia kha ndng nghe, tdp trung chu y va hilu ngdn ngfi cua ed nhdn bao gdm 0 item. Bilu dat: sfi dung ldi ndi dl cd thdng tin hoac cung cdp thdng tin, 54 item. Chu vid't: Nhan bid't vd sfi dung cac chfi dl tao thanh tfi, dpc va vid't, 5 item.. Cdc ky nang sinh hoat thudng ngay bao gdm: 58 TAP CHf TAM Ly HOC, Sd (54), - 0

4 item. Ky nang sinh boat ca nhan: an udng, mac qudn do, vd sinh ea nhan, 4 - Ky nang sinh boat gia dinh: thfic hidn mdt sd nhidm vu trong gia dinh, 4 item. - Ky nang sinh boat cpng ddng: sfi dung tiln, thdi gian, didn thoai, may tfnh, edng vide, 44 item. 3. LTnh vue xa hdi hod: Quan he lidn nhan each: tuong tdc eua ea nhan vdi cac ed nhan khac, 38 item. - Vui chai, gidi trf: tham gia hojit ddng vui choi, giai trf, 3 item. - Ky nang fing xfi: su nhay cam, trdch nhidm vdi ngudi khac, 30 item. 4. Cac ky nang van ddng: bao gdm van ddng thd 40 item, van ddng tinh 36 item. 5. Cae chi bao hanh vi kem thfch fing: cac hanh vi ndi hda, ngoai hda va cac hanh vi kem thfch fing cdt yd'u. Cac item thudc mdi tilu linh vue dupe sdp xdp lidn tuc theo hudng tang ddn vdi cac dd tudi. Do vay, khi phdng van ed thi xdc djnh dupe mfic dp phat triln can trdn (ceihng) va can dudi eua mdi tre (Basal). Thang do dupe sfi dung dudi dang mdu phdng vdn ban cau true danh cho phu huynh hoac danh cho ngudi cham sdc tre. Dl sfi dung thfi tai Viet Nam, thang do da dupe dich sang tid'ng Viet vdi quy trinh djch xudi, djch ngupc va do hai nhdm tac gia ddc lap hidu dfnh. Xfi ly kd't qua: Kd't qua eua eae tilu linh vue dupe tong hpp thanh kd't qua chung cua mpt linh vuc. Cac kd't qua do dupe quy chuan theo tiing dp tuli va tfing linh vfie cu thi, bao gdm chi sd thd (Raw Score) va quy chuan (Standard Score). Kd't qua tong hop dupe thi hidn bang ehi sd hanh vi thfch fing tong hop (Adaptive Behavior Score). Chi sd thfch fing quy chuan eho mpi linh vue diu la 00, mdi dp lech chuan la 5 dilm. Tre cd chi sd chuan (Standard Score) cua mdi linh vuc thdp ban dp lech chuan (30 dilm) dupe coi la cham trong linh vuc dd. Dd'i vdi chi sd thfch iing chung, dilm sd thap ban dp Ideh chudn hoac,5 dd Ideh d hai linh vue trd ldn, tre dupe coi la cham phat triln (3, trang 63).. Phan tich cac thupc tinh trdc dac ciia thang do.. Ket qud chung ddnh gid suphdt trien cua tre Kd't qua danh gia mfic dd phdt triln cua cdc linh vuc va kd't qua ting hop dupe thi hidn d bang. Cac dilm sd chuan la dilm trung binh cdng eua n = 80 tre dupe nghidn cfiu. TAP CHI TAM Ly HOC, Sd (54),

5 Bdng : Ke't qud ddnh gid chung Cac ITnh vuc Diem s6 chudn (Trung binh) 73,47 8,73 7,6 85, Dd lech chudn >,5 > >,5 < >,5 Mfic do phat trien Thdp Thdp Thdp Trung binh Thdp Giao tiep Ky nang sinh hoat Xa h6i hda Ky nang van dcng Chi.sd hanh vi thich fing ting hpp (Diem chudn la 00, mot dg lech chudn la 5 diem) Chi sd hanh vi thfch fing ting hpp cho thdy, mfic dd phat triln ciia tre tham gia nghidn cfiu d mfic dd thdp (thdp ban,5 dd Ideh chudn) so vdi mfic dd phat triln binh thudng. Dilm sd trung binh ciia cac linh vuc giao tid'p, xa hdi hda diu thdp ban dilm chudn ft nhdt la mdt dd Ideh chudn. Cac hanh vi thudc cac linh vuc giao tid'p va xa hdi hda thudng bdc Id ro va dd dang quan sat thdy trong cudc sdng thudng ngdy cua tre. Chfnh vl vay, giao vidn khi lam vide vdi tre trong thdi gian dai diu cd thi nhan bid't sfi thid'u hut hoac khd khan lidn quan dd'n eae hanh vi nay. Dilu nay dupe phan dnh trong sir quan ngai cua giao vidn vl nhfing vdn di tam ly ma tre gap phai va gidi thfch ly do cac tre nay cd tdn trong danh sach nhutig tre cd cac ddu hidu vl tam ly cdn quan tam. Nhu vay, cd su phii hap gida ke't qud cda thang do vdi ke't qud quan sdt ciia gido vien ve suphdt trien tdm Iy cda tre. Su tuang ddng ndy cho thd'y, thang do cd do hieu luc nhd't dinh mgc dd chua cd ddy du ca sade khdng dinh mite do hieu luc cua thang do... Do hieu luc (vcng nghiem) cua thang do Do khdng ed dilu kidn sfi dung cac thang do khac dl so sanh, ddi chidu va tfnh hd sd tuang quan gifia cac kd't qua trdn cung mdu khach thi nhdm xdc djnh dp hidu luc dd'i chidu (Concurrent validity), dl xac dinh dd hidu luc cua thang do Vineland II, chung tdi tap trung phan tfch dd hidu luc cua thang do nay trdn cac ca sd sau: - Dd hidu luc cdu triic (Construct validity): Dupe hilu la mfic dd phu hop vl mat cdu true cua thang do vdi cdu true cua hidn tupng tdm ly cdn do hoac su tuang quan gifia cdc thudc tinh cua mdt hidn tupng tdm ly nhu la mdt hd thdng. Trong trudng hop nay, dd hidu luc cdu true cua thang do cd thi xac dinh bdng each so sanh cdu true cdc linh vuc phat triln cdn do (giao tid'p, xa hdi-hda, ky nang van ddng, ky nang fing xfi, cdc hanh vi kem thich fing) dupe di xudt bdi 60 TAP CHf TAM Ly HOC, Sd (54), - 0

6 Vineland II vdi cau trfie cac linh vuc dupe dl xudt bdi cac thang do khac. So sanh cau true 4 linh vue cua thang Vineland, xac djnh cdn do vdi thang do Battle, vdi cac linh vuc dupe dl xuat bdi Hidp hdi Tam ly hpc My (APA, 006) cho tha'y, cd su tuong ddng gifia cac thang do du cac tilu linh vuc cd ddi chiit khac bidt (3, trang 5). Nhu vay, cd the coi thang Vineland II vdi cdc ITnh vitc neu tren dd do Iifdng ditc/c cdc chieu kich co' bdn ciia su phdt trien tdm ly cua tre. - Dp hidu luc bl mat (Face validity): Vdi thang do nay, cac item bao qudt dupe rat nhilu cac ddu hidu va cac mdc phat triln trong tfing linh vuc phat triln. Sd lupng item ldn cho 5 linh vuc, cac item cd dupe dp phii rdng cho cae mfic phat triln. Dp hidu lue tidu chi (Criteries validity): So sanh kd't qua cua thang do vdi kd't qua theo ddi, quan sat cua giao vidn cac trudng mam non trudc dd va quan sat thuc td' tre. Ke't qud do bdng thang do the hien trong bdng I (kd't qua ddnh gia chung) tuc/ng ddng vdi ke't c/ud theo ddi tgi trifdng mdm non: cdc tre tham gia ddnh gid deu ditcfc coi Id cd mifc do chdm phdt trien trong cdc ITnh vifc khde nhau tit giao tie'p den ky ndng sinh hogt vd xd hgi hda (). Nhu vay, ed thi kd't luan: Thang do cd the ditgc sit dung de nghien cuu cdc ITnh vitc phdt trien tdm ly cda tre cung nhu ddnh gid chung ve mifc do phdt trien tdm Iy cua tre. Tuy vdy, cdn cd nghien cim sdu han de cd ket ludn ddy dii ve do hieu Iitc ciia thang do tren tre em Viet Nam..3. Do tin cay cua thang do Dp tin eay eua thang do dupe xac djnh bdng each tfnh he sd eua cae item. Trudc hd't, dp tin cay eua tfing thang do cho mdi tilu linh vuc cung dupe xac djnh, sau dd xac djnh dp tin cay cua thang do cho tfing linh vuc. Kd't qua nhu sau: * Cac tilu linh vuc thudc linh vuc giao tid'p Bdng : Do tin cdy cua cdc tieu thang do thugc ITnh vitc giao tie'p Cae tieu linh vue Tid'p nhan Bilu dat ChQ vid't 0,9 0,966 0,733 Sd lugfng eae item eo Khong Ty le item eo TAP CHf TAM Ly HOC, Sd (54), 0 6

7 He sd tfnh toan dupe rd't cao dd'i vdi linh vfic tid'p nhdn va bilu dat: > 0,9. Nhu vay, cae thang do cho cac tilu linh vuc tid'p nhan va bilu dat la rdt tin cay. Tliang do rdt td't. Quan sat sd lupng cdc item cd thi loai bd cho tha'y: khi loai bd bdt ky mdt item ndo, hd sd cua tilu thang do diu giam ban so vdi chi sd chung ciia thang do. Dilu nay cho thd'y: sd Iitgng cdc item trong titng tieu thang do Id hap Iy vd dd duac lua chgn td't. Ddng thdi, cdc item dd cd duac dc) tin cdy ddi vdi khdch the Id tre em Viet Nam trong nghien citu. Trong cac tilu linh vuc thudc giao tid'p, tilu linh vuc chfi vid't cd hd sd cd gia trj thdp ban cd. Tilu linh vfic nay tdp trung vao vide xac nhan cac ky nang phan biet chfi va sd, vid't tdn hp ddy du... Qua phdng vdn cac phu huynh, y kid'n phd bid'n vl cac item nay cho thdy, cac hanh vi dupe dl cdp ddn trong cac item khdng dupe quan tam nhilu d Vidt Nam cho dd'n khi tre 5, 6 tuli. do vay sir xudt hidn ciia cac hdnh vi ndy khdng ddng diu d tre. Dilu nay cung se dupe phan tfch lidn quan dd'n cdc yd'u td van hda d phdn sau. Tuy vay, day vdn la chi sd chdp nhan dupe, eho phep sfi dung thang do vdi dd tin eay kha. * Cae tilu linh vuc thudc linh vuc ky nang sinh boat Bdng 3: Do tin cdy ciia cdc tieu thang do thugc ITnh vitc sinh hogt Cae tieu ITnh vue So lupng cac item co Ty le item co Sinh hoat ca nhan 0,9346 Kh6ng Sinh boat gia dinh 0,859 3 Sinh boat cdng ddng 0,849 Tuang tu kd't qua cua cdc thang do cho cac tilu linh vuc giao tid'p, cac thang do tilu linh vuc sinh boat cd nhdn, sinh boat gia dinh va sinh boat cpng ddng diu cho he sd rdt tdt. Dilm khde bidt la cac hd sd thupc cac linh vuc nay tuong ddi ddng diu, khdng cd su khac bidt ldn. * Cac tilu linh vuc thudc linh vuc ky nang xa hdi Vdi cac thang do cho cdc tilu linh vuc ky nang xa hdi, ke't qua tuang tu ddi vdi cac ky nang giao tid'p. Trong dd, ky nang fing xfi cd chi sd Cronbach a thdp nhdt. Cac chi sd nay cho thdy dd tin cdy cd lidn quan kha thdng nhdt ddi vdi yd'u td van hda. Cac tilu linh vuc cd dd nhay vdi yd'u td van hda diu cd dd tin cay thdp ban cdc tilu linh vuc kliac. 6 TAP CHf TAM Ly HOC, Sd (54), - 0

8 Bdng 4: Do tin cdy cua cdc tieu thang do thudc ITnh vitc ky ndng xd hdi Cae tieu ITnh vue Sd lupng cac item CO Ty le item co Lien nhan each 0,936 Vui chai 0,9090 Khong 3 Ung \ix 0,7346 * Cac tilu linh vuc thupc linh vuc van ddng Bdng 5: Dtp tin cdy ciia cdc tieu thang do thudc ITnh vifc vein ddng Cae tieu ITnh vue Sd lupng cac item co Ty le item co Van dpng tho 0,899 Khong Viin dpng tinh 0,97 Dp tin cay cua cac thang do tfing linh vuc Bdng 6: Do tin cdy cua cdc thang do cho cdc ITidi vuc Cac Ilnh vuc Giao tiep Ky nang sinh hoat Ky nang xa hoi Ky nang van dpng Toan thang do 0,9607 0,94 0,9370 0,969 0,9795 Thang do ke't hap cda tdng ITnh vuc cd he sd rdt td't, deu tren 0,9. He sd chung cua todn thang do cao nhd't so cdc he sd theo titng ITnh vuc. Nhu vdy, thang do cd do tin cdy td't. 3. Cac van de van hoa va ngon ngfi Sfi dung thang do dudi dang mdu phdng van true tid'p xudt hidn mpt sd khd khan lidn quan dd'n vdn dl ngdn ngfi va van hda nhu sau: TAP CHf TAM Ly HOC, Sd (54),

9 - LTnh vuc giao tid'p, cdc item tap trung khd nhilu vdo khd nang bilu dat cua tre bang ngdn ngfi. Mfic dd thdnh thuc cua khd nang bilu dat tuang fing vdi tutig dd tudi, dupe xdc djnh bdng each phat hidn tri cd bid't sfi dung cdc dang ngdn ngfi bj ddng, thdi qud khfi, thdi hidn tai tid'p diln hay khdng... Vf du: "Sfi dung ddng tfi d thdi qua khfi" bay "Sfi dung cdc dai tfi trong cdc cdu ndi "nd"..." cac item nay khd cd dupe dd chfnh xdc, vl thfic td' cdc dang ngfi phap nhu vay ft cd sfi tuang ddng va ft phi bid'n trong tid'ng Vidt. - LTnh Vfic chfi vid't (Writen): Vdi van hda Vidt, tre 3, 4 tudi ft dupe quan tam day cac ky nang tuang tu nhu phan bidt chfi va sd', vid't tdn mlnh..., do vay dilm sd eiia tre trong ITnh vfic nay thdp vd khdng ddng diu. LTnh vuc fing xfi (Copping skill): Mdt sd hanh vi fing xfi khdng hoan toan dupe coi trpng va nhdn manh trong van hda Vidt. Vf du "Ngdm midng khi nhai" 4. Ket ludn Vide phan tfch cac kd't qua thu dupe cho thdy: Cdc thupc tfnh do ludng tam ly (Psychometric properties) ciia thang do Vineland II la kha tdt trdn sd lupng khdch thi nghidn cfiu. Do vay, ed thi cd khuyd'n nghj nhu sau: Cd thi sfi dung thang do trong vide ddnh gid mfic dd phdt triln tam ly cua tre em Vidt Nam trong cac nghidn cfiu va thfic hanh, tfi dd thu thap thdm cac dfi lidu trdn mdu rpng ban dl ddnh gid ddy du vl cdng cu nay. - Cac chi sd do cdc linh vuc la tin cay va cho y nghia tham khao td't. Dl sfi dung thang do cd hidu qua cdn luu y: Khi sfi dung thang do cdn ndm chdc dupe y tudng cua thang do va cac linh vuc cdn do ludng. - Hilu r5 ndi dung cdn do cua tfing item, dac bidt cac item lidn quan dd'n linh vuc ngdn ngfi va xa hdi hda. - Ddy khdng phdi la thang do dac hidu cho cac rdi nhidu phat triln, cd thi dung di sang Ipc va danh gia su phdt triln tdm ly cua tre ndi chung. VI lau dai cdn chudn hda trdn mdu tre em Vidt Nam. Tai lieu tham khao. Borsboom D., Measuring the mind: conceptual isue in contemporary psychometric, Cambridge University Press, Michell J., Measurement in psychology, Cambridge University Press, Vineland II Adaptive Behavior Scale, Manual, 005. Pearson, Inc. 64 TAP CHf TAM Ly HOC, Sd (54), - 0