Science april to june 2013.qxd

Bản ghi

1 ãuçúuøæ ææ çß ææù ÎÂü æ ÁflôÊÊŸ fl ÊÒlÊappleÁª Ë Áfl ʪ UÁ UÿÊáÊÊ Ë òêò ÊÁ ÁflôÊÊŸ ÁòÊ Ê ßcæü-x, -~, ÂýñÜ-ÁêÙUUU- w vx, êëø- ` vz â éîýè Áñß çßçßšæìæ æ Sß»ü

2 ãuçúuøæ ææ çß ææù ÎÂü æ ÂýñÜ w vw

3 ãuçúuøæ ææ çß ææù ÎÂü æ ßcæü-x, -~, ÂýñÜ-ÁêÙUU-w vx, êëø- ` vz â é¼ýè ÁñßçßçßÏÌæ æ Sß»ü { ñ âð Âýæ# Úð U æãuæúu âð âßæðü Âæðcæ æ â ÚUÿæ Ÿæè Âè. ð. æñïúuè, æ ü.. â. é Ø âç ß ãuçúuøæ ææ ÏèÚUæ ¹ ÇðUÜßæÜ, æ ü.. â. ÂýÏæÙ âç ß, ãuçúuøæ ææ âúu æúu, çß ææù ß Âýæñlæðç» è çßöæ» ãuçúuøæ ææ é Ø â ÂæÎ L æ»é#æ, æ ü.. â. ãuæçùîðàæ, çß ææù ß Âýæñlæðç» è çßöæ», ãuçúuøæ ææ âç ß/ ü.âè. ãuçúuøæ ææ çß ææù ß Âýæñlæðç» è ÂçÚUcæÎ,  ê Üæ â ÂæÎ ÇUæò. Îè»é#æ é Ø ßñ ææçù çöø Ìæ ãuçúuøæ ææ çß ææù ß Âýæñlæðç» è ÂçÚUcæÎ,  ê Üæ âãuøæð»è â ÂæÎ âéúðu ¼ý Õæ âü ççuêææ Ù âéúðu¹æ ç Ç UïÇUæ â ÂæÎ ÇUÜ ÂýæðÈð âúu æúu. ð. æðãuüè U é ÜÂçÌ ÇUè..ßè. çßàßçßlæüø, ÁæÜ ÏÚU ÇUæ. æúu. â. ãéuaïuæ é Ø ßñ ææçù ãuçúuøæ ææ ÌçÚUÿæ â ÂýØæð» ð ¼ý, çãuâæúu ü.»æñúuß âðçìøæ â Øé Ì çùîðàæ (Ì Ùè è) ãuçúuøæ ææ çß ææù ß Âýæñlæðç» è ÂçÚUcæÎ,  ê Üæ æñúu Öè ÕãéUÌ é ÀU ãuçúuøæ ææ æ çã Îè çß ææù-âæçãuˆø Ùèç Øæ âð Á» Crop production strategies with poor quality waters Why medicinal plants are important xx Top 10 science stories of 2012 x~ How the tiger got its stripes? yz çß ææù ç ßÁ y} çß ææù ß»ü ÂãðUÜè z vw w w{ w} êëø Ñ vz L ÂØð ÊÒ ãÿ flêœ Êapple Êÿ UË, Ë Êapple wx,» S U ç Êapple U, appleä U U ø «U˪» ÊappleŸ Æv w-zæzz~ z Ê Ê UÁ UÿÊáÊÊ UÊÖÿ ÁflôÊÊŸ fl ÊÒlÊappleÁª Ë Á UcÊŒ, ø Í Ê Èº ãÿí Á U ß Á«UÿÊ Ê. Á. -z Î cáêê Ÿª U, ÁŒÀ Ë-vvÆÆzv ãuçúuøæ ææ çß ææù ÎÂü æ 3

4 çß ææù è ÌèÙ çßçïøæ ãñ U, çâhæ Ì, ÂýØæð» æñúu çâ éüðàæùð ææì 4 ãuçúuøæ ææ çß ææù ÎÂü æ ÂýñÜ w vw

5 â ÂæÎ èø âüè ÜÇ æ ü Ìæð ¹éÎ âð ãñu àæç üüæ æñúu âæ æ Ø ßÊæÙ ßæÜæ ÜÇ U æ ÕðÙ âæ ÇUâü ÂÙè ÿææ ð ç âè Öè ¹ðÜ ð çü æç$¹úu ð éùæ ÁæÌæ ÍæÐ ÇðUßÙ æ UÅUè ( Üñ ÇU æ»æ ß) ð S ê Ü ð ÂýˆØð ¹ðÜ ð Uâ æ Êææ UÇ UæØæ ÁæÌæ ÍæÐ ÕðÙ æð Uâ ð vzßð Á çîù ÂÚU SÂæðÅUâü âæ üç Ü ç Üè çáââð Uâ è çêæî»è ÕÎÜ» üð ÂãUÜð-ÂãUÜ ßãU ð Üæ ãuè Âæâ ð Á»Üæð ð âæ üç Ü ÂÚU ƒæê Ùð ÁæÌæÐ é ÀU çîù ÕæÎ ÎêâÚðU ÎæðSÌæð ð âæí Òâæ üç Ü ÎæñÇ UÓ Ü»æÙð Ü»æÐ ÏèÚðU-ÏèÚðU âæ ÇUâü Ùð ÂÙð çî æ$» æð ÌñØæÚU ÚUÙæ àæél ç Øæ, ßãU ÂÙè Ìæ Ì, âãuùàæèüìæ ß»çÌ æð ÕÉ UæÙð æ Øæâ ÚUÙð Ü»æÐ v} ßcæü è æøé ð UâÙð ÂãUÜè ñúuæíù ð Öæ» çüøæð Uâ ð ÕæÎ ßãU Áæ Ù çúuáßð âð ç Üæ Áæð v~{ ð ¹éÜè ÕæðÅU ð ÅUUÜæ çåu ãuæâæ»úu ÂæÚU ÚUÙð ð Âýçâh ãñð âæ ÇUâü S æòåuüñ ÇU ð çúuáßð ð ÒS ê Ü æ È ÇUßð ÚUÓ ð Âýçàæÿæ ð M  ð çùøé Ì ãéu æ, ßãUæ Uâð çúuáßü ð Æ UÇðU ÂæÙè ð æúuùæ æð ð ÕæÚðU ÁæÙÙð æ æñ æ ç ÜæÐ âæ ÇUâü Ùð ÂÙè çá ææâæ àææ Ì ÚUÙð ð çü ÅUUÜæ çåu âœüæðúuâü æñúu U æúuè Ïýéß ð Ì æ çöøæùæð ð ÕæÚðU ð Áæð ÁæÙÙð æð ç Üæ ÂÉ U ÇUæÜæ æñúu UâÙð ÌØ ç Øæ ç ØãUè Uâ æ ÖçßcØ ãñuð ÕðÙ w v ð S è» ð é àæü ãuæðùð ð ÕæÎ U æúuè Ïýéß ð ÂãUÜð Ü Õè ÎêÚUè ð âæãuçâ çöøæù ÂÚU çù ÜæÐ ßãUæ ÌéÜÙèØ àæç Ì è ÊæL ÚUÌ ãuæðìè ãñuð ÕðÙ æð ü ÕæÚU àæèìî àæ (frostbite) æ çàæ æúu ãuæðùæ ÂÇ UæÐ ÕæÚU ÏýéßèØ ÖæÜê âð âæ Ùæ ãéu æð àæúuèúu è ÿæ Ìæ æð âð ãuè ØæÎæ ÖæÚUè ¹æÙð-ÂèÙð æñúu ÊæM ÚUè âæ æù âð ÖÚUè SÜðÁ æð Ùé èüè Õ$Èü ÂÚU ¹è Ùæ ÂÇ UæÐ Ù âõ ÕæÏæ æð æð ÂæÚU ÚU æç$¹úu æúu ÕðÙ âæ ÇUâü ÎéçÙØæ æ âõâð U ý æ ÃØç Ì ÕÙæ Áæð ð Üð U æúuè Ïýéß ÂÚU ç âè çöøæù ÂÚU»Øæ ãuæðð ÕðÙ Ùð ÅUUÜæ çåu ÂÚU ç âè Öè çõýçåuàæ âð ØæÎæ S è» è ãñu çáâ æ Uâ ð ÂéÚUæÙð âæçíøæð æð çßàßæâ ÙãUè ãuæðìæð â ð ÕæÎ ÕðÙ Ùð ÌêÕÚU w z ð Îçÿæ æè Ïýéß ÂÚU S è» ÚUÌð ãéu ãuæ ãñ U, ÒÒØçÎ ðúðu S ê Ü æñúu çá ð ðúuæ Êææ ÙãUè ÕÙæØæ ÁæÌæ Ìæð ñ Øð âõ àææøî Öè ÙãUè ÚU ÂæÌæÐ S ê Ü ð ÁÕ ðúuæ Êææ ÕÙæØæ ÁæÌæ Ìæð ñ âõ ð âæí $¹éÎ ÂÚU ã UâÌæ ÍæÐ âõ æð Ü»Ìæ ñ ÕãéUÌ ÕÇ Uæ Õðß ê È ãê UÐ Üðç Ù ðúðu ÎÚU ãuúu Ögð Êææ ð ÕæÎ Ìæ Ì æìè Áæð é ÀU âæïæúu æ ÚUÙð è ÂýðÚU ææ ÎðÌèÐ ÕðÙ ãuìð ãñ U, ãu ð Öè Öè ØãU ÙãUè æù ÜðÙæ æçãu ç ãu æúðu âæí æá Áæð Öè ãñu ßãU âõ Öæ Ø è ßÁãU âð ãñu æñúu Uâð ãu ÙãUè ÕÎÜ â ÌðÐ ãu ðàææ $¹éÎ æð ÖèÌÚU ð Ù æúuæˆ çß æúuæð âð ÜÇ UÙð ð çü ÌñØæÚU ÚU¹ð ÐÓÓ L æ»é#æ é Ø â ÂæÎ ãuçúuøæ ææ çß ææù ÎÂü æ 5

6 çßçßï â éîýè ÁñßçßçߊæÌæ æ Sß»ü Î âflë Ë Ã U Ê ªèʪ ŒÊapple-Áà UÊß èêêª apple U Ê UÒ Á Ê ªèʪ v Áà Êà ÅÊÊ UÊ UÒ ÊÒ U ʪ UÊapple fl UÊ Êª UÊapple apple L apple ÈŒ Ë ÿê fl UáÊ ÁŸÁ à UÃÊ UÒ ÈŒ Ë ÊÁÃÿÊapple Ë ÅÿÊ flòá fl ÒflÁflÁfläÊÃÊ Ë ªèʪ ÊäÊË UÒ, Êapple S flÿ xæ ÊÅÊ apple øê UÊapple«U à UÊapple ÃË UÒ UcáÊ Á U äêëÿ ÊÒ U U - «UÊÚ$ ÎÃÊ Á U UcáÊ Á U äêëÿ UâÊ apple Ë ŒÊapple à ÿã UÊappleø ÊÒ U ÁflÁ Êc U ÈŒ Ë Áfl ÊapplecÊÃÊ Ò ª Êapplefl ŸÍ ÊÒ U flê ÁèÊÁûÊÿÊ U Ò ÿapple ŒÊapple ŸÊapple Uàfl ÍáÊ èêí-áÿ Ê ÃÊ UÒ Êapple më Ë UøŸÊ 6 ãuçúuøæ ææ çß ææù ÎÂü æ

7 çßçßï ÊÒ U ÈŒ à UÊapple Êapple ÁflSÃÊ U ŒappleŸapple apple UÊÿÃÊ UÃapple UÒ flê ÁèÊÁûÊÿÊ Ò ÁÀ ÿ Ê Êapple Ÿapple U apple ÒÁfl ÁŸˇÊapple áê mê UÊ ÈŒ à à ÁŸÁ à UÊappleÃË UÒ ÁèÊÁûÊÿÊapple apple ÈŒ à apple ŸËøapple Uà U ÊŸapple apple ÿê Á» U à UËÿ U UÊapple âêflê flÿ apple U UÊŸapple apple UÍ U U ß U ΔUÊ UÊappleÃapple ÁèÊÁûÊ ÅÊ «UÊapple ÊÒ U flê øíáê apple ÈŒ à apple U UΔU ÊŸapple apple më ÁŸÁ à UÊapple Ãapple UÒ, Á Ÿ U SâÊ Ëÿ ÊŒ Ÿ Ÿapple ªÃapple UÒ ÿlá flê ( ÉÊ Ë U Uapple U) ÃÈ UÒ, ÃÊapple èêë flê ÁèÊÁûÊ ÁflcÊ èêˇêë ÈŒÊÿ Ÿ UË UÊappleÃÊ UÒ ÁÀ ÿ U ê ÍáÊ Á Uà òê UÒ Á Ë UøŸÊ Îà ËflÊapple apple UÊappleÃË UÒ flê ÁèÊÁûÊÿÊ ÿlá ÿê åàê ÊapplecÊáÊ ÿèäã UcáÊ Á U äêëÿ apple flásâêã UÊappleÃË UÒ, flapple Œ èêíã ÒflÁflÁfläÊÃÊ Êapple ÊüÊÿ ŒÊŸ UÃË UÒ flê ÁèÊÁûÊÿÊ apple fl Á ø Ë U Ê Á U ÊÒ U Á U Œ- ÊÊà UÊ Êª UÊapple apple xææ UûÊ U ÊÒ U xææ ŒÁˇÊáÊ ˇÊÊ ÊÊapple apple Ëø apple UcáÊ Á U äêëÿ ÃâÊÊ U - UcáÊ Á U äêëÿ ˇÊappleòÊÊapple apple Áfl Á à UÊappleÃË UÒ ÿapple UâÊ apple (y{ Ë U U apple ª U Uapple) apple ÿê L apple»ò Ë U UÃË UÒ ÊÒ U ßã Uapple UcáÊ (wæ Á«Uª Ë apple$ w} Á«Uª Ë apple$) Ë Êfl ÿ ÃÊ UÊappleÃË UÒ ªÊÃÊ U ŸË U UŸapple flê Ë ΔU «UË äêê UÊ UÊmË Êapple apple Á ø Ë Á ŸÊ UÊapple U flê ÁèÊÁûÊÿÊ Áfl Á à Ÿ UË UÊappleŸapple ŒappleÃË èêë flê ÁèÊÁûÊÿÊ UË Ã UË apple apple ÁŸÁ à UÊappleÃË UÒ Ê U UË Uà apple èêë ËÁflà flê ÊáÊË Áfll ÊŸ UÊappleÃapple UÒ Íˇ ÊÚÁ Êapple Ë ß Ã Ë Uà apple ŸËøapple UÃ-Œ U- Uà ÁflªÃ ËÁ U ÿêapple apple Ê U UÃapple UÒ flê Í Ã U, apple ŸÊ Ê U, ªèʪ apple UË Ë U U Êß Ã apple Ëfl UÊappleÃapple UÒ Á ã Uapple ÊÚÁ UÃapple UÒ ÊÚÁ Êapple Ë Œapple UÁèÊÁûÊ apple Ê ÃÁ U ÊÒ U Ê U UË Uà UÊappleÃË UÒ ÊappleÁ Ê Ê Êapple Ë Ê ÃÁ U Uà Êø ªÈ UÊ Êapple ÉÊapple Uapple U UÃË UÒ ŒÊappleŸÊapple UÃÊapple apple Ëø ÁŸÁc ÿ Ò Ë Ò Ê ŒÊâÊ èê UÊ U UÃÊ UÒ ÈÅÿ ø ÃË ( È U ÿê ªÈŒÊ) apple Á ŸÊ Uapple U S Ê Êapple U Á Á ÿê UÊappleÃapple UÒ Êapple Á Ê Ê U «U Ÿapple apple UÊÿÃÊ UÃapple UÒ flê ÁSÃÿÊapple apple UÊapple«U Êapple ÊÚÁ ÁèÊÁûÊ ÿê fl ÃüÊappleáÊË Ò Ë ÁŸÁ à UÃapple UÒ Êapple ÈŒ à U»Ò Ÿapple ªÃË UÒ ÊÚÁ Êapple apple ÁÃÁ UÄÃ Ò ÁÀ ÿ äêê U ÊÒflÊ, Êapple S, à U apple Ê Ë -ÉÊÊapple ÉÊÊapple apple ÅÊÊapple Êapple apple Uapple U ÃâÊÊ UÊ ÊÿÁŸ L apple flˇêappleá Ã Ò ÁÀ ÿ ÊÒ U ÒÇŸËÁ Êÿ apple Ê Êapple Ÿapple UÊapple apple ÈÅÿ L apple flê ÁèÊÁûÊÿÊ apple Ê ÁŸ Ê áê UÊappleÃÊ UÒ UÊà apple flê ÊÚÁ Ÿapple S Ê Êapple Êapple»Ò Ê appleãapple UÒ ÊÒ U ÊÁáÊå fl Êapple Êapple «U Ãapple U Ò Á Ÿ apple ÈÅÿà ÁèÊÁûÊ apple U apple UÊapple U ÊŸapple flê apple Ê apple UÊ Êª UË apple UÊapple Uapple- UÊapple Uapple UappleÁ ÊÿÊß Ëfl ÊÒ U UÁ ÿêapple apple Êflapple UÊappleÃapple UÒ UÊÃ Ê ÿ UŸ ÈŒË ÊË ªÊapple ÃâÊÊ Ÿapple ãÿ ÊappleL Ë ËflÊapple apple Á èêë Á ÿãê Ê Ê UÊappleÃÊ UÒ Êapple ÁŒŸ apple ÿ ÁèÊÁûÊ Ë äêapple UË Œ UÊ UÊapple apple Á U apple U UÃapple UÒ È U flê ÊÁáÊå fl Êapple ÿê UÊapple UË ãuçúuøæ ææ çß ææù ÎÂü æ 7

8 çßçßï UÁ ÿêapple Ê Ê UÊ U UÃapple UÒ Á ãÿ Òfl ø Uapple Ê U èêêappleª UÃapple UÒ flê ÁèÊÁûÊÿÊapple Êapple UŸ apple SâÊÊŸ apple ŸÈ Ê U ÃËŸ üêappleááêÿêapple apple Ê UÊ ÊÃÊ UÒ Ë Ê Ã ÁèÊÁûÊÿÊ, fl UÊappleäÊ ÁèÊÁûÊÿÊ àêâêê flê më Ë Ê Ã ÁèÊÁûÊÿÊ Ã UÊapple apple ÁŸ U Êß ÊÃË UÒ ÊÒ U më Êapple ÃâÊÊ UÊmË Êapple apple à UÊapple apple Ê U U Ë ÊÒ U»Ò ÃË UÒ Uapple Ê Ã UáÊ Á ã Uapple Ҫ͟ UÃapple UÒ, à UÊapple ÊÒ U ÁèÊÁûÊÿÊapple apple Ëø ÁSâÊà UÊappleÃapple UÒ ß Ê U Ë ÁèÊÁûÊÿÊ UcáÊ Á U äêëÿ à UÊapple apple ÊâÊ- ÊâÊ Ê ÃÊÒ U U Êß ÊÃË UÒ ÊÒ U À flcêê ˇÊappleòÊÊapple apple ÁŸÁ à UÊappleÃË UÒ ÿapple ÈÅÿà flê - UappleáÊÈ, Ëø«U ÃâÊÊ ËÁflà fl Îà flê Êapple fl ãÿ ËflÊapple Ë ŸË UÊappleÃË UÒ UflÊß më ß Ê U Ë ÁèÊÁûÊÿÊapple apple flêapple à UŒÊ U UáÊ UÒ fl UÊappleäÊ ÁèÊÁûÊÿÊ Ã UÊapple apple Ê Ã UÊ Êapple ÿê Ҫ͟Êapple mê UÊ ÎâÊÄ Î Ã U UÃË UÒ ß Ê U Ë ÁèÊÁûÊÿÊapple apple èêê UÊ-Sà U U flê Êß apple ß U ΔUÊ UÊapple ÊÃapple UÒ fl UÊappleäÊ ÁèÊÁûÊ apple ÅÊ «U- ÁèÊÁûÊ, à U- ÁèÊÁûÊ fl ÎcΔUèÊÍÁ ÊÊÁ UÊappleÃË UÒ UûÊ U- ÍflË ÊÚS U appleá ÿê Ë ª apple U ÒÁ Uÿ U UË» ß Ê U Ë ÁèÊÁûÊ Ê ŸÍΔUÊ UŒÊ U UáÊ UÒ flê më flê Êapple ( Í ªapple ) apple Ÿapple më UÊappleÃapple UÒ ÊÒ U ߟ apple ËøÊapple - Ëø UâÊ Ê ÒªÍŸ UÊappleÃÊ UÒ flê më Êapple Ë ÁŸÁ à ÊÊŸŒÊ U ÊÒ U Ÿãÿ Á UÉÊ UŸÊ UÊappleÃË UÒ ª U Uapple ʪ U apple flê më ª U Uapple ʪ UÊapple apple Ÿ U UèÊ UÃapple UÒ UÊmË Ëÿ flê më UÊ Êª UÊapple apple ªÊ UÊapple U Ê ÊÃapple U Ò Á U Œ UÊ Êª U apple Ê ŒË ÊÒ U ˇÿmË flê më Êapple apple UË Ÿapple UÒ ÂýßæÜ ç æç æøæð ð àæñãææüæð è æêç æ flê ÁèÊÁûÊÿÊ Sfl ÿ ÊappleÁcÊà UÊappleÃË UÒ ÊÒ U ߟ apple U èêêappleäãê Êapple ÊÒ U Uà ÊŒ Êapple apple ÈS c U ÊapplecÊË-Sà U UÊappleÃapple U Ò flê ÁèÊÁûÊÿÊ UcáÊ Á U äêë flcêê flÿêapple Ò Ë UË UÊappleÃË UÒ Êapple ÒflÁflÁfläÊÃÊ apple ÈÅÊ SòÊÊappleà ʟapple ÊÃapple U Ò ÿlá ΔUÊapple U flê øíÿê- àâê U apple äê Sà UÊapple apple ÁŸ Ê áê apple ÈÅÿ èêíá Ê ŒÊ UÃapple UÒ, U Ò ÁÀ ÿ ÿèäã Ê ÊÒflÊ Êapple UÊappleÁŸâÊÊÚŸ ÊÁà èêë UÊ U ÿê ÁäÊ Uàfl apple UÊapple Ãapple UÒ ÿapple ÊÒflÊ, ÁèÊÁûÊ Ë UøŸÊ apple ÊâÊ- ÊâÊ ÁèÊÁûÊ apple Á ÊâÊÁ Uà ÊŒŸ apple èêë ÿêappleªœêÿ UÃapple UÒ àÿapple ÊÚÁ apple Œ U ( à ÃÈ ) Í Ò âê Ë ŸÊ ÊÒflÊ flê UÃÊ UÒ ß Ã ÃÈ ÊÒflÊ (Á Áê ÿêappleá«uÿÿ ÊÁÃ) apple UÊapple UË, ªÊapple Ë Ë ÊappleÁ Ê Ê UÊappleÃË UÒ Êapple ÊÚÁ å apple ª«U Ë U UÃË UÒ ÊÒ U flê Êapple Êapple Ê Ê applecêáê apple Uà ÊŒ ŒÊŸ UÃË UÒ ãÿ Ê U apple ÊÒflÊ ÃÈ Ê UË UÊapple apple ŸËøapple ÊÒ U Ê Ê apple Ò ÁÀ ÿ ÿèäã Ê Êapple apple U UÃapple U Ò ßŸ apple èêë ª Ê U apple È U ( Ê ÊÒ U Ò ÁÀ ÿ ÿèäã Ê U) ÊÒflÊ øíÿê- àâê U l Sà U U ÿ UÊ -fl UÊ U U ª U Ê ÊÃapple UÒ flê ÃÈ ÊÒ U ÊÒflÊ flÿs Áà Á U apple Ê äê ŸÊ appleãapple UÒ Êapple ŒÊappleŸÊapple apple Á U ÿêappleªë UÊappleÃÊ UÒ Ê Ê applecêáê Ê UË ÊÒ ÊÊ flê Êapple Êapple Ê UÊ U ŒÊŸ UÃapple UÒ Sflà òê ËflË ÊÒflÊ flê ÁèÊÁûÊÿÊapple Ë Œ UÊ UÊapple apple Ÿ Ãapple UÒ ÃâÊÊ ÈŒ Ë Áø Ÿ, ÈŒ Ë Á«U ÿêapple, Á Á U S UÊ, Ÿapple Ê U apple 8 ãuçúuøæ ææ çß ææù ÎÂü æ

9 çßçßï flê ÁSÃÿÊapple apple UÊapple«U Êapple ÊÚÁ ÁèÊÁûÊ ÿê fl ÃüÊappleáÊË Ò Ë ÁŸÁ à UÃapple UÒ Êapple ÈŒ à U»Ò Ÿapple ªÃË UÒ ÊÚÁ Êapple apple ÁÃÁ UÄÃ Ò ÁÀ ÿ äêê U ÊÒflÊ, Êapple S, à U apple Ê Ë -ÉÊÊapple ÉÊÊapple apple ÅÊÊapple Êapple apple Uapple U ÃâÊÊ UÊ ÊÿÁŸ L apple flˇêappleá Ã Ò ÁÀ ÿ ÊÒ U ÒÇŸËÁ Êÿ apple Ê Êapple Ÿapple UÊapple apple ÈÅÿ L apple flê ÁèÊÁûÊÿÊ apple Ê ÁŸ Ê áê UÊappleÃÊ UÒ Êapple S Êapple ÃâÊÊ U ªËŸ UÁ ÿêapple apple Á Ê UÊ U ŒÊŸ UÃapple UÒ ËÁflà flê Êapple apple Ê Êapple apple Áø Uapple UÈ Ã ÃÈ ÿ ÊÒflÊ Êapple apple ÃËfl ÃÊ apple Ê Ê apple Á ŸÈ Í Ÿ UÊapple ÊÃÊ UÒ ÊÒ U ߟ apple øè U ÊòÊÊ apple Ä Êapple UÊappleÁ» UÊappleÃÊ UÒ Êÿ ÿapple ËÁflà flê Êapple Êapple U UÊ U ª ŒÊŸ UÃapple UÒ Ê Ë ÊÒ ÊÊ Ä Êapple UÊapple» Êÿ UÊ, apple Á» ÊappleŸapple Ë ªáÊ apple ŒSÿ UÒ ÊÒ ÊÊ, flê Êapple Êapple ÊapplecÊ Êapple apple L apple åêÿê åã Ê Ÿ ŒÊŸ UÃapple UÒ ÃÊÁ flapple Ãapple Ë apple «U apple UÊapple U ŸŸ U apple ÊÒ U ÁèÊÁûÊ ÁŸ Ê áê Uapple Œ apple apple flê ÊÒflÊ ÊÁÃÿÊapple Êapple Êfl ÿ ŸÊß U Êapple Ÿ ÊÒ U» ÊÚS» Êapple U ŒÊŸ UÃapple UÒ ÊÒflÊ flê - Ê Êapple apple Ò ÁÀ ÿ fláêêapple apple Œ Èà Òfl- UÊ ÊÿÁŸ ÁŸˇÊapple áê apple UÊÿ UÊappleÃapple UÒ ÂýßæÜ ç æç æøæð ð ÂýßæÜæð è æêç æ flê «U Ë ÊòÊÊ apple applec Ê Uà ãÿ UÃapple UÒ Êapple ß Êapple ÊáÊË Ë ˇÊÁ Uà UÊappleŸapple apple øêãê UÒ «U apple Á U ÊáÊ apple ÿ U applec Ê UŸ apple Ê UË U apple Uà U- Uà U U apple ø Ë ÊÃË UÒ UÊ ÿ U ãÿ Òfl ŒÊâÊÊapple apple ÊâÊ Ê UÊapple ÊÃË UÒ ÊÒ U ß Ê U ÁflÁèÊ㟠ËflÊapple apple Á Ê UÊ U Ê ÊapplecÊ SòÊÊappleà Ÿ ÊÃË UÒ flê Êapple Êapple ŸË ÊÁüÊà ÊÒflÊ Êapple Êapple Ê Ê ŒÊŸ UŸÊ UÊappleÃÊ UÒ ß UappleÃÈ flê ÁäÊ Ê Êà Ȍ apple vææ Ë U U apple ª U UÊß Ã U UÃapple UÒ ÊÒ U ΔU «Uapple, UÈà ª Œ apple ÊÒ U ÅÊÊ Uapple ÈŒ apple ÁSÃÿÊ ŸÊŸapple apple øãapple UÒ ÁŒŸ apple ÿ flê Ÿapple Ê Êapple UèÊÁˇÊÿÊapple ÊÒ U UÊ Ò ªŸË Á UáÊÊapple apple øêÿapple apple Á ÁŸÁc ÿ Ÿapple U UÃapple UÒ flê ÁèÊÁûÊÿÊ Ÿapple Ê U Ë UÁ ÿêapple apple Á Sflª UÒ ÄÿÊapple Á flapple ªèʪ U Ê U ÊÁÃÿÊapple Ë UÁ ÿêapple Êapple Á U Ÿapple apple Ÿapple SâÊÊŸ ŒÊŸ UÃË UÒ ÊÊ, Êapple Uapple ß, apple «U apple Ò apple ÈÅÊ UèÊˇÊË Á Ê Ê UË ÁèÊÁûÊÿÊapple Ë Œ UÊ UÊapple, ª U fl UÊapple ÊÒ U Á UŒ Êapple apple ÉÊÍ Ãapple U UÃapple UÒ UÊ Uã Uapple øè U ÅÊÊl ŒÊâÊÊapple apple ÊâÊ U Ÿapple apple fl U Êåà UÊappleÃapple UÒ Ê ÅÊ ËŸÊapple, ÈŒ Ë Áø ŸÊapple, ÈŒ Ë Á«U ÿêapple, apple «U Êapple, Á Á U S UÊ U, apple apple Ò apple ãÿ ãuçúuøæ ææ çß ææù ÎÂü æ 9

10 çßçßï ËflÊapple apple Á èêë ÁèÊÁûÊÿÊapple apple ÊappleŸapple ÊÒ U ªÈ» Ê ë UË Ê UáÊSâÊ Ë UÊappleÃË UÒ flê à Êapple apple Ê Î Áà fláê ß Ê U apple U ª Ò apple Ê, ŸÊ UªË, Ë Ê, U UÊ, ŸË Ê, Ò ªŸË ÊÁŒ Uà ãÿ UÃapple UÒ ÁflÁèÊãŸ Ê U apple ÁèÊÁûÊ ÁŸ Ê ÃÊ flê Êapple apple ÊÊÁ UÒ ŸŸÊ flê ( Êapple UÒÁS U ÿê Ò fl UŸÊapple Ê), ÃÊ U flê (ªÒ appleáä ÿê»ò S Ë È appleá U ) Á Ÿ apple flappleã ÃÊ U Ê Î Áà apple ÊÚÁ å UÊappleÃapple UÒ, ÁSÃc flê (Á«Uå ÊappleÁ UÿÊ ÁS U ªÊapple Ê) Á Ÿ apple ÁSÃc Ò Ë Á U ÊÈÁ U ÿê UÊappleÃË UÒ, ÈŒ Ë ÅÊÊ (ªÊÚ UªÊappleÁŸÿÊ ÊÁÃ) Á Ë Ê Î Áà ŒappleÅÊŸapple apple UÊâÊ apple ÅÊapple Ò Ë UÊappleÃË UÒ, ÊL flê (» Á ÿê ÊÁÃ) Êapple «U apple UÊapple ŒÊ U ÊL Ë Ã U U ÁŒÅÊÊß ŒappleÃÊ UÒ, ÃâÊÊ ÊÚª Ÿ Êß flê ( U ÿí Ë Êapple UÊ ÊÁÃ) Á apple Ÿapple ÅÊ«U Ë ŸÊÁ Ê UÊappleÃË UÒ ÂýßæÜ ç æç æøæð è ÙêÆUè ÀUçÜØæ æ flê ÁèÊÁûÊÿÊapple Êapple ŸÊappleÅÊË UÁ ÿêapple Ê ÊÊapple apple UÊ Ê ÃÊ UÒ UÁ ÿê Ÿapple Ê Ê U- Ê U Ë UÊappleÃË UÒ ßŸ apple ß UÒ Êapple Ë Ã Ë UÁ ÿê UÒ ÊÒ U Ê Ò Ë ÁŒÅÊÊß ŒappleÃË U Ò È U ÊÁÃÿÊapple apple Ê UË U apple Ê» Ë ÁflcÊ UÊappleÃÊ UÒ Á apple ß ŸÈcÿÊapple Ë ÊŸ Ê ÃË UÒ S UÊappleŸÁ» Ê ŒappleÅÊŸapple apple àâê U Ò Ë ªÃË UÒ ß apple Ãapple ÁflcÊÒ apple Ê Uapple UÊappleÃapple UÒ Á Ÿ apple Áfll ÊŸ ÁflcÊ Á Ë ŸÈcÿ Êapple Ê UŸapple apple Á ÿê åã UÊappleÃÊ UÒ S ÊÚ U Á» Ÿ ÊÚÿŸ Á» Ê (å Uapple UÒ apple UappleŸÊ UÊ) ÅÊÍ Í Uà U Ë UÒ Á apple ŸÈ Ë apple Ê Uapple UÊappleÃapple UÒ ÿ U ŒŒ ŸÊ Œ Ê Œapple ÃË UÒ Á apple ŸÈcÿ Ë ÎàÿÈ Ã UÊapple ÃË UÒ ÊL S ÊappleÁ ÿÿ U Ë ŸË Ë - Ë Ê Î Áà ÊÒ U Í Uapple Ê UË U U Áfll ÊŸ UÈà apple Ê UÊapple apple UøÊŸË ÊÃË UÒ ßŸ Ê UÊapple apple UÈà Ãapple U U UÊappleÃÊ UÒ Á apple UÈà ˫U ÊŒÊÿ ÉÊÊfl UÊapple ÊÃapple UÒ ûêëÿè Ê Ë-«U appleªÿ, ÈŒ Ë ÉÊÊapple«U apple Ë UË ŸÍΔUË ÊÁà UÒ ß Ÿapple Ÿapple Ê Êapple Á U ÊŸapple Ë Á U áêê Ë Áfl Á à U Ë UÒ Á apple Ê UáÊ ß Ê Ê UË U»Ò U ûêëÿè Ê UÊapple ªÿÊ UÒ Êapple ÈŒ Ë ÅÊ U ÃflÊ U apple ÊÈ «UÊapple apple Ëø ÃÒ UÃË UÈß Êß ÊÃË UÒ ç Êߪ ªŸÊ «U apple Ë U Ë UÒ Á apple Áfl ÊÊ ÅÊÊapple - Ò apple ÅÊ UÊappleÃapple UÒ Êapple ÅÊÊŸapple Ë Ã Ê Ê apple ŸËøapple à apple ÁŸ U Uappleà apple U ÃÒ UŸapple apple U Ë ŒŒ UÃapple UÒ Ë âêíâêÿ flê Ë» U Á» Ê È Œ U U ªÊapple flê Ë Áøà UË U Ë UÊappleÃË UÒ ß apple Ê apple ˇÊ apple ÁŸ U «U Ê Ê Ê äêé Ê UÊappleÃÊ UÒ Êapple Ê ÅÊ Ò Ê ÁŒÅÊÃÊ UÒ ÊÒ U Á Ê ÊÁ UÿÊapple Ê äÿêÿ U Ë Ë Í U Ë Êapple U U ŒappleÃÊ UÒ Ê ª-S Êß «U UÄÿÈ Êߟ Á» Ê Ÿapple Ê UË U apple ÊŸË èê U appleãë UÒ Á apple ªÈé Ê Uapple Ë Ã UÃ»Í ÊÃË UÒ ÊÒ U UèÊÁˇÊÿÊapple Êapple ªÃÊ UÒ Á ßßapple Áfl ÊÊ Ê Ê U apple Ëfl Êapple flapple ÅÊÊ Ÿ UË Ê ªapple æç æü ãuˆß flê ÁèÊÁûÊ SâÊÊÿË, ÊÁà ÁflÁfläÊÃÊ ê ãÿ, È- ŸÈ Í Á à ÊÁ Uà òê UÒ Á apple Uëø üêappleáêë Ê Ê ÃÁ U U ËflŸ ÊÿÊ ÊÃÊ UÒ flê Êapple Ê ÁflÁèÊ㟠ˇÊappleòÊÊapple apple «U Ê ÊÁâÊ Uàfl UÒ flê Ê Êapple Êapple, Êapple Í Ã Ò ÁÀ ÿ Ê Êapple Ÿapple U UÒ, èêflÿ ÁŸ Ê áê ÃâÊÊ ÁŸ Ê áê ÊÿÊapple apple ÿèäã UÊappleŸapple flê apple Ë apple U, øíÿapple, Ê apple ÊÁŒ apple Á ëøapple ŒÊâÊ apple ÁŸ Ê áê apple U ÿêappleª apple ÊÿÊ ÊÃÊ UÒ flê Êapple apple Uà Î c U ÊÒ U Ë ÃË Êfl UË Ê ÊŸ ÃâÊÊ Ê UË flsãè Êapple Ê ÁŸ Ê áê Á ÿê ÊÃÊ UÒ flê äêí apple UˇÊÊ UŸapple flê apple U ÊÿŸÊapple apple ë Uapple SòÊÊappleà UÊappleÃapple UÒ ÈŒ Ë flê Êapple Êapple «U apple Ê U ÿ Ê, UÍ UË UÁ«U «UÿÊapple Ë Á UÁÄÃÿÊapple Êapple èê UŸapple apple Ê apple 10 ãuçúuøæ ææ çß ææù ÎÂü æ

11 çßçßï Ê ÊÃapple UÒ SÿÍ«UÊappleå Uapple UÊappleÁ Ÿ ŸÊ apple U ÊÿŸ Êapple ÈŒ Ë ÅÊÊ U Ë (SÿÍ UÊappleå Uapple UÊappleªÊappleÁ ÿê) apple Êåà Á ÊÃapple UÒ Ÿ- Ÿ âêflê UÊ ÊÿÁŸ ŒÊ U Êapple apple UˇÊÊ ŒÊŸ UŸapple flê Ë ÊäÊŸ Ê ª Ë ŸÊŸapple apple Ê ÊÃapple UÒ Ê flê Êapple (ªÊapple UappleÁ ÿ ŸÊapple Êß ) Ë Íˇ ŸÈ Ë Ë UøŸÊ, Á ã Uapple Á U Ê UÊ ÊÃÊ UÒ, Ê U ª apple Ò ÁÀ ÿ Ê Êapple Ÿapple U apple ÁŸˇÊapple áê apple ŸÃË UÒ ÊÒ U ÊèÊÍcÊáÊ ÁŸ Ê áê apple ߟ Ê «U apple Ò ÊŸapple U U ÿêappleª Á ÿê ÊÃÊ UÒ flê ªÊappleªÊapple ÁŸÿŸ ÊÚÄ UÊapple Êapple UÒÁ ÿê ÊÁà çÿí Êapple Êapple Ê SòÊÊappleà UÒ Êapple ŒŒ ÁŸflÊ U fl Í Ÿ UÊappleäÊË Uà ÊŒ UÒ Ë-»Ò Ÿ SÿÍ«UÊapple- Uapple UʪÊappleÁ ÿê Á Ê apple U Ë xz apple ÁäÊ ÊäÊŸ Uà ÊŒÊapple Ê SòÊÊappleà UÒ Á Ÿ apple Ÿ- Í Ÿ UÊappleäÊË ÿêò᪠èêë ÊÊÁ UÒ Ò U UÊappleäÊË ÊÒcÊÁäÊ Á«US Êapple«U Êapple Êß«U ª U Uapple ÈŒ apple S Á«US Êapple«UÁ ÿê ÊÁà apple Àø U ÃâÊÊ UÊ ÊÿÁŸ applecêáê mê UÊ ÊåÃ Ë ÊÃË UÒ UflÊß apple íflê U-ÃÊ Êapple apple Ê ÊŸapple flê Ê ÎŒÈ flê Ò ËâÊÊapple Ê UÊÚÁÄ Ê apple ÊåÃ Ê Î Áà Uà ÊŒ Ê U ÿêappleª ÒÁ UÊÚÁÄ Ÿ ŸÊ Á c U áêè apple ÎâÊÄ UáÊ apple Á Á ÿê ÊÃÊ UÒ Êapple Ò U apple ÁflL f «U Êß apple èêêflë ÊÒcÊÁäÊ ÊÁ à UÊapple ÃË UÒ UÊÚ ÊÍ Ò Á È Ê UÈÁflÁäÊ U ÿêappleª Ê UË U ŒŒ ÊÒ U ÁäÊflÊÃ Ò Ë È U ÿêáäêÿêapple apple U øê U apple Á Á ÿê ÊÃÊ UÒ ß Ê ŸË Ê UÄà ( UË ÊappleÁ ê» ) ÊÒcÊÁäÊÿÊapple, ÊÿÈflÒôÊÊÁŸ ÿèáäãÿêapple ÊÒ U ÿ UÊ Ã Á apple èêë Áfll ÊŸ ÅÊà UŸÊ ÒÄ UËÁ UÿÊß «UÊapple UÚÊÁÄ ŸÊapple Ê ÃÊ ªÊŸapple apple Á U ÿêappleª apple ÊÿÊ Ê ÃÊ UÒ èêê Uà apple apple «U apple Ë ÿ U ÊÁà U«U Ë Ê apple ʪ U à U U «U Ë ÅÿÊ apple Êß ÊÃË UÒ ÁøûÊÊapple Ÿ apple «U Êapple ÊÒ U ÊË ªÊapple apple ÅÊÊapple apple Êåà Á ÿê ÊŸapple flê Ê U ÊÿŸ UÒ ß Ê U ÿêappleª Ÿapple U Î ÁòÊ àfløê apple L apple ÊÒ U U UË Ê äêÿapple apple Á Á ÿê ÊÃÊ UÒ ÄÿÊapple Á ß apple ÉÊÊfl ÀŒË èê UÃapple UÒ Ê Ã U UappleÅÊÊ apple ÊâÊ ŒÍcÊáÊ U ÊŸapple apple flê ÁèÊÁûÊÿÊapple Êapple ÅÊà UÊ ÒŒÊ UÊapple ªÿÊ UÒ - fl ÊÒlÊappleÁª UÊ Ò ªŸË ÁflÁ UáÊÊapple Ë ÁäÊ ÃÊ, ÃâÊÊ ÃÊ Ëÿ ŒÍcÊáÊ èêë Ÿapple- Ÿapple ŒÈc Á UáÊÊ ÁŒÅÊÊŸapple ªapple UÒ UèÊÁˇÊÿÊapple Ë ÅÿÊ apple UÈß Ê ÁS flîáf apple èêë flê ÁèÊÁûÊÿÊapple Êapple àÿêá Êà ÅÊà Uapple Ê Ê ŸÊ UŸÊ «U U UÊ UÒ ß Ê ÈÅÿ ÁèÊÿÈÄà S UÊ U Á» Ê UÒ Á apple Ê UÊapple Ê ÃÊ ( Ò âêapples U U å Ò Ë) ŸÊ ÁŒÿÊ ªÿÊ UÒ ÿ U ê ÍáÊ flê ÁèÊÁûÊ apple Á ÅÊà UÊ Ÿ ªß UÒ ÊÒ U Ê U apple ãÿ èêêªêapple apple èêë»ò U UË UÒ «U Ë ÅÿÊ apple UÁ ÿê «U Ÿapple apple Ê UáÊ flê ÁèÊÁûÊÿÊ apple apple UÁ ÿêapple Ë ÅÿÊ Ê» Ë UÊappleÃË Ê U UË UÒ ÈŒ apple ÁäÊ UÁ ÿê Êåà UŸapple apple Á UÈ Ê UÊapple mê UÊ ÁflcÊ Ê U ÿêappleª flê Êapple Êapple ª èêë U ˇÊÁà UÈ øê U UÊ UÒ apple «U Ë Êà ÃÊapple ÿ U UÒ Á À ÊäÊŸÊapple apple Ëø èêë Ò apple Ÿ Ê Ê ÃÊ UÒ, ÊŸfl ÊÁà Êapple flê ÁèÊÁûÊÿÊ apple apple ËÅÊŸÊ øêá U Œapple Ê ÿ U UÒ Á Á Ÿ ÃÈ Êapple ÊÒ U ÊÒäÊÊapple U U ÁŸèÊ U UÃapple UÒ UŸ apple ÊâÊ apple Uà U U ËflŸ Ò apple SâÊÊÁ à Á ÿê Ê ÿê fl UáÊËÿ ÒÁfl Ë ÿêappleª ÊÊ Ê, flÿs Áà ÁflôÊÊŸ ÁflèÊʪ, UË$ $ èêêª È U Áfl fláfllê ÿ èêêª È U - }vwææ Á UÊ U SòÊÊappleà «U Ë wæy, Ä UÍ U wævw, ÅÊ «U vz v flê ÁèÊÁûÊÿÊapple Êapple ŸÊappleÅÊË UÁ ÿêapple Ê ÊÊapple apple UÊ Ê ÃÊ UÒ UÁ ÿê Ÿapple Ê Ê U- Ê U Ë UÊappleÃË UÒ ßŸ apple ß UÒ Êapple Ë Ã Ë UÁ ÿê UÒ ÊÒ U Ê Ò Ë ÁŒÅÊÊß ŒappleÃË U Ò È U ÊÁÃÿÊapple apple Ê UË U apple Ê» Ë ÁflcÊ UÊappleÃÊ UÒ Á apple ß ŸÈcÿÊapple Ë ÊŸ Ê ÃË UÒ S UÊappleŸÁ» Ê ŒappleÅÊŸapple apple àâê U Ò Ë ªÃË UÒ ß apple Ãapple ÁflcÊÒ apple Ê Uapple UÊappleÃapple UÒ Á Ÿ apple Áfll ÊŸ ÁflcÊ Á Ë ŸÈcÿ Êapple Ê UŸapple apple Á ÿê åã UÊappleÃÊ UÒ ãuçúuøæ ææ çß ææù ÎÂü æ 11

12 âðãuì ñ âð ÂýæŒÌ ÚUð æãuæúu âð âßæðüˆì Âæðcæ æ ÅÊÊ l S UáÊ apple ŒÊÒ UÊŸ ÊapplecÊ ÃàflÊapple apple ŸÈ ÊŸ apple U Uapple ÊfläÊÊŸ Ê UÊ U U Ê Uapple ËflŸ Ë ÊäÊÊ UèÊÍà Êfl ÿ ÃÊ UÒ ÄÿÊapple Á ß apple U apple èêë ÊÿÊapple ÊÒ U Ê UË U Ë SflÒÁë U ªÁÃÁflÁäÊÿÊapple apple Á L UË Ê Êåà UÊappleÃË UÒ ß apple ÊflÊ Ã Êapple apple ÁŸ Ê áê ÊÒ U UŸ Ë Uê à fl ÊÊ UËÁ U ªÊapple ÊÒ U áêêá ÿêapple Êapple ÁŸ ÿáòêã UŸapple apple Á ÊapplecÊ Ãàfl èêë Ê UÊ U apple UË Á Ãapple UÒ U Êapple èêë èêêapple Ÿ UÃapple UÒ fl U flÿs Áà apple ÿê ÊÁáÊÿÊapple apple Á ÃÊ UÒ flÿs ÁÃÿÊapple apple U apple ãÿ, Áé ÿê «UÊÚ$ apple $ üêëáÿflê ŸU ÊÒ U» Á Ãapple UÒ Á ÊÁáÊÿÊapple apple U Ê, «Uapple ÊÒ U ŒÍäÊ Êåà UÃapple UÒ È U ÊäÊÊ UèÊÍà ÅÊÊl Ê Áª ÿêapple Êapple ÅÊÊŸapple apple U apple S UáÊ Ë L Uà Á È UË Ÿ UË ÿê Á» U ŸÊ apple UÊ U UÊappleÃË UÒ, Á È U ãÿ ÅÊÊl SÊ S UáÊ apple ÊŒ Á È UË 12 ãuçúuøæ ææ çß ææù ÎÂü æ

13 âðãuì Œ ÊÃapple UÒ ÊäÊÊ UèÊÍà ÅÊÊl Ê ª Ë Ò apple «Uapple,» ÊÒ U ÁéíÊÿÊ Ê ÃÊÒ U U Ÿapple Ê Î Áà L apple appleøapple ÊÃapple UÒ ß apple ÊflÊ Êapple Ê UÊ U U ÅÊÊÃapple UÒ Uã Uapple S UáÊ apple mê UÊ ÅÊÊŸapple ÿêappleçÿ ŸÊÿÊ ÊÃÊ UÒ ÊŸfl Ê UÊ U U Ê UÊapple flcêêapple apple ŸÊ U ÊäÊÊÁ Uà UÒ øêfl, Êapple ß S Î ÁÃÿÊapple apple ÈÅÿ Ê UÊ U UÒ, äêêÿ apple Á U apple UÃÊ U U ÃÒÿÊ U UÊappleÃÊ UÒ ŒÈÁŸÿÊ apple Êåà íÿêœêã U ŸÊ ÅÊÊ U ªapple UÍ Êapple Ë U Ê UÊ ÃÒÿÊ U Á ÿê ÊÃÊ UÒ Ê Uapple Ê ßSÃapple Ê UÊapple UË, apple«u, apples U Ë, ÊSÃÊ ÊÒ U ŸÍ«UÀ ŸÊŸapple apple Á ÿê ÊÃÊ UÒ» ÊÒ U Áé ÿêapple Êapple Á«Ué Ê Œ Á ÿê ÊÃÊ UÒ, UŸ Ê øê U ÃÒÿÊ U Á ÿê ÊÃÊ UÒ ÿê Á» U UŸ Ê Í ÊÒ U Ò ÃÒÿÊ U Á ÿê ÊÃÊ UÒ Ê ÃÊ Ê UË Ê ÊÃÊ UÒ ÿê ÄÿÈ «U, Êapple Ÿ, S ÊappleÄ«U Ë U ÿê ÊÚ appleíê apple L apple S Á Uà èêë Á ÿê ÊÃÊ UÒ ß Ë Ã U U U Ë ÊÒ U ãÿ ÈŒ Ë Ê UÊ U èêë S UáÊ apple ÊŒ Êapple Ÿ, Á«Ué Ê Œ, ÊÚÀ Uapple«U, «U Êß«U ÊÒ U S ÊappleÄ«U Uà ÊŒÊapple apple L apple Á Ãapple UÒ Ê U UË ˇÊappleòÊÊapple apple U éäê ŒÍäÊ èêë ÊSÃapple UË Î Ã ÊÒ U UÊapple ÊappleÁ ŸÊßí«U UÊappleÃÊ UÒ ß apple ÊflÊ ŒÍäÊ Êapple S Á Uà U Œ UË, ÄÅÊŸ ÊÒ U øë ŸÊÿÊ ÊÃÊ UÒ âêê à ªèʪ èêë ÅÊÊl Ê Áª ÿê ÅÊÊŸapple apple apple U UÈ øÿapple apple U apple ÿê ÁäÊ Ê U S Á Uà UÊapple øè Ë UÊappleÃË UÒ ŸÊ ÊÒ U Êapple Uapple ŸÊ Êapple Êapple flêááêáíÿ Sà U U Ë Ê ÊÒ U ÊÚÁ Ê Á ÿê ÊÃÊ UÒ Á ŒÊ ÊÒ U» Á ÿêapple apple Á U apple UÃÊ Uapple ÊÃapple UÒ ÉÊ UÊapple apple ÅÊÊl S UáÊ apple Ê Êãÿ à UË Êapple apple ÊÊÁ UÒ ÊŸÊ ( Uc Ê S UáÊ), ÁèÊªÊŸÊ ÊÒ U È Á Uà UŸÊ, èêíÿÿê, apple ŸÊ ÊÒ U Á áflÿ (» apple Uapple ÊŸ) S UáÊ Ê ÊÒ U à UË Ê UÒ ÅÊÊl Ê ª Ë apple Ê U UË Ãàfl Á ÊŸÊ Á apple U Ë ªÈáÊflûÊÊ Ò apple Á U ª, ÅÊÈ Ê Í apple ÈäÊÊ U UÊappleÃÊ UÒ ÿê U apple íÿêœê ÁŒŸÊapple à apple Á UÅÊÊ Ê ÃÊ UÒ S UáÊ apple ÊäÊÊ UèÊÍà ÅÊÊl Ê ª Ë apple ÿê íÿêœê à U U apple Œ Êfl UÊappleÃapple UÒ S UáÊ apple íÿêœêã U à UË Êapple apple Ê UÊ U apple ÊapplecÊ ÃàflÊapple, ÅÊÊ U Áfl UÊÁ Ÿ ÊÒ U ÅÊÁŸ ŒÊâÊÊapple Ê ŸÈ ÊŸ UÊappleÃÊ UÒ, Á apple ߟ ÊapplecÊ ÃàflÊapple Êapple ª UáÊ UŸapple apple Ë Ê ÅÊà UÊ ŸÊ U UÃÊ UÒ Âýâ S ÚU æ ð ÎæñÚUæÙ Ùé âæù Á U Ê UÃÊ UŸÊ, Ë ŸÊ ÊÒ U ÊÚÁ Ê UŸÊ - øêfl, ªapple UÍ, UÊªË Ò apple ŸÊ Êapple apple Ê U UË Á U Êapple apple Ê» Ë ÊòÊÊ apple Áfl UÊÁ Ÿ ÊÒ U ÅÊÁŸ ŒÊâÊ ÊÒ ÍŒ UÊappleÃapple UÒ UÊ ŒÊ Êapple ÊÒ U» Á ÿêapple apple Á U apple UÃÊ Uapple ÊÃapple UÒ fl UË ŸÊ ÊÒ U Êapple Uapple ŸÊ Êapple Ë Á Á ª ÊÒ U ÊÚÁ Á Ê ª apple íÿêœêã U Ê U UË Á US apple ÁŸ ÊÃapple UÒ Á apple UŸ apple ÊÒ ÍŒ ÊapplecÊ Ãàfl Ÿc U UÊapple ÊÃapple UÒ Ã ÊÚÁ Ê Á ÿê UÈ Ê èêí UÊ øêfl ÊapplecÊáÊ apple Á U Ê apple»apple Œ øêfl apple UûÊ UÊappleÃÊ UÒ ß Ë Ã U U apple ÍáÊ ªapple UÍ apple Ê Uapple apple Í UË Ã U U apple Á apple UÈ Á Uc Î Ã Ê Uapple- ÅÊÊ U Á Ê ßSÃapple Ê apple UË apple UÊappleÃÊ UÒ- apple È Ê apple íÿêœê ÊapplecÊ Ãàfl UÊappleÃapple UÒ èêê Uà apple ÅÊÊ ÊŸapple flê apple ß Ã U U Ë ŒÊ apple Á ŸÊ Á U Ê UÃÊ Uapple Êß ÊÃË UÒ Á È U apple Á U apple UÃÊ Uapple ÊÃapple UÒ ÊÊ Ê UÊ UË ÅÊÊŸapple apple ŒÊ apple Êapple UËŸ Ê U Á UÿÊ UÊappleÃË UÒ øí Á ŒÊ Êapple Ê Á U Ê Êapple UËŸ Ê ë UÊ SòÊÊappleà Ÿ UË UÊappleÃÊ, ß Á Á U Ê UÃÊ UŸapple apple ߟ apple èê áê ÊapplecÊ apple Êapple UËŸ Ê Ê ÊÒ U Êapple UËŸ ŒˇÊÃÊ ŸÈ Êà apple ß Ê» Ê UÊappleÃÊ UÒ ß Á Êapple UËŸ Ë ªÈáÊflÃÊ apple Á U Ê apple Á U apple UÃÊ UŸÊ» ÊÿŒapple Œ UÊappleÃÊ UÒ äêêÿ Êapple U Ê Ÿapple apple ŒÊÒ UÊŸ ÊapplecÊ Ãàfl øêfl apple Á ÊÃapple UÒ ÊÒ U U Ë Ã U U S UÊø Ë Uà ÊÃË UÒ Á apple ÊŸapple apple ŒÊÒ UÊŸ Áfl UÊÁ Ÿ ÊÒ U ÅÊÁŸ Ê U U Ÿ UË ÁŸ ÊÃapple UÒ ß apple U Ê UÈ Ê øêfl ëøapple øêfl apple È Ê apple íÿêœê ÊapplecÊ UÊappleÃÊ UÒ Â æùð âð ÂãUÜð âæ»ýè æ Âýâ S ÚU æ ÅÊÊl Ê ª Ë Êapple äêêapple U, Ê U U, Á U U ÿê Ë U ÊŸapple apple Á ÃÒÿÊ U Á ÿê ÊÃÊ UÒ øêfl Ò apple ŸÊ Êapple íÿêœê ÊŸËapple apple äêêappleÿapple apple ÊŸË apple ÉÊÈ Ÿ ÊË Áfl UÊÁ Ÿ ÅÊÊ U âêêÿ ËŸ Ê ŸÈ ÊŸ UÊappleÃÊ UÒ íÿêœê äêêappleÿapple apple ªèʪ yæ Áà Êà âêêÿ ËŸ ÊŸË apple U ÃÊ UÒ U Ë Ã U U UË UÈß Áé ÿê ÊŸË apple äêêappleÿapple U ÊŸË apple ÉÊÈ Ÿ ÊË Áfl UÊÁ ŸÊapple Ê «U Ê Á US Ê Ê Œ UÊapple ÊÃÊ UÒ íÿêœêã U Áé ÿêapple apple Ê U UË Á U apple Áfl UÊÁ Ÿ Ê ë UÊ SòÊÊappleà UÒ ÊÒ U Á U apple UÃÊ UŸapple apple ߟ ãuçúuøæ ææ çß ææù ÎÂü æ 13

14 âðãuì ÊapplecÊ ÃàflÊapple Ê ŸÈ ÊŸ UÊappleÃÊ UÒ» Êapple Êapple Ê UŸapple apple ÊŒ ÅÊÈ apple apple UÅÊÊ ÊÃÊ UÒ ÃÊapple «U Ë ÊòÊÊ apple Áfl UÊÁ Ÿ- Ë Ÿc U UÊapple ÊÃÊ UÒ Œæ æùæ Ê UÊ U Êapple ÅÊÊŸapple ÿêappleçÿ ŸÊŸapple apple Á ÊŸÊ Êfl ÿ UÒ ÊŸapple apple Ê Ã UË Êapple apple U Ê ŸÊ, èêê apple ÊŸÊ ÿê apple Ê U- È UŸÊ, à ŸÊ, èêíÿÿê ÊÒ U apple Á ª ÊÊÁ UÒ UÊ Ê Á ÊŸapple apple ŸÈ ÊŸŒÊÿ ͡ Ëfl ÊÒ U È U ÁÃ- ÊapplecÊ Ê U Ÿc U UÊapple ÊÃapple UÒ, appleá Ÿ ß apple È U ÊapplecÊ ÃàflÊapple Ê èêë ŸÈ ÊŸ UÊappleÃÊ UÒ ÊŸapple apple ŒÊÒ UÊŸ ÊapplecÊ ÃàflÊapple Ê Á ÃŸÊ ŸÈ ÊŸ UÊappleÃÊ UÒ ÿ U ÊŸapple apple ÃÊ ÊŸ, Ÿapple apple ªŸapple flê apple ÿ ÊÒ U ÊapplecÊ Ãàfl Áfl ÊapplecÊ U ÁŸèÊ U UÃÊ UÒ ÃÊ S UáÊ apple S UÊø Ë Êø ÃÊ U ÃË UÒ appleá Ÿ ÊŒ apple ÅÊÊŸapple Êapple ΔU «UÊ UŸapple U ß apple apple È U S UÊø Êëÿ- Áà UÊappleäÊË Ÿ ÊÃapple UÒ Êëÿ- Áà UÊappleäÊË S UÊø èêêapple Ÿ apple È U ªÈ Uapple Êapple apple ÊÒ ÍŒ ªÒ U-S UÊø ÊÚÁ Ò apple UÊß«U Êapple apple ÊŸ UÊappleÃapple UÒ ÊŸapple apple ŒÊÒ UÊŸ Êapple UËŸ apple øêÿë Ê UÊ Ë ÊÒ ÍŒªË apple êêapple Ê«U ÁÃÁ ÿê UÊappleÃË UÒ ßŸ ÁÃÁ ÿê Êapple apple èêí UÊ U ª UèÊ UÃÊ UÒ Êapple apple UË Uà ÊŒÊapple apple flê UŸËÿ UÊappleÃÊ UÒ appleá Ÿ, apple Ê«U ÁÃÁ ÿê apple ÊÊÁ Êß ËŸ ÊÒ U ãÿ Êfl ÿ apple ËŸÊapple ê Ê UË U apple Á ŸÈ éäê UÊapple ÊÃapple UÒ Á apple Êapple UËŸ Ë ªÈáÊflûÊÊ apple Ë ÊÃË UÒ apple Ê«U ÁÃÁ ÿê Á ÃŸË ª UŸ UÊappleªË ÿapple ÃÊ ÊŸ U ÁŸèÊ U UÃÊ UÒ àÿáäê ª Ê U U apple Êapple UËŸ Ë ªÈáÊûÊÊ apple èêê UË ŸÈ ÊŸ UÊappleÃÊ UÒ Á Ê Êãÿ ª Ê U U apple èêí UÊ Ÿ ÊŸapple apple ÊâÊ Êß ËŸ Ë ÊòÊÊÊ apple âêêapple«u Ë Áª UÊfl U ÊÃË UÒ ÅÊÊlÊãŸÊapple apple apple Á ª ÿê UÊappleÁS U ª apple vævz Áà Êà Êß ËŸ Ê ŸÈ ÊŸ UÊapple ÊÃÊ UÒ ÊÚÄ Ë Ÿ Ë ÊÒ ÍŒªË apple ÃÊ S UáÊ apple ŒÊÒ UÊŸ ÅÊÊl Ê ª Ë apple ÊÒ ÍŒ ÃÎåà fl Ê ê ÁèÊÁ ÿê U apple U ÊÚÄ Êß«U ŸÊÃapple UÒ Êapple Ê» Ë ÁÃÁ ÿê ÊË UÊappleÃapple UÒ ÊÒ U ÉÊÁ Uà UÊapple U ß Ã U U apple ŒÊâÊ ŸÊÃapple UÒ Á Ÿ apple apple È U U UË apple èêë UÊappleÃapple UÒ ß Ã U U Ë ÁèÊÁ ÿê ÊÈf fl Ê apple äêë Ë ªÁà apple UÊappleÃË UÒ, appleá Ÿ ÅÊÊŸapple apple Ê ÊŸapple flê apple Ê ÅÊÁŸ Êapple Ò apple Êÿ UŸ ÊÒ U ÊÚ U Ë ÊÒ ÍŒªË apple ÿ U Ãapple Ë apple UÊappleÃË UÒ fl Ê ÿê Ãapple Êapple àÿáäê ÃÊ ÊŸ U ª UŸapple ÿê Ê U- Ê U ª UŸapple ( Ò Ê Á «U Á ŸÊ Uapple ÅÊÊl Ê ª Ë appleøÿapple flê apple Ä U UÃapple UÒ ) apple ÊÚÄ Ë Ÿ apple Uà ÊŒ Ê UÊappleŸapple ªÃapple UÒ Á apple Ãapple U UË Ê UÊapple ÃÊ UÒ Ãapple ª UŸapple apple Êapple Uapple apple à Ÿ apple ßSÃapple Ê apple apple Ê UÊappleŸapple Ë èêêflÿê ÊÒ U íÿêœê UÊappleÃË UÒ ß S ÊÁ Uà fl Ê ÊÒ U Ãapple Êapple apple apple apple Œ Êfl UŸapple apple Á ÁÃ- ÊÚÄ Ë Ê U Á Ê ÊÃapple UÒ, UÊ Ê Á apple apple Œ Êfl Ê Êãÿ ÃÊ ÊŸ U èêë äêë Ë ªÁà apple ø Ãapple U UÃapple UÒ ÃÊ S UáÊ apple ŒÊÒ UÊŸ Áfl UÊÁ ŸÊapple apple ŸÈ ÊŸ Ë apple íÿêœê èêêflÿê UÊappleÃË UÒ ŸÈ ÊŸ Ë ÊòÊÊ f Áfl UÊÁ Ÿ ÊÒ U Á UÁSâÊÁà U ÁŸèÊ U UÃË UÒ Áfl UÊÁ ŸÊapple Ê ŸÈ ÊŸ ŒÊapple ÁflÁäÊÿÊapple apple UÊappleÃÊ UÒ (v) ÊŸË apple ÉÊÈ Ÿ ÊË Áfl UÊÁ Ÿ ÊŸapple apple Êäÿ apple U ÊŸapple apple ÊÒ U (w) ÊÚÄ Ë Ÿ ÃâÊÊ ˇÊÊ U Ë U ÁSâÊÁà apple Ê UáÊ ÁSâÊ U Áfl UÊÁ ŸÊapple apple Ÿc U UÊappleŸapple apple øêfl Ò Ë ÅÊÊl Ê ª Ë Êapple íÿêœê ÊŸË apple äêêappleÿapple apple Ë- ÊÚêå appleä Áfl UÊÁ Ÿ âêêß ËŸ Ê Ê» Ë ŸÈ ÊŸ UÊapple ÃÊ UÒ «U flê Ë Áé ÿêapple Êapple ª U Á U apple Á Uà ÊÿÊ Ê ÃÊapple UŸ apple ÊapplecÊ ÃàflÊapple Ê íÿêœê ŸÈ ÊŸ Ÿ UË UÊappleÃÊ Á U apple ÊapplecÊ ÃàflÊapple Êapple U ÊŸapple apple UÊapple Ãapple UÒ èêê apple ÊŸapple apple èêë ÊapplecÊ ÃàflÊapple Êapple UŸapple apple øêÿê Ê ÃÊ UÒ ÊapplecÊ ÃàflÊapple Ê ŸÈ ÊŸ UŸapple Ë ŒÎÁc U apple U U ÊŸÊ ÊèÊ Œ UÊappleÃÊ UÒ ÊŸapple apple ŒÊÒ UÊŸ Áfl UÊÁ Ÿ- Ë Í UË Ã U U Ÿc U UÊapple ÊÃÊ UÒ U Ë Ã U U Áé ÿêapple Êapple íÿêœê ÃÊ ÊŸ U ª Á ÿê ÊÃÊ UÒ ÃÊapple Ë UÊ Ò UÊapple UËŸ ( ÊappleÁfl UÊÁ Ÿ- ) U Ê - apple Á -L apple Á UflÁà à UÊapple ÊÃÊ UÒ Êapple ÊappleÁfl UÊÁ Ÿ apple L apple UÊappleÃÊ UÒ 14 ãuçúuøæ ææ çß ææù ÎÂü æ

15 Ë UÊ Ò UÊapple UËŸ ÊÚÄ Ë Ÿ, ÃÊ ÊÒ U ˇÊÊ U Ë ÊÒ ÍŒªË apple Ê ÊŸË apple Ÿc U UÊapple ÊÃÊ UÒ ÊŸapple apple ŒÊÒ UÊŸ Ë UÊ Ò UÊapple UËŸ Ê ŸÈ ÊŸ zæ apple ~Æ» Ë ŒË à UÊappleÃÊ UÒ ÊŸapple apple ŒÊÒ UÊŸ ŸË Í, ß Ë, UÀŒË ÊÒ U åÿê Ê ßSÃapple Ê ß ŸÈ ÊŸ Êapple U apple ß Uàfl ÍáÊ ÊappleÁfl UÊÁ Ÿ Êapple øêÿapple apple ŒŒ UÃÊ UÒ ŸÊ ÊÒ U Áé ÿêapple Êapple ÊŸË Ë íÿêœê ÊòÊÊ apple ÊŸapple apple ÊŸË apple ÉÊÈ Ÿ ÊË Áfl UÊÁ Ÿ U ÊÃapple UÒ ß ÊŸË Êapple»apple ÁŒÿÊ ÊÃÊ UÒ ÃÊapple Áfl UÊÁ Ÿ èêë U apple ÊâÊ U ÊÃapple UÒ ŒÍäÊ Ë Êappleà ÿê Ò apple U ª U äêí ÿê ç Êapple UÊapple apple U UÊapple ÊŸË apple UÅÊÊ Ê ÃÊapple ß apple ÊÒ ÍŒ UÊß Êappleç appleáflÿ Ê» Ë UŒ à Ÿc U UÊapple ÊÃÊ UÒ ÅÊÊl ŒÊâÊÊapple apple ŒÊapple Ê UÊ ª UŸapple apple èêë È U Áfl UÊÁ Ÿ Ÿc U UÊapple ÊÃapple UÒ apple UÈ ÅÊÊŸapple Êapple ÊŒ apple ßSÃapple Ê UŸapple apple Á ÊappleÀ«U S UÊapple Uapple ßàÿÊÁŒ apple UÅÊŸapple ÊÒ U ÊŒ apple ÅÊÊŸapple apple Á ª UŸapple U èêë Áfl UÊÁ ŸÊapple ÅÊÊ U Áfl UÊÁ Ÿ- Ë ÊÒ U âêêß ËŸ Ê Ê» Ë ŸÈ ÊŸ UÊappleÃÊ UÒ U UË ûêappleœê U ÁéíÊÿÊapple ÊÒ U ãÿ Áé ÿêapple Êapple UÅÊŸapple ÊòÊ apple Áfl UÊÁ Ÿ- Ë,» ÊappleÁ ê ÊÒ U Ò UÊâÊappleÁŸ ê Ê Ê» Ë ŸÈ ÊŸ UÊappleÃÊ UÒ Á âêêß ËŸ ÊÒ U UÊß Êappleç appleáflÿ Ê èêë È U ŸÈ ÊŸ UÊappleÃÊ UÒ Ê Êapple Ë UÈß UÊ Ã apple UÅÊŸapple U âêêß ËŸ, UÊß Êappleç appleáflÿ ÊÒ U ÊßÁ U«UÚÊÁÄ Ÿ Ê Ê» Ë ÊòÊÊ apple ŸÈ ÊŸ UÊappleÃÊ UÒ âð Ùæ æñúu éúu éúuæ ÚUÙæ ÅÊÊlÊŸÊapple Êapple apple Ÿapple apple UŸ Ë ÊëÿÃÊ U ÃË UÒ ÊÒ U UŸ apple Ÿ SflÊŒ UèÊ UÃapple UÒ, Á Ÿ apple âðãuì ÅÊÊlÊŸÊapple Êapple apple Ÿapple apple UŸ Ë ÊëÿÃÊ U ÃË UÒ ÊÒ U UŸ apple Ÿ SflÊŒ UèÊ UÃapple UÒ, Á Ÿ apple ÅÊÊlÊŸÊapple Êapple ÃÈ Uà ÅÊÊŸapple ÿêappleçÿ Uà ÊŒ ŸÊÿÊ Ê ÃÊ UÒ øêfl, Ä Ê ÊÒ U øÿê Ò apple ÅÊÊlÊŸÊapple Êapple È U È UÊ ŸÊÿÊ ÊÃÊ UÒ Á apple flapple È U È Uapple ÊÒ U SflÊÁŒc U UÊapple ÊÃapple UÒ È U È UÊ ŸÊŸapple apple S UÊø Ë ÊëÿÃÊ U ÊÃË UÒ appleá Ÿ âêêß ËŸ ÊÒ U UÊß Êappleç appleáflÿ Ë ÊòÊÊ ÉÊ U ÊÃË UÒ ÅÊÊlÊŸÊapple Êapple ÃÈ Uà ÅÊÊŸapple ÿêappleçÿ Uà ÊŒ ŸÊÿÊ Ê ÃÊ UÒ øêfl, Ä Ê ÊÒ U øÿê Ò apple ÅÊÊlÊŸÊapple Êapple È U È UÊ ŸÊÿÊ ÊÃÊ UÒ Á apple flapple È U È Uapple ÊÒ U SflÊÁŒc U UÊapple ÊÃapple UÒ È U È UÊ ŸÊŸapple apple S UÊø Ë ÊëÿÃÊ U ÊÃË UÒ appleá Ÿ âêêß ËŸ ÊÒ U UÊß Êappleç appleáflÿ Ë ÊòÊÊ ÉÊ U ÊÃË UÒ é ÚU æ æñúu æçëåu» ÅÊÊlÊãŸÊapple Êapple ÊŸË apple ÁèʪÊapple U UÅÊŸapple apple Ê Êapple UÊß«U apple U ÊÒ U Êapple UËŸ Ê UŒ à - ÉÊ UŸ UÊapple ÊÃÊ UÒ ß apple Ê UÊ U Ë ÊëÿÃÊ U ÃË UÒ È UáÊ apple ÅÊÊŸapple apple Áfl UÊÁ Ÿ Ë ÊòÊÊ ÅÊÊ U Áfl UÊÁ Ÿ Ë v, Ë w ÊÒ U Áfl UÊÁ Ÿ- Ë Ë ÊòÊÊ U ÊÃË UÒ ÊŒ apple ÊŸapple apple ŒÊÒ UÊŸ èêë ÿapple Áfl UÊÁ Ÿ U UÊ U U UÃapple UÒ ÊÁÀ U ª apple ŒÊÒ UÊŸ ŸÊ fl ŒÊ Êapple Ê È UáÊ Á ÿê ÊÃÊ UÒ ÊÒ U âêêapple«u Ê apple Ÿapple apple ÊŒ Uã Uapple Ë Á ÿê ÊÃÊ UÒ ÊÚÀ U Á ÿê UÈ ŸÊ ÊÒ U ŒÊ Êapple Ê ßSÃapple Ê ëøêapple Êapple Ê Ê ŒÍäÊ UÈ«U ÊŸapple apple Á ÊÒ U flîfêapple apple Á Ê UÊ U ÃÒÿÊ U UŸapple apple Á ÿê ÊÃÊ UÒ apple apple Ê UÊ U íÿêœê ÊapplecÊ ÊÒ U ªÊ U apple UÊappleÃapple UÒ Á apple ÿapple íÿêœê Ê ŒÊÿ UÊapple ÊÃapple UÒ ëøêapple ÊÒ U Í U Êapple apple Á ÃÒÿÊ U ÊÚÀ Uapple«U Ê UÊ U íÿêœê È Êëÿ UÊappleÃapple UÒ ÊÒ U apple U apple ªÒ Ÿ UË ŸÊÃapple ç ßÙ ÅÊÊl S UáÊ apple ß Ã UË apple apple Ê UÊ U apple ÊÒ ÍŒ ÁÃ- ÊapplecÊ Ê U Êapple Ò apple» Êß Uapple U ÊÒ U Á U Á Ÿ Ò apple ÁŸ UÊappleäÊ Êapple apple Sà U Êapple Á ÿê Ê ÃÊ UÒ Á áflÿ apple ÊòÊÊ apple Áfl UÊÁ Ÿ Ëvw èêë ŸÃÊ UÒ Êapple flêÿs ÁÃ Ê UÊ U apple Ÿ UË UÊappleÃÊ ŒÍäÊ apple Œ UË ŸÊ íêêÿapple Ë Á ÿê apple ÊapplecÊ ÃàflÊapple apple Êappleß Ë Ÿ UË UÊappleÃË Œ UË, Á apple ÒÁÄ U ê ËflÊáÊÈ ÒÄ UÊapple appleá UÊappleÃÊ UÒ, Êapple ÊÿÊappleÁ U Á apple apple U apple» ÊÿŒapple Œ ËflÊáÊÈ Êapple Ë ÅÿÊ U ÃË UÒ ÊÒ U ŸÈ ÊŸŒÊÿ ËflÊáÊÈ Êapple Ë flîáf L ÃË UÒ UÊ Ê Á ÅÊÊl S UáÊ apple» ÊÿŒapple UÒ, appleá Ÿ ß apple È U ÊapplecÊ ÃàflÊapple apple ŸÈ ÊŸ Ë èêêflÿê U UÃË UÒ ß SÿÊ apple ÁŸ UŸapple apple Á U apple ÅÊÊl Ê Áª ÿêapple Ê UË Ã UË apple apple øèÿêfl ÊÒ U UŸ Ê Áflflapple ÍáÊ U ª apple S UáÊ UŸÊ øêá U ÊapplecÊ ÃàflÊapple apple ŸÈ ÊŸ Êapple ÁŸêŸÁ ÁÅÊà à UË Êapple apple Á ÿê Ê ÃÊ UÒ ÊŸapple apple Á ÊŸË Ê ßSÃapple Ê Uapple ÊÒ U ÅÊÊŸÊ ÊŸapple apple øapple UÈ ÊŸË Êapple Ÿ»apple apple Áé ÿêapple Êapple «U apple Ê Ê U apple Ê Uapple ÊÒ U ÿ Ã Ê Á apple Áfl UÊÁ ŸÊapple ÅÊÊ U Áfl UÊÁ Ÿ Ë Ê ŸÈ ÊŸ Ÿ UÊapple UË UÈß Áé ÿêapple Êapple ÅÊÈ apple apple ÿê íÿêœê UÊapple ÊŸË apple UÅÊŸapple apple U Uapple Uapple (ÃÊÁ Áfl UÊÁ Ÿ- Ë,» ÊappleÁ ê ÊÒ U Ë ÊÚêå appleä Áfl UÊÁ Ÿ Ê ŸÈ ÊŸ Ÿ UÊapple) Áé ÿêapple,» Á ÿêapple Êapple ÊŸapple apple apple Á ª Êapple«UÊ Ê ßSÃapple Ê Ÿ Uapple U UË ÊÒ U Ë Ë- Ê Áé ÿêapple Êapple ÊŸapple apple UÀŒË, åÿê ÿê ŸË Í Ê ßSÃapple Ê Uapple Á apple Ò UÊapple UËŸ Ê ŸÈ ÊŸ apple UÊapple U Êapple ÅÊÊÃapple UÒ U Ê U ÿêappleª Ÿ UË UÊappleÃÊ ãuçúuøæ ææ çß ææù ÎÂü æ 15

16 âðãuì Ê Êapple ŸËÁ ÿê UÒ, U UË, ûêappleœê U ÁéíÿÊ ÅÊÍ ÅÊÊß! Ä U ÿ U Ê U à ȟÊß «U ÃË UÒ Ê âê ÊŸ, Á UŒŒ ÊÒ U Ê»Í Ÿapple Ë Á Ê Êÿà UÃapple UÒ ÿ U Ê U Êÿ UŸ Ë èêêáflã Ë apple ÁŸ Êà ʟapple apple Á ŒË ÊÃË ÒU ÄÿÊapple Á U UË ûêappleœê U ÁéíÿÊ ß ÅÊÁŸ Ê Á U ÿê SòÊÊappleà UÒ UÊ Ê Á ÊappleªÊapple Êapple ß ÊÃ Ê ÃÊ UË UÒ Á flêÿs ÁÃ Ê UÊ U apple ÊÒ ÍÍŒ Êÿ UŸ Í UË Ã U U apple Ê UË U apple fl ÊÊappleÁcÊà Ÿ UË UÊappleÃÊ apple Ë UË ÁSâÊÁà Á, Ò ÁÀ ÿ, Ë UÊ- Ò UÊapple UËŸ Ò apple ãÿ ͡ ÊapplecÊ ÃàflÊapple Ë èêë UÒ Íˇ ÊapplecÊ ÃàflÊapple Ë Òfl- U éäêãê Ê UÊ U apple ÊÒ ÍŒ ß ãÿ ÉÊ U Êapple Ë ÊÒ ÍŒªË U ÁŸèÊ U UÃË UÒ Êapple ߟ apple fl ÊÊapplecÊáÊ Êapple U ÊÃapple ÿê UÃapple UÒ U Ê Uapple Ê UË U apple àÿapple ÊapplecÊ Ãàfl Ë åêÿê åã L Uà Êapple Í UÊ UŸapple apple UŒ Œapple ÿ apple Ê UÊ U apple ߟ èêë ÊapplecÊ ÃàflÊapple Ë L UË ÊòÊÊ ÁŸäÊÊ Á UÃ Ë ªß UÒ Ê U«UË Ë ÊòÊÊ ÊapplecÊ Ãàfl Ë Òfl- U éäêãê, ÊŸapple apple UÊappleŸapple flê apple èêêáflã ŸÈ ÊŸ ßàÿÊÁŒ Êapple äÿêÿ apple UÅÊ U ÁŸäÊÊ Á UÃ Ë ÊÃË UÒ UÊ fl ÊÊapplecÊáÊ apple Ê UáÊ Ê UÊ U apple Êåà ÊapplecÊ Ãàfl Í UË Ã U U apple Ê UË U apple Á U éäê Ÿ UË UÊapple ÊÃapple, fl UË S UáÊ apple ŒÊÒ UÊŸ íÿêœê ŸÈ ÊŸ apple Ê UáÊ Ê UÊ U apple ÊapplecÊ ÃàflÊapple Ë ÍÁà UÊapple ÊÃË UÒ ëøapple èêêapple Ÿ apple ÊÒ ÍŒ ÊapplecÊ ÃàflÊapple Ë ÊòÊÊ ÁflÁèÊ㟠Á S apple S UáÊ apple ÊŒ Ê» Ë UÊapple ÃË UÒ âêê Ã, Òfl U éäêãê ÊÒ U S UáÊ apple ŒÊÒ UÊŸ ÊapplecÊ ÃàflÊapple apple ŸÈ ÊŸ Ë fl U apple Ê U«UË Ë èê U Êß apple Áfl» ÃÊ UÊâÊ ª ÃË UÒ Áñß UÂÜ ŠæÌæ Âý ææçßì ÚUÙð ßæÜð æúu flêÿs ÁÃ Í apple Ê UÊ U Ò apple U UË ûêappleœê U ÁéíÿÊ, ŸÊ ÊÒ U» Á ÿê Ò ÁÀ Êÿ, Êÿ UŸ, SÃÊ ÊÒ U Ë- ÚÊêå appleä Áfl UÊÁ Ÿ Ê Á U ÿê SòÊÊappleà UÒ appleá Ÿ, ߟ apple Êapple UË ßŸÁ UÁ U, ÒÁÄ UŸ, ÊÚÁ Á» ŸÊ, ÊÒ U» Êß Uapple U èêë Ê ÊÃapple UÒ U Ê Uapple Ê UÊ U apple ÊÒ ÍŒ ߟ ÉÊ U Êapple apple apple È U L UË ÈÅÊ ÊapplecÊ ÃàflÊapple Ò apple Êapple UËŸ ÊÒ U Ê UÊ UËÿ ÅÊÁŸ, ÅÊÊ U ŸÊÚŸ- UË Êÿ UŸ ÊÒ U SÃÊ- apple fl ÊÊapplecÊáÊ apple ÊäÊÊ ŸÃapple UÒ Âý é æ Âæðcæ Ìˆß Ê UÊ UËÿ Êapple UËŸ ÊøŸ Á ÿê apple ŒÊÒ UÊŸ ΔU U (ªÒÁS U ) appleáå Ÿ, ÇãÿÊ ÊÿË Á U Áå Ÿ, Êß ÊappleÁ U Áå ÊÒ U Ê òê ËŸÊapple appleå UË«Uapple apple U apple - ÉÊÁ Uà ( UÊß «U Êapple Êß ) UÊapple U ËŸÊapple ê ŸÃapple UÒ ÊapplecÊ Áà UÊappleäÊË Ê U Ò apple» Á ÿêapple apple ÊÒ ÍŒ appleáä UŸ ߟ Á ÿê apple ÊäÊÊ ŸÃapple UÒ flapple ΔU U Ê òê èêêª apple Êapple UËŸ Êapple øêÿapple flê apple Êapple UË apple U Êapple ÊÁäÊà UÃapple UÒ ß Á Ê UÊ U apple apple apple Ê U Êapple Ë ÊÒ ÍŒªË 16 ãuçúuøæ ææ çß ææù ÎÂü æ

17 âðãuì apple Êapple UËŸ Ê ÊøŸ ÍáÊ U UappleªÊ Á apple ÃÊapplecÊ Ÿ ª sãê apple Êfl ÍŒ Êapple UËŸ Ë Òfl U éäêãê Ê» Ë UÊappleªË flò apple» Á ÿêapple Êapple ÊŸapple apple Êapple UË ßŸÁ UÁ U U ÁŸc ÿ UÊapple ÊÃapple UÒ Á apple Êapple UËŸ Ë Òfl U éäêãê U ÊÃË UÒ ΔU UÊ òê apple Ê UÊ U apple ÊÒ ÍÍŒ S UÊø ÊøŸ apple ŒÊÒ UÊŸ Êß apple ÊÒ U ÊÀ Uapple Ë f Á ÿê apple ÉÊŸ ( UÊß «U ÊappleÁ Á ) apple mê UÊ Ç Í Êapple apple Á UflÁà à UÊapple ÊÃÊ UÒ appleá Ÿ, ÃÊ apple Ê UáÊ ŸÊ ÊÒ U» Á ÿêapple apple ÊÒ ÍŒ S UÊø Ê UÊapple UÊ- Ê Á US Ê Êß apple Ë Á ÿê Ê Áà UÊappleäÊË Ÿ ÊÃÊ UÒ, Á apple fl U ÊøŸ apple Á U éäê Ÿ UË U UÃÊ âêÿ Âæðcæ Ìˆß U Ê Uapple Ê UÊ U apple apple apple ß ÉÊ U UÊappleÃapple UÒ Êapple Áfl UÊÁ Ÿ ÊÒ U ÅÊÁŸ Êapple apple fl ÊÊapplecÊáÊ Êapple ÁŸÿ ÁòÊà UÃapple UÒ Ê UÊ U apple Êÿ UŸ ŒÊapple L Êapple apple ÊÒ ÍŒ UÊappleÃapple UÒ- UË (»apple U ) ÊÒ U ªÒ U- UË (»apple Á U ) Êÿ UŸ ÃÈ SòÊÊappleà apple Ê UÊ U apple ÊÒ ÍŒ UË Êÿ UŸ- Êapple UË ÊappleÇ ÊappleÁ Ÿ ÊÒ U ÊÿÊappleÇ ÊappleÁ Ÿ Ê Á US Ê UÒ-íÿÊapple Ê àÿêapple Ê Ã Ë applec Ëÿ ÊappleÁ Ê Ê Êapple mê UÊ fl ÊÊappleÁcÊà UÊapple ÊÃÊ UÒ ÊÒ U ÿapple Á Ë èêë Ê UÊ UËÿ Ê U apple èêêáflã Ÿ UË UÊappleÃÊ ŒÍ UË Êapple U, flêÿs ÁÃ Ê UÊ U apple ÊÒ ÍŒ ªÒ U- UË Êÿ UŸ ÁflÁèÊãŸ Ê UÊ UËÿ Ê U Êapple apple èêêáflã UÊappleÃapple UÒ» Êß Uapple U, Êapple» ÚÊS» Êapple U Ê ÈÅÿ èê «UÊÁ Uà ÿêò᪠UÒ ÊÒ U ŸÊ, Áà UŸ ÊÒ U appleflêapple apple øè U ÊòÊÊ apple ÊÒ ÍŒ U UÃÊ UÒ, Êÿ UŸ ÊÒ U SÃapple apple ÊâÊ ÉÊÈ Ÿ ÊË Á U ŒÊâÊ ŸÊ U ߟ apple fl ÊÊapplecÊáÊ Êapple UÊapple ŒappleÃÊ UÒ Á Uc Î Ã ÍáÊ ŸÊ ÊÒ U» Á ÿêapple apple» Êß Uapple U øè U ÊòÊÊ apple UÊappleÃapple UÒ ÄÿÊapple Á ÿapple ŸÊ apple Ê U UË Á U Êapple apple Ê ÊÃapple UÒ flêÿs ÁÃ Ê UÊ U apple ÊÒ ÍŒ ÊÚ ËÁ» ŸÊÚ SflÊŒ apple ÃËÅÊapple Ÿ, Ò Ê Ÿ, èêí Uapple Ÿ Ë Á ÿê ÊÒ U U ª apple Á Á ê appleœê U UÊappleÃapple UÒ UÒÁŸŸ Ò apple ÊÚÁ Á» ŸÊÚ Êapple øêÿ, ÊÚ» Ë, Êapple Êapple Ê, Ê, ß Ê Êapple ÊÒ U «U Ë- ÈÁ UÿÊapple apple øè U ÊòÊÊ apple Ê ÊÃapple UÒ, ͡ äêêãè Êapple apple fl ÊÊapplecÊáÊ Êapple UÊapple Ãapple UÒ æãuæúuèø ÚUðàæð ÉÊÈ Ÿ ÊË Ò apple appleàÿè Êapple, Uapple Ë appleàÿè Êapple ÊÒ U Á ªÁŸŸ, ÃâÊÊ ÉÊÈ Ÿ ÊË ª ÊÒ U êÿèá apple Á ŸÊ Ò Êapple UË U Ê Ê UÊ U Êapple ÍáÊ ÃÊ ŒÊŸ UÃapple UÒ Á apple Ê ÃÊapple Ë ªÁà ÊË ÃÊ U ÃË UÒ appleá Ÿ, Ê UÊ UËÿ Uapple Êapple ͡ äêêãè Êapple Êapple Ê äêãapple UÒ Á apple UŸ Ê fl ÊÊapplecÊáÊ Ÿ UË UÊapple ÊÃÊ UÒ apple U apple L apple appleflÿ UŸapple U Ò ÁÀ ÿ Êÿ UŸ ÊÒ U SÃÊ apple fl ÊÊapplecÊáÊ Êapple fl UÊappleÁäÊà UÃÊ UÒ Ò ÁÀ ÿ» Êß Uapple U apple ÅÊÁŸ fl ÊÊapplecÊáÊ Êapple ÊÁäÊà UŸapple Ë ˇÊ ÃÊ Êapple èêë U ÊÃÊ UÒ ÅÊÊl Á «U ÿè apple UÊapple apple ÊÒ ÍŒ Á «U Ò apple S ÊappleÁ Á «U, ÊßÁ U Á «U, appleá Á «U ÊÒ U UÊ U Á U Á «U»apple Á U Êÿ UŸ Êapple»apple U Êÿ UŸ apple Œ U ªÒ U- UË Êÿ UŸ apple fl ÊÊapplecÊáÊ Êapple U ÊÃÊ UÒ ÿapple Á «U Êÿ UŸ apple ÊâÊ ÉÊÈ Ÿ ÊË Á ªÒ «U ŸÊ U èêë U apple fl ÊÊapplecÊáÊ apple Á U éäê U Ê Uapple Ê UÊ U apple apple apple ß ÉÊ U UÊappleÃapple UÒ Êapple Áfl UÊÁ Ÿ ÊÒ U ÅÊÁŸ Êapple apple fl ÊÊapplecÊáÊ Êapple ÁŸÿ ÁòÊà UÃapple UÒ Ê UÊ U apple Êÿ UŸ ŒÊapple L Êapple apple ÊÒ ÍŒ UÊappleÃapple UÒ- UË (»apple U ) ÊÒ U ªÒ U- UË (»apple Á U ) Êÿ UŸ ÃÈ SòÊÊappleà apple Ê UÊ U apple ÊÒ ÍŒ UË Êÿ UŸ- Êapple UË ÊappleÇ ÊappleÁ Ÿ ÊÒ U ÊÿÊappleÇ ÊappleÁ Ÿ Ê Á US Ê UÒ-íÿÊapple Ê àÿêapple Ê Ã Ë applec Ëÿ ÊappleÁ Ê Ê Êapple mê UÊ fl ÊÊappleÁcÊà UÊapple ÊÃÊ UÒ ÊÒ U ÿapple Á Ë èêë Ê UÊ UËÿ Ê U apple èêêáflã Ÿ UË UÊappleÃÊ ãuçúuøæ ææ çß ææù ÎÂü æ 17

18 âðãuì Ò ÁÀ ÿ èêë Uàfl ÍáÊ ÈÅÊ ÅÊÁŸ UÒ Êapple ŒÊ ÃÊapple ÊÒ U UÁ«U «UÿÊapple Ë ŸÊfl U apple ÊÊÁ UÊappleÃÊ UÒ ÃÈ SòÊÊappleà flê apple Ê UÊ U apple Ò ÁÀ Êÿ Ê apple Á U ÿê SòÊÊappleà ŒÍäÊ ÊÒ U ŒÈÇäÊ Uà ÊŒ UÒ flêÿs ÁÃ Ê UÊ U apple UʪË, U UË ûêappleœê U Áé ÿê, Áfl ÊapplecÊ L apple øêò Êß, appleâêë ÊÒ U U Ÿ Ë ÁûÊÿÊ Ò ÁÀ ÿ apple ë Uapple SòÊÊappleà U Ò UÊÃapple UÒ UÊÁ ÿê Êˇÿ ß ÊÃ Ê èêë apple à ŒappleÃapple UÒ Á ÿapple ÁSÊ«U Ê UÊ UËÿ SÃÊapple Ê fl ÊÊapplecÊáÊ èêë U ÊÃapple UÒ Ê ÁŸ ê Êapple ( Á «U) apple S ÊÚÁ Á «U (Áfl UÊÁ Ÿ Ë) Êapple» ÊÒ U Áé ÿêapple apple ÊÒ ÍŒ U UÃÊ UÒ, ͡ äêêãè fl ÊÊapplecÊáÊ Ê apple ÊÁÄà ÊÊ Ë Êappleà Ê U UÒ Ç Êß ËŸ, Á US U«UËŸ, Êß ËŸ, Á S UËŸ ÊÒ U appleâêß ÊappleŸËŸ Ò apple apple ËŸÊapple Á «U Êß UŸ ÊÒ U SÃapple Ë ÉÊÈ Ÿ ÊË ÃÊ U Ê U ߟ apple fl ÊÊapplecÊáÊ apple UÊÿ ŸÃapple UÒ Ê, U Ë ÊÒ U ÈŒ Ë Ê UÊ U UË Êÿ UŸ Ê Á U ÿê SòÊÊappleà UÊappleŸapple apple ÊâÊ- ÊâÊ ªÒ U- UË Êÿ UŸ apple fl ÊÊapplecÊáÊ Ê U ÊflÊ ŒappleÃapple UÒ ÈÅÿ L apple ŸÊ U ÊäÊÊÁ UÃ Ê UÊ U apple ߟ flsàêè Êapple Êapple Êapple«U ŒappleŸapple U Êÿ UŸ ÊÒ U SÃapple Ë Òfl U éäêãê U ÊÃË UÒ ß apple ÊflÊ ŒÊappleŸÊapple Ê UÊ UÊapple apple ÊÒ ÍŒ Êÿ UŸ, SÃÊ ÊÒ U Ò ÁÀ ÿ Ò apple ÅÊÁŸ -ŒÍ Uapple Êapple èêêáflã UÃapple UÒ Á apple UŸ Ë Òfl U éäêãê U U «U ÃÊ UÒ UŒÊ U UáÊ apple ÃÊÒ U U ŒflÊ apple L apple Êÿ UŸ ŒappleŸapple U ÿapple SÃapple apple fl ÊÊapplecÊáÊ apple USÃˇÊapple UÃapple UÒ U Ë Ã U U apple Ò ÁÀ ÿ Ë ÁäÊ ÊòÊÊ Êÿ UŸ ÊÒ U SÃapple apple fl ÊÊapplecÊáÊ apple USÃˇÊapple UÃÊ UÒ Á Ë ÅÊÊ Ê UÊ U apple fl ÊÊapplecÊáÊ apple Á U éäê Êÿ UŸ ÊÒ U SÃapple Ë ÊòÊÊ U Ê UÊ U apple ÊÒ ÍŒ ÊäÊ Êapple ÊÒ U Uà apple U Êapple apple èêêfl Ê Á UáÊÊ UÊappleÃÊ UÒ ãÿ ŒÊâÊÊapple Ë ÊÒ ÍŒªË apple ÊäÊÊ U U Ò apple UË Ê UÊ U apple Êÿ UŸ Ë Òfl U éäêãê væ- ªÈŸÊ à Œ ÃË UÒ âêê Ã, ÅÊÊŸapple apple ÊâÊ ÿê ÃÈ U à ʌ øêÿ ËŸapple apple Êÿ UŸ ÊÒ U SàÊapple Ë U éäêãê UÊapple Ê ªË Á Ê UÊ U apple ÃÊ apple» Êapple Êapple Êapple«U ŒappleŸapple U ߟ Ë U éäêãê U Ê ªË Ò ÁÀ ÿ èêë Uàfl ÍáÊ ÈÅÊ ÅÊÁŸ UÒ Êapple ŒÊ ÃÊapple ÊÒ U UÁ«U «UÿÊapple Ë ŸÊfl U apple ÊÊÁ UÊappleÃÊ UÒ ÃÈ SòÊÊappleà flê apple Ê UÊ U apple Ò ÁÀ Êÿ Ê apple Á U ÿê SòÊÊappleà ŒÍäÊ ÊÒ U ŒÈÇäÊ Uà ÊŒ UÒ flêÿs ÁÃ Ê UÊ U apple UʪË, U UË ûêappleœê U Áé ÿê, Áfl ÊapplecÊ L apple øêò Êß, appleâêë ÊÒ U U Ÿ Ë ÁûÊÿÊ Ò ÁÀ ÿ apple ë Uapple SòÊÊappleà U Ò appleá Ÿ ŸÊ Êapple, ÊÒ U Êapple Uapple ŸÊ Êapple apple ÊÒ ÍŒ» Êß Uapple U ÊÒ U Ê UÊ UËÿ Uapple Êapple ÃâÊÊ È U U UË ûêappleœê U Áé ÿêapple apple ÊÒ ÍŒ ÊÚÄ apple U Ò ÁÀ ÿ fl ÊÊapplecÊáÊ apple Ê» Ë ÊäÊ UÒ ÿapple Ê UÊ UËÿ ÉÊ U Ò ÁÀ ÿ apple ÊâÊ Á U ÉÊÈ Ÿ ÊË Á U ŒÊâÊ ŸÊÃapple U Ò Á apple Ò ÁÀ ÿ fl ÊÊapplecÊáÊ apple Á ŸÈ éäê UÊapple ÊÃÊ UÒ U Ë Ã U U apple fl Ê Ë íÿêœê ÊÒ ÍŒªË èêë Ò ÁÀ ÿ Ë U éäêãê UÃË UÒ È U ÃÎåà fl Ê Ò ÁÀ ÿ apple ÊâÊ fláê ŸÊÃapple UÒ Êapple fl ÊÊappleÁcÊà Ÿ UË UÊapple ÊÃapple Ò UÊapple UËŸ Áfl UÊÁ Ÿ- Ê Ífl L UÒ Êapple U UË ûêappleœê U Áé ÿêapple ÃâÊÊ Ë Ë- Ê Áé ÿêapple ÊÒ U» Êapple apple Á ÃÊ UÒ Ê UË U apple Ò UÊapple UËŸ Áfl UÊÁ Ÿ- apple Œ ÊÃÊ UÒ Ífl - ÁŸÁ à Áfl UÊÁ Ÿ Á» ÃÈ SòÊÊappleà flê apple Ê UÊ U apple UÊappleÃÊ UÒ ß Á ÊÊ Ê UÊÁ UÿÊapple Êapple Áfl UÊÁ Ÿ Ò UÊapple UËŸ apple Á U UË Êåà UÊappleÃÊ UÒ appleá Ÿ, Ò UÊapple UËŸ Ê fl ÊÊapplecÊáÊ ß Ê UÊ UËÿ Ê U Êapple U ÁŸèÊ U UÃÊ UÒ ÿapple ÊappleÁfl UÊÁ Ÿ Á Ê UÊ U apple ÊÊÁ UÊappleÃÊ UÒ U Ë U ÁŸèÊ U UÃÊ UÒ Á fl U Á ÃŸË ÊòÊÊ fl ÊÊapplecÊáÊ apple Á U éäê UÒ UŒÊ U UáÊ apple ÃÊÒ U U, ëøapple ªÊ U apple Êÿ U UË ûêappleœê U Áé ÿêapple apple ÊÒ ÍŒ Ò UÊapple UËŸ apple Uà U à UË apple apple fl ÊÊappleÁcÊà UÊappleÃÊ UÒ Ê UÊ U apple âêêapple«u Ë ÊòÊÊ apple fl Ê èêë Ò UÊapple UËŸ Ë U éäêãê Êapple U ÊÃÊ UÒ øí U ÊÒ U ŸË Í Ò apple ê èêë U UË ûêappleœê U Áé ÿêapple ÊÒ U Ë Ë- Ê Áé ÿêapple apple ÊÒ ÍŒ Ò UÊapple UËŸ Ë Òfl U éäêãê Êapple U ÊÃapple UÒ ß Êà apple èêë ÊáÊ UÒ Á UÀŒË ÊÒ U åÿê èêë Áé ÿêapple apple ÊÒ ÍŒ Ò UÊapple UËŸ Ë Òfl U éäêãê Êapple U ÊÃapple UÒ ß Á U Ê apple Áé ÿêapple apple ÊÒ ÍŒ Ò UÊapple UËŸ Ê Í UÊ ÊèÊ UΔUÊŸapple apple Á Ê UÊ U apple ŸË Í Ê U, øí U, UÀŒË ÿê åÿê» ÊÿŒapple Œ UÊappleÃÊ UÒ Áñß UÂÜ ŠæÌæ ÂÚU âúu ÊŸÊ - ÊŸapple apple Ê UÊ U, ÅÊÊ U S UÊø Ë ÊëÿÃÊ U ÊÃË UÒ ÊŸapple apple ŒÊÒ UÊŸ S UÊø»Í ÊÃÊ UÒ ÊÒ U ÊappleÁ Ê Ê Ë ŒËflÊ U» U ÊÃË UÒ Á apple Êø Êß íÿêœê èêêfl Ê UË U ª apple U à UÈø ÊÃapple UÒ ÊŸapple apple Ê UÊ U apple ÊÒ ÍŒ È U ÊapplecÊ - UÊappleäÊË Ãàfl èêë Ÿc U UÊapple ÊÃapple UÒ «Uapple U Ê Ÿapple apple ÁflÁ«UŸ ŸÊ Ë Êapple UËŸ Ÿc U UÊapple ÊÃË UÒ Êapple ÊÿÊappleÁ UŸ apple äê U U apple Ê UË U apple Á ŸÈ éäê U ŒappleÃË UÒ È U» Á ÿêapple, ÅÊÊ U ÊappleÿÊ ËŸ apple Á UÁå Ÿ ߟÁ UÁéÊ U U UÊappleÃapple UÒ Êapple Êapple UËŸ øêÿapple flê apple Á U Áå Ÿ Êÿ Ë ªÁÃÁflÁäÊ Êapple U apple Êapple UËŸ Ë ÊëÿÃÊ ÉÊ UÊ ŒappleÃapple UÒ» Á ÿêapple Êapple ÊŸapple apple Êapple UËŸ ߟÁ UÁ U U ÁŸÁc ÿ UÊapple ÊÃapple UÒ 18 ãuçúuøæ ææ çß ææù ÎÂü æ

19 âðãuì Á apple Êapple UËŸ Ë ÊëÿÃÊ U ÃË UÒ ÊŸapple apple Êÿ UŸ Ë Òfl U éäêãê U ÃË UÒ Á SÃapple Ë Òfl U éäêãê U ß Ê UÀ UÊ U UÊappleÃÊ UÒ Ò UÊappleÁ UŸÊÚß«U Ê ÃÊÒ U U ÊÒ äêêapple Ë ÊappleÁ Ê Ê apple Êapple UËŸ apple äêapple UÊappleÃapple UÒ UÀ Ê S UáÊ Ê UÊ U-à òê Êapple UË Ê UÃÊ UÒ ÊÒ U Ò UÊappleÁ UŸÊÚß«U Êapple Êapple UËŸ apple ª U ŒappleÃÊ UÒ, Á apple U Ë Òfl U éäêãê U ÊÃË UÒ âêê Ã, ÊŸapple apple Á UáÊÊ SflL ªÊ U apple ÊÒ ÍŒ Ò UÊapple UËŸ Ë U éäêãê U ÊÃË UÒ é ÚU æ æñúu æçëåu» Í ª ÊÒ U øÿê Ê U Á U ÊŒ apple ßSÃapple Ê UŸapple apple U apple Ê ÃÊÒ U U È Á Uà Á ÊÃapple U Ò È UáÊ ÊÒ U ÊÁÀ U ª apple Êÿ UŸ apple fl ÊÊapplecÊáÊ apple flîáf ŒappleÅÊË ªß UÒ apple Ê Áfl UÊÁ Ÿ- Ë apple Uapple Sà U, ÿê UÒÁŸŸ ÊÒ U» ÊßÁ U Á «U apple Sà U apple Áª UÊfl U ÿê ŒÊappleŸÊapple UË fl UÊapple apple UÊapple ÃÊ UÒ ÿ U Á ÿê à Áû Êß Uapple UÊapple Êapple Á ÿê ÊË UÃapple UÒ Êapple» Êß Uapple U Ê ÉÊ UŸ U apple Êÿ UŸ ÊÒ U SÃapple Ë U éäêãê apple ß Ê» Ê UÃapple UÒ Í ª, øÿê ÊÒ U UÊªË Êapple È Á Uà UŸapple U UÒÁŸŸ Ë ÊòÊÊ UÊapple UÊÃË UÒ Á apple Êÿ UŸ Ë Òfl È èêãê U ÊÃË UÒ äÿÿÿêapple apple ÃÊ ø Ê UÒ Á UÊªË apple Êÿ UŸ Ë Òfl U éäêãê apple È UáÊ apple ŒÊappleªÈŸÊ ÊÒ U ÊÚÁÀ U ª apple z-væ ªÈŸÊ ß Ê» Ê UÊappleÃÊ UÒ ç ßÙ Á áflÿ apple ÊŒ ßSÃapple Ê apple ÊŸapple flê apple Uà ÊŒ UÒ ß«U Ë, «UÊapple Ê, UÊapple Ê ÊÒ U Œ UË ßàÿÊÁŒ Á áflÿ apple Ê UÊ U apple ÊÒ ÍŒ ÁŸflÊÿ apple ËŸÊapple Á «U ÊÒ U âêêÿ ËŸ, UÊß Êappleç appleá Ÿ ÊÒ U ÁŸÿÊÁ Ÿ Ò apple Ë- ÊÚê appleä Áfl UÊÁ Ÿ Ë Òfl U éäêãê U ÊÃË UÒ Á áflÿ apple mê UÊ ÅÊÊl S UáÊ apple ŸÊ apple ÊÒ ÍŒ ÅÊÁŸ fl ÊÊapplecÊáÊ apple ÊäÊ Ò apple» Êß Uapple U UÊapple ÊÃapple UÒ Á apple ߟ Ë Òfl U éäêãê U ÊÃË UÒ ß«U Ë ÊÒ U «UÊapple Ê ŸÊŸapple apple ŒÊÒ UÊŸ ŸÊ ÊÒ U ŒÊ apple Á üêáê apple Á áflÿ apple SÃÊ ÊÒ U Êÿ UŸ Ë Òfl U éäêãê U ÊÃË UÒ ß«U Ë ÊÒ U «UÊapple Ê ŸÊŸapple apple ŒÊÒ UÊŸ ŸÊ -» Á ÿêapple apple ÉÊÊapple apple Á áflÿ apple» Á ÿêapple apple ÊÒ ÍŒ» Êß Uapple U ÊÒ U UÒÁŸŸ ŒÊappleŸÊapple UÊapple ÊÃapple UÒ ß apple ÊflÊ Á áflÿ apple Ê ÁŸ ê ŸŸapple apple èêë ÅÊÁŸ Ë Òfl U éäêãê U ÃË UÒ ÄÿÊapple Á Ê ÁŸ ê ÅÊÁŸ apple Á U ÉÊÈ Ÿ ÊË Á ª apple«u ŸÊÃapple UÒ Á apple ÅÊÁŸ» Êß Uapple U apple ÊâÊ äê U ÉÊÈ Ÿ ÊË Á U ŒÊâÊ Ÿ UË ŸÊ ÊÃapple»ñÚU-Âæðcæ ̈ßæð ÂÚU âúu ªÒ U- ÊapplecÊ» Êß UÊapple apple Á, Êapple ÊŸfl SflÊSâÊÿ apple Ÿ Á U apple Ê» Ë U ÊŸapple Ê U Uapple UÒ, UŸ apple S UáÊ apple ŒÊÒ UÊŸ» ÊÿŒapple Œ Á Uflà Ÿ ŒappleÅÊapple Ê Ãapple UÒ ÊŸapple apple ÊŒ Á» ŸÊÚÁ ÿêò᪠Êapple Ë Òfl U éäêãê U ÊÃË UÒ S Á Uà ªÊ U åÿí UË apple ëøapple ªÊ U apple È Ê apple íÿêœê Á U ÊÚÄ Ë«U apple U ˇÊ ÃÊ ÊÒ U ÊÚÄ Ë«UappleÁ Ufl S U Ò apple íÿêœê øêfl UÊappleÃÊ UÒ U Ê U U apple U ª apple Á Á ê appleœê U Ò UÊappleÁ UŸÊÚß«U Êß Êapple ËŸ, Êapple ÊÁÄà ÊÊ Ë UË ÊÚÄ Ë«Uapple U èêë UÒ, ÃÊ S UáÊ apple ÊŒ íÿêœê Òfl U éäê UÊappleÃÊ UÒ ÄÿÊapple Á ÿ U ëøapple U Ê U U apple U Ê - Êß Êapple appleá U L apple ÊÒ ÍŒ U UÃÊ UÒ Êapple S UáÊ apple ÊŒ Á - Êß Êapple appleá U L apple Œ ÊÃÊ UÒ ( Êapple íÿêœê Òfl U éäê U UÃÊ UÒ) S UáÊ apple È U» ËŸÊ Êapple Ë UË ÊÚÄ Ë Uapple «U ˇÊ ÃÊ apple èêë ß Ê» Ê UÊappleÃÊ UÒ S UáÊ apple ŒÊÒ UÊŸ Ò ÊÚ«U ÁÃÁ ÿê apple Uà ÊŒ èêë Ÿ Ãapple UÒ Á apple apple, apple«u, Á ÁS U ÊÒ U»apple Ä ÊŸ UË apple Uà ÊŒÊapple apple èêí UÊ Ÿ ÊÃÊ UÒ ÊÒ U ߟ apple Uëø UË ÊÚÄ Ë«Uapple U ˇÊ ÃÊ UÊappleÃË UÒ ÿapple ÿêò᪠àÿáäê ÃÊ Ê Á UáÊÊ UÒ apple, ªÍ U, ŸÊ U ÊÒ U Ê ÈŸ Ò apple» Êapple apple S Á Uà U apple ÃÊ apple» Êapple apple È Ê apple íÿêœê» ËŸÊÚÁ Ê UÊappleÃÊ UÒ apple Ê flêááêáíÿ S UáÊ apple ŒÊÒ UÊŸ Á U Êapple ÊÒ U Ë Êapple apple» ËŸÊÚÁ ÿêò᪠Êapple apple U ÊŸapple apple Ê UáÊ UÊappleÃÊ UÒ «UË-Á ÊappleŸËŸ Ò apple ÊappleŸÊapple U Ë Ÿ Êapple Êß U» Êapple apple Á U Êapple apple Ê ÊÃapple UÒ, SflÊSâÊÿ apple Á ÊèÊ Ê UË UÊappleÃapple UÒ È Ué Ê ÊÒ U øê U apple Ê ÃÊÒ U U Êß U» Êapple Ò apple à UÊ, ŸË Í ÊÒ U ªÊª apple Á U apple èêë ÊÊÁ UÊappleÃapple UÒ Á apple Ê UáÊ ßŸ apple ÊappleŸÊapple U Ë Ÿ apple ÊèÊ Ê UË ªÈáÊ ÊÒ ÍŒ U UÃapple UÒ çùc cæü ÉÊ UÊapple ÿê flêááêáíÿ Sà U U U ÿêappleª apple Ê ÊŸapple flê apple ÅÊÊl S UáÊ apple Ê Ã UË apple Ê UÊ U Ë ÊëÿÃÊ, ÊapplecÊ ÃàflÊapple Ë ªÈáÊflûÊÊ ÊÒ U ÊapplecÊ ÃàflÊapple Ë Òfl U éäêãê ÊÒ U» Êß UÊapple apple Á Êapple Ë U éäêãê U ÊŸapple apple Á U Ê apple» ÊÿŒapple Œ UÊappleÃapple UÒ ÅÊÊl- ŒÊâÊÊapple apple Ífl - SÊ S UáÊ apple èêë Ê UÊ U apple Ȫ ÃÊ ÊÒ U ÁflÁfläÊÃÊ U ÃË UÒ âêê Ã, U Ê Uapple ËflŸ ÊÒ U Ê ÊÊ Ê- ÊÒ Ë apple ÅÊÊl S UáÊ ÁŸflÊÿ UÒ Á» U èêë, S UáÊ ÅÊÊ U ÊŸapple apple ŒÊÒ UÊŸ ÅÊÊŸapple apple Áfl UÊÁ Ÿ ÊÒ U ÅÊÁŸ Êapple apple Sà U apple Áª UÊfl U èêë Ê ÃË UÒ appleá Ÿ, ÊapplecÊ ÃàflÊapple apple ŸÈ ÊŸ apple øÿapple apple Á ÊäÊÊ UáÊ Ã UË apple ŸÊ Ê ÃÊapple S Á UÃ Ê UÊ U Ë ÊapplecÊ ÃÊ UÊapple, apple Ê L UË Ÿ UË UÒ ÊapplecÊáÊ Ë ŒÎÁc U apple ÅÊÊl S UáÊ apple U apple ŸÈ ÊŸ apple Êÿ» ÊÿŒÊ UÊappleªÊ ª U U Áflflapple ÍáÊ U ª apple ÊapplecÊ àêàfl appleãapple UÒ, flapple U Ê Uapple Ê UË U apple fl ÊÊapplecÊáÊ apple Á U éäê Ÿ UË UÊappleÃapple-ÿ U ÊÃ Ê UÊ U apple ÊÒ ÍŒ ãÿ ÉÊ U Êapple U ÁŸèÊ U UÃË UÒ appleá Ÿ, Áflflapple ÍáÊ U ª apple Ê UÊ U- ªÁà ÊÒ U ÅÊÊl S UáÊ apple mê UÊ ß SÿÊ Ê ÊäÊÊŸ Á ÿê Ê ÃÊ UÒ SòÊÊappleà «U Ë wæy, È Êß wævw, ÅÊ «U vy væ ãuçúuøæ ææ çß ææù ÎÂü æ 19

20 æâ-âæâ ãuçúuøæ ææ æ çãu Îè çß ææù - âæçãuˆø «UÊÚ$ ŒË Ê Ê SŸapple UË Ê äêèáÿ ÿèª apple, ÁflôÊÊŸ apple Á ŸÊ, ËflŸ Ë À ŸÊ èêë Ÿ UË Ë Ê ÃË Ê ÁflôÊÊŸ, àÿapple ˇÊappleòÊ apple, UÀ appleåêÿëÿ èêíá Ê ÁŸèÊÊ U UÊ UÒ ÿᜠÁflôÊÊŸ Êapple ÊŸflËÿ ËflŸ Ê åêÿê ÿ Uapple ÃÊapple Êappleß Áà ÊÿÊappleÁÄà Ÿ UÊappleªË flòá fl ÈŒÊÿ Ê, ÿ- ÿ U flòôêêáÿ Êapple mê UÊ UÊapple apple ªÿapple, ÁflôÊÊŸ-flΡÊÊapple apple» øåê U UÊ UÒ Ÿapple ÊÁflèÊÊ fl apple UË ÊŸfl Ë, ÎâflË apple äê apple, Á ôêê È flîáã U UË UÒ Î Áà apple Ÿãà fl ªÍ U U USÿÊapple Êapple ÊŸŸapple- ÊŸapple Ë ÊŸfl- Ê Ê Ÿapple UË Ÿapple ÃâÿÊapple Êapple UŒ ÉÊÊÁ Uà Á ÿê UÒ ß Ë apple fl ÊËèÊÍà ʟfl Ÿapple Ÿÿapple flòôêêáÿ ÁŸÿ ŸÊÿapple, Ÿß fläêê UáÊÊÿapple ŒË ÊÒ U UŸ U ÊäÊÊÁ Uà ŸÈ äêêÿ U ÊŸflÊapple ÿêappleªë ÊÁflc Ê U Á ÿapple Ê ßã UË ÊÁflc Ê UÊapple apple U ÊŸfl- ËflŸ apple Á ßapple ÊÁãÃ Ê UË Œ Êfl Êÿapple UÒ, ÿ U fl ÁflÁŒÃ UÒ Î Áà apple U USÿÊapple Êapple UŒ ÉÊÊÁ Uà UŸapple Ë ÁŒÿÊapple apple ø Ë Ê U UË Ÿfl Uà Á ÿê apple ÊŸfl mê UÊ Á à UÈ ÊÿÊ Ë fl UÈ ˇÊËÿ ôêêÿ Êapple ÁflôÊÊŸ Ë üêappleáêë apple UÅÊÊ Ê ÃÊ UÒ flsãèã, ÊŸfl mê UÊ È ÿflásâêã fl f U ª apple Á à fl ÿêappleªêapple mê UÊ àÿêá à ôêêÿ UË ÁflôÊÊŸ UÒ Á Ë èêë UÊc U Ë ªÁÃ Ê Í ÊäÊÊ U UÒ, ÁflôÊÊŸ ÊÁ Uàÿ Á Ë èêë UÊc U Ë Êà Ê 20 ãuçúuøæ ææ çß ææù ÎÂü æ

21 UÊappleÃË UÒ ÊÒ U U Ë S Î Áà Êapple ÁÃÁ Áê à UŸapple Ê ÊÄà Êäÿ èêë èêê Uà apple flòôêêáÿ ÊÁ Uàÿ Ë Îf Uê UÊ U UË UÒ ÊÿÈflapple Œ, ªÁáÊÃ, U ÊÿŸ, èêêòáã Ë fl Î ÁcÊ-ÁflôÊÊŸ Á Uà ÁflÁèÊ㟠flòôêêáÿ Ëÿ ˇÊappleòÊÊapple apple èêê UÃËÿ ŸËÁcÊÿÊapple Ÿapple Uà Î c U ÊÊappleäÊ- Êÿ UÃapple UÈ Ÿapple Uëø ÊappleÁ U apple flòôêêáÿ - ª ãâêêapple Ê Î Ÿ Á ÿê flòôêêáÿ ÊÁ Uàÿ apple Êäÿ apple flòôêêáÿ Ëÿ øappleãÿê ʪÎà UŸapple Ê èê U Í U ÿê èêê Uà apple Êëÿ flòôêêáÿ Êapple Ÿapple Á ÿê ÊÍãÿ Ê Áà ʌŸ UŸapple flê apple ÅʪÊapple ÁflŒ Êÿ èê U U, ÊÒcÊÁäÊÁflôÊÊŸ apple UÊŸ flòôêêáÿ fl ø U Á UÃÊ apple UøÁÿÃÊ ø U, äêêÿ- ÊÀÿ apple Ÿ ÈüÊÈÃ, Á ÊÀ ÁflôÊÊŸ apple áêappleãê Áfl fl Ê ÊÒ U ÊÀÿÁflôÊÊŸ apple äêè U äê U äêãfl à UË Ê ŸÊ ÊøËŸ èêê UÃËÿ Á m flòôêêáÿ Êapple apple M åê apple ÊŒ U apple Á ÿê ÊÃÊ UÒ ø U Á UÃÊ apple Ê UêèÊ UÈ Ê ÁflôÊÊŸ- appleåêÿ Ê» U SflÃãòÊÃÊ- ÊÁåà apple ÊŒ èêë ÁŸ Ê äê Ê UË U UÊ ÊøËŸ ª ãâêêapple apple S Î Ã èêêcêê Ê ÿêappleª Á ÿê ªÿÊ UÒ Ê Êãà U apple ª apple Ë èêêcêê Ê èêèàfl U ÃÊ ªÿÊ SflÃãòÊÃÊ- ÊÁåà apple ªèʪ Ê ø- U Œ Ê Êapple ÊŒ èêë ÁflôÊÊŸ- ÊÁ Uàÿ apple ˇÊappleòÊ apple ª apple Ë UË UÊflË UÒ Á UãŒË apple ÁflôÊÊŸ- ÁòÊ Ê Êapple Ë ÅÿÊ UÈà ÁäÊ Ÿ UË UÒ, Á» U èêë È U ÁòÊ Êÿapple Ÿ- Ÿ apple ÁflôÊÊŸ-øappleÃŸÊ ÊªÎà UŸapple, flòôêêáÿ Ëÿ ŒÎÎÁc U ÊappleáÊ ŸÊŸapple fl flòôêêáÿ Ëÿ U ÁéäÊÿÊapple apple flªã UÊŸapple Ê Á ê Ê ÅÊÍ Ë ÁŸèÊÊ U UË UÒ ßŸ apple ÁflôÊÊŸ fl ÊÒlÊappleÁª ŸÈ äêêÿ Á UcÊŒ Ë (ÁflôÊÊŸ ªÁÃ) ( ÊÁ ) fl èêê UÃËÿ flòôêêáÿ fl ÊÒlÊappleÁª ŸÈ äêêÿ ÁòÊ Ê ; èêêèêê U ÊáÊÈ ŸÈ äêêÿ apple ãœ, Èê ß Ë flòôêêáÿ Ëÿ (òêò ÊÁ ); Ÿapple Ÿ Á U ø Á«U ÒÀ Ò U Ê Áflc Ê U ( ÊÁ ) ; ÁflôÊÊŸ Á UcÊŒ Ë ÁflôÊÊŸ ; èêê UÃËÿ ÊÒlÊappleÁª SâÊÊ Ë ÁíÊôÊÊ Ê ; èêê UÃËÿ ÁflôÊÊŸ SâÊÊŸ, ª ÊÒ U Ë ÁflôÊÊŸ Á Uøÿ ; apple 㜠Ëÿ ÁøflÊ ÿ Á UãŒË Á UcÊŒ Ë ÁflôÊÊŸ ª ªÊ ; flòôêêáÿ fl à ŸË Ë ÊéŒÊfl Ë ÊÿÊappleª Ë ÁflôÊÊŸ ªÁ U Ê fl ôêêÿ ªÁ U Ê Á ãäêè ; èêê UÃËÿ Î ÁcÊ ŸÈ äêêÿ Á UcÊŒ Ë ÅÊappleÃË,» -»Í fl Î ÁcÊ Î ÁcÊ øÿáÿ Ê (òêò ÊÁ ) ÊÁŒ UÀ appleåêÿëÿ UÒ ÁflôÊÊŸ apple øê U- Ê U apple ÿâêê èêfl ÿêappleªœêÿ ŒappleŸapple apple Êfl ÍŒ U ÿè Äà ÁòÊ Ê Êapple Ë Ê U- ÅÿÊ èêë ª apple Ë ÁflôÊÊŸ- ÁòÊ Ê Êapple Ë ÃÈ ŸÊ apple Ÿªáÿ UÒ UÊc U Ëÿ fl ˇÊappleòÊËÿ ÊøÊ U- òê èêë ÿœê- ŒÊ flòôêêáÿ Ëÿ appleåê ÊÁ Êà UÃapple UÒ, appleá Ÿ ÿapple ÿê åã Ÿ UË UÒ Ê Á UãŒË Ê Êappleß èêë ÊøÊ U òê, ÁflôÊÊŸ ÊÁ Uàÿ Á UÁ Êc U æâ-âæâ ÊÁ Êà UŸapple Ë Á Uê à Ÿ UËapple È UÊ Ê U UÊ UÒ U Ê! Á» À Á UÁ Êc U ŒappleŸapple apple -ŒÍ Uapple Êapple Ë Uapple UÊapple«U Ÿapple Ë apple UÊapple«U fl ÿ øë UÈß UÒ ß apple Áfl«UêéÊŸÊ UË UÊ Ê ªÊ ÁflÁèÊ㟠Œapple ÊÊapple apple Áfl fláfllê ÿ fl flòôêêáÿ Ëÿ SâÊÊŸ Á UãŒË ÁflôÊÊŸ- ÊÁ Uàÿ- appleåêÿ Ë ÁŒ ÊÊ apple ŸÊ È U ÿêappleªœêÿ Œapple U Uapple UÒ ÿlá ÿ U ÿê åã UÒ flòôêêáÿ Ëÿ ŸÈ äêêÿêapple fl U ÁéäÊÿÊapple Ë ÊâÊ ÃÊ ß Ë apple UÒ Á flapple Ê Ÿ Ë èêêcêê apple UŸ à UÈ ø apple, ÃÊÁ flapple Ÿß à ŸË Ë ÊŸ ÊÁ UÿÊapple Ê ÊèÊ UΔUÊ apple à UëøSà UËÿ ÁflôÊÊŸ, ÊŒappleÁ Ê ÿê UÊc U Ëÿ èêêcêê apple ÿäã Ÿ UË UÊappleªÊ, à à fl U Ê Ÿ apple Á ÀÿÊáÊ Ê UË èêíá Ê Ÿ UË ÁŸèÊÊ ÊÿappleªÊ UÁ UÿÊáÊÊ Ÿapple, Á UãŒË apple ÁflôÊÊŸ apple øê U- Ê U Ë ÁŒ ÊÊ apple, ÿâêê èêfl ÿêappleªœêÿ ÁŒÿÊ UÒ Ÿ v~{{ apple UÁ UÿÊáÊÊ apple ÁSÃàfl apple ÊŸapple apple ÿ ÿ UÊ ÊòÊ UË Áfl fláfllê ÿ, È L ˇÊappleòÊ Áfl fláfllê ÿ, âêê U ÿ UÁ UÿÊáÊÊ apple èêë ÁflôÊÊŸ- ÁòÊ Ê ÊÁ Êà Ÿ UË UÊappleÃË âêë ãÿ ÊåÃÊÁ U ÁòÊ Ê Êapple Ë ÅÿÊ èêë Ÿªáÿ âêë Ê Êãà U apple ÁSâÊÁà Œ Ë ß Ÿÿapple Áfl fláfllê ÿ fl SâÊÊŸ ÁSÃàfl apple Êÿapple ߟ apple UÁ UÿÊáÊÊ Î ÁcÊ Áfl fláfllê ÿ, ªÈL êèêapple fl U Áfl fláfllê ÿ, UÁcÊ ŒÿÊŸ Œ Áfl fláfllê ÿ, øêòäê UË ŒappleflË Ê Áfl fláfllê ÿ, UÊc U Ëÿ fl ŸÈ äêêÿ apple 㜠(Á U Ê U), UÊc U Ëÿ Ë apple U ŸÈ äêêÿ apple 㺠(» UËŒÊ ÊŒ) ÊÒ U ÎŒÊ ŸÈ äêêÿ apple 㜠UŸÊ ) ÊÁŒ ÈÅÿ UÒ ßŸ Ë SâÊÊ ŸÊ apple apple U Ê Ã ßŸ SâÊÊŸÊapple apple ÿlá ÁäÊ Ê Ê Ê Ê ª apple Ë apple UÊappleÃÊ UÒ, UãÃÈ Á» U èêë Á UãŒË apple ÿêappleª Ë ÁŒ ÊÊ apple È U ª fl ÿ UΔUÊÿapple ªÿapple UÒÒ Á UãŒË apple È U ÁflôÊÊŸ- ÁòÊ Êÿapple ÊÁ Êà UÊappleŸÊ Ê UêèÊ UÈß Uà Ê UË UÊc U èêêcêê apple Ë ŸÈ äêêÿ ÃÊ Ÿapple ÿœê- ŒÊ Ÿapple ÊÊappleäÊ- òêêapple Êapple Á UãŒË apple ÊÁ Êà UÊŸapple Ê Ê U èêë È UÊÿÊ ø Èø, UÁ UÿÊáÊÊ apple Á ÿ U Ÿß fl ãuçúuøæ ææ çß ææù ÎÂü æ 21

22 æâ-âæâ Uà Ê U Ÿ ÊÈL Êà âêë Á UáÊÊ SflL Í èêíã ÁflôÊÊŸ U ÊÿŸ, èêêòáã Ë ÊÁŒ apple apple U, ÿê fl UáÊ ÁflôÊÊŸ, flêáÿ Ë, Î ÁcÊ, ÊÈ ÁøÁ à Ê ÁflôÊÊŸ fl ÎŒÊ ÁflôÊÊŸ Á Uà Êappleß èêë ˇÊappleòÊ Á UãŒË ÁflôÊÊŸ- ÊÁ Uàÿ Ë äêê UÊ apple Á Áøà UÊappleŸapple apple øê Ÿ U UÊ ŸÈ äêêÿ ÃÊ mê UÊ ÊÿÊappleª ÊÊ Ê Êapple apple Á à ôêêÿ, UÁ UÿÊáÊÊ apple ÅÊappleÃ-ÅÊÁ UÊŸÊapple apple Êÿ Uà Πcê - ÈŒÊÿ Ã, Uã UË Ë èêêcêê apple UÈ øêÿapple Ë Ê UÊà U UÈß ÿ U UË UÒ Á Ê èêë UÁ UÿÊáÊÊ apple ÊÁ Êà Á UãŒË ÁflôÊÊŸ ÊÁ Uàÿ ÁflôÊÊŸ ÈSà apple, ÁflôÊÊŸ ÁòÊ Êÿapple, ÊÊappleäÊ òê, ÊøÊ U òê ÊÁŒ, ª apple Ë apple UÁøà fl ÊÁ Êà ÁflôÊÊŸ ÊÁ Uàÿ Ë ÃÈ ŸÊ apple Ê Uapple apple Ÿ apple UÊ U UÒ, Á» U èêë ÁSâÊÁà Œ ÁŸ UÊ ÊÊ Ÿ UÊapple, apple Ê èêë Ÿ UË UÊ Ê ÃÊ ÿ U Ê ÁflôÊÊŸ ÊÁ Uàÿ Ë ªÊ«U Ë èê apple UË ë U ªÁà apple Ÿapple âê U ª U UÒ, UãÃÈ fl U ªãà ÿ à UÈ øappleªë fl ÿ; apple Ê Áfl flê Ÿ UŸapple Ê Êappleß Ê UáÊ Ÿ UË UÒ UÁ UÿÊáÊÊ apple ÁflÁèÊ㟠ˇÊappleòÊÊapple apple ÊÁ Êà Á UãŒË-ÁflôÊÊŸ- ÊÁ Uàÿ Ë øøê ÿ UÊ Ê Áª U UappleªË UÁ UÿÊáÊÊ ÊÁ Uàÿ ÊŒ Ë v Ÿflê U v~{{ Êapple UÁ UÿÊáÊÊ apple ÁSÃàfl apple ÊŸapple apple ÿ Á UãŒË apple UÁøà ÁflôÊÊŸ- ÊÁ Uàÿ Ë ÁSâÊÁà ŒÿŸËÿ âêë UÊc U èêêcêê- appleá ÿêapple apple UÊÿÊappleª apple ß ÁSâÊÁà apple ÈäÊÊ U UÈ Ê UÁ UÿÊáÊÊ ÊÁ Uàÿ ÊŒ Ë Ÿapple UÁ UÿÊáÊÊ apple Á UãŒË ÁflôÊÊŸ- ÊÁ Uàÿ Êapple U ÊflÊ ŒappleŸapple apple Á UÊc U Ëÿ- à UÊ c U Ëÿ Sà U U ÁflôÊÊŸ apple ˇÊappleòÊ apple UÀ appleåêÿëÿ Êÿ UŸapple flê apple flòôêêáÿ Êapple, Á ÊˇÊÊÁflŒÊapple fl ÁflôÊÊŸ- appleá ÿêapple Ë, ãÿ èêêcêê Êapple apple ÊÁ ÊÃ, ôêêÿfläê ÈSà Êapple Ê Á UãŒË apple ŸÈflÊŒ UflÊŸapple Ê Ë«U Ê UΔUÊÿÊ ß apple à Uà ʌ Ë Ÿapple à UÊ c U Ëÿ ÅÿÊÁà Êåà ˇÊË-flÒôÊÊÁŸ Ë Ë Ë èêê Uà apple ˇÊË, «UÊÚÆ UÁ UflÒcáÊfl Ë äêè apple U ŒËÁ Ê, Æ «UappleÁfl«U Ë U U fl ŸÊß Ë U U Êapple appleÿ Ë ÃãÃÈ apple flsòê, Á Uø Ê Ê Ë» ŸÊapple Ê Á fê Ã,»Ò S Ò U U U ÁfllÈà øèê àfl, flê«u Ÿ apple flêÿflêßá Ÿ Ë cêêêªáã Ë, «UÊÚÆ Á Êfl ÃÊ Á U Ë Ê ÁŸ U ÊÿŸ, appleæ Ê UÆ ŸÊ Ÿ Ë UÁ ÿêapple Ë UÊŸË, apple$flë$ ÁflÁ ÿê Ë ÅÊapple È Œ ÊÒ U ÊÊ UËÁ U ÿêappleçÿãê apple ÁøÁ à U Í Á UÃ ß Uàfl ÍáÊ ÁflôÊÊŸ - ÈSà Êapple apple Á UãŒË- ŸÈflÊŒ ÊÁ Êà Á ÊÁ Uàÿ ÊŒ Ë Ÿapple ôêêÿfläê ÁflôÊÊŸ- ÈSà Êapple apple ŸÈflÊŒ- Ê ÊŸ apple ÊâÊ- ÊâÊ ÁflôÊÊŸ Ë ÊΔU ÿ ÈSà Êapple Ê Á UãŒË apple appleåêÿ UŸapple flê apple Á ÊˇÊ Êapple fl flòôêêáÿ Êapple apple Ê èêë Êappleà ÊÁ Uà Á ÿê ÁflôÊÊŸ Ë ÊΔU ÿ ÈSà Êapple apple Á UãŒË- appleåêÿ apple ÿêappleªœêÿ ŒappleŸapple flê apple Á ÊˇÊÊÁflŒÊapple apple È L ˇÊappleòÊ Áfl fláfllê ÿ apple U ÊÿŸ ÁflèÊʪ apple Ífl - äÿˇê fl à UÊ c U Ëÿ ÅÿÊÁà Êåà U ÊÿŸôÊ «UÊÚÆ Á Êfl ÃÊ Á U, «UÊÚÆ ÊÊ ÁßÊâÊ Ê UŸË, «UÊÚÆ UÊ Ê Ê Í U, «UÊÚÆ È Uapple㌠ŸÊâÊ ŒÍ apple, «UÊÚÆ Êapple èêêã, «UÊÚÆ $ apple $ flà ÊÒ U «UÊÚÆ apple Æ apple Æ ÁcÊ ÊÁŒ apple ŸÊ UÀ appleåêÿëÿ UÒ ßã UÊapple Ÿapple Á UãŒË apple Sà UËÿ ÁflôÊÊŸ- ÈSà apple Á ÅÊË UÒ UÁ UÿÊáÊÊ Î ÁcÊ Áfl fláfllê ÿ ÁflôÊÊŸ apple Êapple Á ÿ UáÊ apple UÁ UÿÊáÊÊ apple Áfl fláfllê ÿêapple Ë èêë Êappleflapple Ê UÀ appleåêÿëÿ èêíá Ê U UË UÒ Áfl ÊapplecÊ U UãŸÃ Ë Êapple fl UãŸÃ Î ÁcÊ-à ŸË Êapple apple flªã UÊ U UÁ UÿÊáÊÊ apple Î cê Êapple Êapple àÿˇê L apple ÊèÊÊÁãflà UŸapple apple UÁ UÿÊáÊÊ Î ÁcÊ Áfl fláfllê ÿ Ë UÃË èêíá Ê U UË UÒ ÿ U Ê apple flòôêêáÿ Êapple Ÿapple ª apple Ë apple ÊâÊ- ÊâÊ ÿœê- ŒÊ Á UãŒË apple Ÿapple ÊÊappleäÊ- òê ÊÁ Êà U Î cê Êapple apple ËäÊÊ flêœ SâÊÊÁ à UŸapple Ê ÿê Á ÿê ÿ UÊ apple UÊc U Ëÿ fl à UÊ c U Ëÿ ÅÿÊÁà Êåà flòôêêáÿ Êapple Ÿapple èêê UÃËÿ Î ÁcÊ ŸÈ äêêÿ Á UcÊŒ Ë ÁòÊ Ê Êapple - ÅÊappleÃË,» -»Í fl Î ÁcÊ øÿáÿ Ê apple Êäÿ apple ÃÊapple Î ÁcÊ apple ê ÁãäÊà ŸflËŸÃ ÊŸ ÊÁ UÿÊapple apple Á U ÍáÊ ÊÊappleäÊ- appleåê Á ÅÊ U Î cê Êapple Êapple ÊèÊÊÁãflà Á ÿê UË, øêòæ ø UáÊ Á U UÁ UÿÊáÊÊ Î ÁcÊ Áfl fláfllê ÿ apple ÁflSÃÊ U Á ÊˇÊÊ ÁŸŒapple ÊÊ ÿ mê UÊ ÊÁ Êà ΠÁcÊ- ÁflôÊÊŸ ÁòÊ Ê ÊÒ U UÁ UÿÊáÊÊ ÅÊappleÃË apple Êäÿ apple èêë ß Áfl fláfllê ÿ apple flòôêêáÿ Ÿapple Ê appleåêêapple apple UÁ UÿÊáÊÊ apple Ÿß Î ÁcÊ -øappleãÿê Ê Ê ÅÊŸÊŒ UŸapple apple» U Uapple UÒ ÁflªÃ yæ flcêêapple apple ÁŸ Uãà U ÊÁ Êà UÁ UÿÊáÊÊ ÅÊappleÃË ÊÁ Î ÁcÊ-ÁflôÊÊŸ ÊÊappleäÊ- ÁòÊ Ê Î ÁcÊ- Uà ÊŒŸ apple flîáf, Î ÁcÊ ê ãäêë Ë ÊÁ UÿÊapple apple ÁŸŒÊŸ fl UÊapple âêê, UãŸÃ-Á S Êapple, ÊÈ Êapple apple ŒÈÇäÊ- Uà ÊŒŸ apple flîáf fl ÊÈ Êapple Ë Ë ÊÁ UÿÊapple apple ÁŸŒÊŸ fl UÊapple âêê ê ãäêë Áà Uàfl ÍáÊ ÊŸ ÊÁ Uÿ Ê UÁ UÿÊáÊÊ apple Î cê Êapple Êapple ŸË UË èêêcêê apple U éäê UÊÃË UÒ È L ˇÊappleòÊ Áfl fláfllê ÿ È L ˇÊappleòÊ Áfl fláfllê ÿ Ê ÁflfÊŸ Á ÊˇÊ -flª èêë Á UãŒË apple ÁflôÊÊŸ ÊÁ Uàÿ apple SàÊÈÁà UáÊ apple Áà ª U UÊ UÒ øê Uapple fl U ÊΔU ÿ ÈSà Êapple apple L apple UÊapple ÿê ÊÊappleäÊ- òêêapple fl Êapple Á ÿ ÁflôÊÊŸ- Ê appleåêêapple apple L apple Á UãŒË apple ÁflôÊÊŸ ÊÁ Uàÿ- appleåêÿ apple ˇÊappleòÊ apple «UÊÚ.. Ë. Á U ( U ÊÿŸ ÁflèÊʪ), «UÊÚ.. Ë. ªÊappleÿ (èêêòáã Ë), «UÊÚ. apple..ÿêœfl ÊÒ U «UÊÚ. UÊapple UÃÊ ( ÊáÊË ÁflôÊÊŸ ÁflèÊʪ) apple ŸÊ UÀ appleåêÿëÿ UÒ ËflãÃË È L ˇÊappleòÊ Áfl fláfllê ÿ mê UÊ Á UãŒË apple ÊÁ Êà ÊòÊ ÁflôÊÊŸ- ÁòÊ Ê UÒ Êapple v~}æ apple ÊÁ Êà UÈß ÊÒ U ß flcê à ÃàÊ ÊÁ Êà UÊappleÃË U UË flÿs Áà ÁflôÊÊŸ, ÊáÊË ÁflôÊÊŸ fl åêÿê fl UáÊ Êapple Á Ã ß flêácê ÁflôÊÊŸ- ÊÊappleäÊ ÁòÊ Ê Ê ŸÊ UáÊ v~}æ apple È L ˇÊappleòÊ Áfl fláfllê ÿ ÊáÊË-ÁflôÊÊŸ apple Ãà Ê ËŸ äÿˇê «UÊÚ.. apple. ªÈåÃÊ apple ʪ U U, S Î Ã apple à UÊ c U Ëÿ ÅÿÊÁà ÊåÃ Ê «U ÁflfÊŸ Sfl. «UÊÚ. ªÊappleÁ Ê Êapple UŸ èê U UÊøÊÿ mê UÊ Á ÿê ªÿÊ âêê ÁflªÃ wz flcêêapple apple Áfl fláfllê ÿ mê UÊ ÊáÊËÁflôÊÊŸ ÁflèÊʪ apple ÃàflÊäÊÊŸ apple ÁŸ Uãà U ÊÁ ÊÃ ß ÁòÊ Ê apple applefl U Êapple Ÿ- apple fl UÁ UÿÊáÊÊ Œapple Ê, ÁÀ Œapple Ê-èÊ U apple ãÿ Áfl fláfllê ÿêapple fl SâÊÊŸÊapple apple Á ÊˇÊÊÁflŒ Ÿapple ÊŸ Ê UË ÍáÊ appleåêêapple apple Îf UÃapple U Uapple UÒ UÁ UÿÊáÊÊ apple ÁSÊf 22 ãuçúuøæ ææ çß ææù ÎÂü æ

23 æâ-âæâ ÊáÊËÁflôÊÊŸ ÊÊSòÊË «UÊÚÆ appleæ ÆÿÊŒfl Ÿapple ß Á UãŒË ÁflôÊÊŸ ÁòÊ Ê Êapple flê UŸapple, fl ª Ê UË fl Êapple Êapple ÿêappleªë ŸÊŸapple apple Uàfl ÍáÊ ÿêappleªœêÿ ÁŒÿÊ UÒ ÿ U ÁòÊ Ê ãœ UÊapple øè Ë UÒ UŸ apple Êÿ Ê apple ÊÒ U ÁflôÊÊŸ- ÁòÊ Ê Á Uflapple Ê Ê UêèÊ Ë ªß âêë, appleá Ÿ Ê Êãà U apple ß Ê Ê ÊŸ Ê UË Ÿ U U ÊÿÊ È L ˇÊappleòÊ Áfl fláfllê ÿ apple ÁflôÊÊŸ UË Ÿ UË, ãÿ ÁflèÊʪÊapple apple Áà ÿ Á ÊˇÊ Á UãŒË apple UÁøà ÁflôÊÊŸ- ÊÁ Uàÿ apple Áà Á ßapple ª UÒ, ß Ê ŸÈ ÊŸ ß Ë apple ªÊÿÊ Ê ÃÊ UÒ Á È L ˇÊappleòÊ Áfl fláfllê ÿ apple Á UãŒË- ÁflèÊʪ apple Ífl äÿˇê Á UãŒË apple ÁflfÊŸ fl È ÊÊL Ãapplefl UÊapple apple äêÿë «UÊÚÆ Ê ø Œ ªÈåà ª Êapple UÁ UÿÊáÊÊ ÊÁ Uàÿ ÊŒ Ë Ë Êapple U apple UÁ UÿÊáÊÊ apple UÁøà Á UãŒË- ÊÁ Uàÿ U Êÿ UŸapple Ë Á UÿÊapple ŸÊ SflË Î Ã Ë ªÿË âêë UÀ appleåêÿëÿ UÒ Á ŸË ÁflÁ Êc U Êÿ - ÊÒ Ë fl ÁflcÊÿ apple Áà áê apple Á ÁflÅÿÊà «UÊÚÆ ª U apple UË Á UãŒË- ÁflôÊÊŸ- appleåêÿ apple È«U apple Uàfl ÍáÊ fl Êapple Êapple ÿêappleªë ÁflcÊÿ U ÁfllÊâÊË Êapple ÆÁ» Æ UÊ øè apple UÒ U Ê UË ÁflèÊʪÊapple apple Ê ÊŸ UÁ UÿÊáÊÊ apple Áà ÿ U Ê UË ÁflèÊʪ èêë Á UãŒË ÁflôÊÊŸ ÊÁ Uàÿ Êapple Êappleà ÊÁ Uà U U Uapple UÒ ßŸ apple UÁ UÿÊáÊÊ Ê flÿ-áflèêêª ÈÅÊ UÒ ÿ U ÁflèÊʪ ÁflªÃ vx flcêêapple apple Á UãŒË- ÁflôÊÊŸ- ÁòÊ Ê UÁ UÿÊ Ë ÊÁ Êà U U UÊ UÒ flêáÿ Ë apple ˇÊappleòÊ apple ê ÁãäÊÃ ß apple Á ÊŸÊapple apple ˇÊ Ê È U apple ê ãäê apple ÁflSÃÎà ʟ Ê UË ÊŸapple Ê ÿàÿ Á ÿê ªÿÊ UÒ Ê È U ªÊ Êapple äêÿ Ê Êapple ŸÊ ÿêapple ŸÊ Ë ÊŸ Ê UË ŒappleŸapple apple ÊâÊ- ÊâÊ Ê È U Ë Ÿ UË ªÊŸapple, Ê È U Ë Ë ÊÁ UÿÊapple, U øê U fl Á Ë Ë ÊŸ Ê UË ŒË ªÿË UÒ ÿ U UÁ UÿÊ Ë ÁòÊ Ê flêáÿ Ë apple ˇÊappleòÊ apple Î cê Êapple Ë ŒŒªÊ U Á f UÈß UÒ ÊÒ U UÁ UÿÊáÊÊ Á Uà ÁŸ UflÃË UÊíÿÊapple apple Î cê Êapple Êapple èêë ÊèÊ UÈ øê U UË UÒ Êapple ÀÿÊáÊ U ÿêapple ŸÊ Êapple Ë ÊŸ Ê UË ŒappleŸapple apple ÊâÊ- ÊâÊ ÿ U ÁòÊ Ê Ÿ ÊäÊÊ UáÊ Êapple ÿêfl ÊÁÿ Î ÁcÊ Ë ŒÎÁc U apple ÊèÊŒÊÿ flîˇêêapple apple UÊapple áê ê ãäêë ÊŸ Ê UË èêë U éäê UÊÃË UÒ UŒÊ U UáÊÊâÊ, UÁ UÿÊ Ë Ê (w} Ÿfl UË v~}}) Ê È U Áfl ÊapplecÊÊ UÒ ß apple Á ÊŸÊapple apple ˇÊ Ê È U apple ê ãäê apple ÁflSÃÎà ʟ Ê UË ÊŸapple Ê ÿàÿ Á ÿê ªÿÊ UÒ Ê È U ªÊ Êapple äêÿ Ê Êapple ŸÊ ÿêapple ŸÊ Ë ÊŸ Ê UË ŒappleŸapple apple ÊâÊ- ÊâÊ Ê È U Ë Ÿ UË ªÊŸapple, Ê È U Ë Ë ÊÁ UÿÊapple, U øê U fl Á Ë Ë ÊŸ Ê UË ŒË ªÿË UÒ ÿ U UÁ UÿÊ Ë ÁòÊ Ê flêáÿ Ë apple ˇÊappleòÊ apple Î cê Êapple Ë ŒŒªÊ U Á f UÈß UÒ ÊÒ U UÁ UÿÊáÊÊ Á Uà ÁŸ UflÃË UÊíÿÊapple apple Î cê Êapple Êapple èêë ÊèÊ UÈ øê U UË UÒ Î ÁcÊ flêáÿ Ê Êapple Êappleà Ê UŸ ŒappleŸapple UappleÃÈ ŒÁˇÊáÊË UÁ UÿÊáÊÊ Ë UÊfl Ë- Á UÿÊapple ŸÊ Ò Ë ÀÿÊáÊ U ÿêapple ŸÊ Êapple Ë ÁflSÃÎà ʟ Ê UË ÃâÊÊ apple U, Ê fl Ê ÊÁŒ» ŒÊ U fl ÊÒÁc U ÃàflÊapple apple èê U Í U» Êapple apple apple«u ªÊŸapple Ë ÊŸ Ê UË èêë ß ÁòÊ Ê apple ÿ- ÿ U ŒË ÊÃË UÒ ÿê fl UáÊ ê ãäêë ŸÊapple apple UûÊ U èêë ŒappleŸapple Ê ÿê Á ÿê ÊÃÊ UÒ Î ÁcÊ flêáÿ Ë ÊÁŒ Ê apple Î ÁcÊ- Uê UÊ apple È«U Ë UÈß UÒ UŒÊ UáÊÊâÊ, ŒÁˇÊáÊË UÁ UÿÊáÊÊ apple ÅÊappleÃÊapple apple Á ŸÊ Uapple fl ÅÊappleÃÊapple apple ÅÊapple «U Ë ªÊß ÊÃË UÒ UÁ UÿÊáÊÊ ÁòÊ Ê Î ÁcÊ-flÊÁŸ Ë apple U ÿèäã ÊÒäÊÊapple Ë èê U Í U ÊŸ Ê UË èêë U éäê UÊÃË UÒ UÁ UÿÊáÊÊ Êapple ê ÁflèÊʪ mê UÊ ÁflªÃ È U flcêêapple apple ÊÁ Êà ΠÁcÊ flêœ, Î cê Êapple Êapple Uàfl ÍáÊ Î ÁcÊ ÊŸ Ê UË U éäê UÊ U UË UÒ UÁ UÿÊáÊÊ ÁflôÊÊŸ Œ áê - UÁ UÿÊáÊÊ apple ÁflôÊÊŸ fl à ŸË Ë ÁflèÊʪ mê UÊ ÁflôÊÊŸ apple øê U- Ê U Êapple Êappleà Ê UŸ ŒappleŸapple, ÁflôÊÊŸ Ë ŸflËŸÃ ÊŸ Ê UË U éäê UÊŸapple, flòôêêáÿ Êapple apple ËflŸ fl UŸ apple Î ÁÃàfl apple ÁfllÊÁâÊ ÿêapple Êapple flªã UÊŸapple apple UŒ Œapple ÿ apple UÁ UÿÊáÊÊ ÁflôÊÊŸ Œ áê ŸÊ ÁflôÊÊŸ ÁòÊ Ê Ê Ê ÊŸ Ê UêèÊ Á ÿê UÒ òêò ÊÁ Ë ÁòÊ Ê apple L apple UÁ UÿÊáÊÊ ÁflôÊÊŸ Œ áê Ÿapple UŒ Œapple ÿ apple ÍáÊ ÃÿÊ» U UË UÒ UlÊŸ, Î ÁcÊ fl ÿê fl UáÊ ê ãäêë ÁflôÊÊŸ- ÁòÊ Êÿapple Sfl$ üêë ŒŸ Êapple UŸ ªÈåÃÊ apple ÿê apple Ÿ v~ y apple Ò âê apple UlÊŸ ÁòÊ Ê Ê ÊÈèÊÊ U èê Á ÿê ªÿÊ âêê UlÊŸ ê ãäêë Sà ÁflcÊÿÊapple U ÊäÊÊÁ UÃ ß ÁòÊ Ê Êapple èêê Uà apple ÊÁ Êà UÊappleŸapple flê Ë fl âê ÁòÊ Ê UÊappleŸapple Ê ªÊÒ Ufl Êåà UÒ Á f UlÊŸÁflŒ ŒŸ Êapple UŸ ªÈåÃÊ mê UÊ UÊappleÁ à fl ÊappleÁcÊà ÿ U UlÊŸ- ÁòÊ Ê ªèʪ ŒÊapple- U Êß Œ Ê Ã Î cê Êapple fl UlÊŸ- appleá ÿêapple Ë Ÿfl Uà appleflê UÃË U UË UÒ Ò âê apple UË Ÿ UË ãÿí ŸÊ UlÊŸ- ÁòÊ Ê ÊÁ Êà UÊappleŸÊ Ê UêèÊ UÈß UÒ UlÊŸ ÁòÊ Ê Ë èêê Áà ÿ U èêë UlÊŸ ê ãäêë Uàfl ÍáÊ ÊŸ ÊÁ UÿÊ U éäê UÊÃË UÒ Á U Ê U apple ÊÁ ÊÃ Ê ÈŒÊÁÿ ÅÊappleÃË Uà Î c U Î ÁcÊ ÁflôÊÊŸ ÁòÊ Ê UÒ ÿ U ÁòÊ Ê Î cê Êapple Êapple» - È UˇÊÊ apple ãuçúuøæ ææ çß ææù ÎÂü æ 23

24 æâ-âæâ êéêáãäêã ê ÍáÊ ôêêÿ ŒappleŸapple apple ÊâÊ ŸflËŸÃ Î ÁcÊ - à ŸË ê ãäêë ÊŸ ÊÁ UÿÊ èêë U éäê UÊÃË UÒ ß apple Î ÁcÊ apple ê ÁãäÊà Á ÊŸÊapple apple Ÿÿapple ŸÈèÊfl fl Î ÁcÊ apple ê ÁãäÊà ÿfl Êÿ UŸapple Ë ÊŸ Ê UË èêë U éäê UÊappleÃË UÒ ÿ U ÁòÊ Ê, òêêøê U apple Êäÿ apple, Á ÊŸÊapple Ë ÅÊappleÃË apple ê ÁãäÊà SÿÊ Êapple Ê èêë ÊäÊÊŸ UÃË UÒ È L ˇÊappleòÊ apple ÊÁ Êà Êà åêÿê fl UáÊ fl ª Ê ËáÊ Áfl Ê Êapple Á à ÊÁ ÁflôÊÊŸ ÁòÊ Ê UÒ ÿ U v~ flcê Ífl Áfl ÊÈf ÊÁ UÁàÿ ÁòÊ Ê apple L apple Î L ˇÊappleòÊ apple ªŒË Êø㌠ÊÒÁ Ê mê UÊ, üêë Ë. Ÿ. UÊÿ (èêê UÃËÿ ÈÁ appleflê) apple UÊ Ê apple, Ê UêèÊ UÈß âêë ÿ U ÊÁ ÁòÊ Ê Ê Êãà U apple ÍáÊ åêÿê fl UáÊ- ÁòÊ Ê apple L apple Á UáÊà UÊapple ªÿË åêÿê fl UáÊ ê ãäêë ÊÊappleäÊ- Ê appleåê fl ÊŒappleÁ Ê ÃâÊÊ flòá fl åêÿê fl UáÊ- ÊøÊ U ß ÁòÊ Ê Êapple flòá Êc U ÿ ŒÊŸ UÃapple UÒ àÿapple apple åêÿê fl UáÊ Êapple Á à ÁflÃÊ èêë ÁòÊ Ê Êapple Î Ã UŸapple apple ÊâÊ- ÊâÊ åêÿê fl UáÊ- ÃÈ Ÿ ŸÊÿapple UÅÊŸapple apple Áà Ÿ ÊäÊÊ UáÊ apple ʪL ÃÊ ÒŒÊ UÃË UÒ ß ÁòÊ Ê apple ÿê fl UáÊ apple ÊâÊ- ÊâÊ Î ÁcÊ fl flêáÿ Ë Á UÿÊapple ŸÊ Êapple ê ãäêë ÊŸ ÊÁ UÿÊapple Ê èêë Êflapple Ê U UÃÊ UÒ UÁ UÿÊáÊÊ fl ãÿ Œapple ÊÊapple apple ß Ë ª UøÊŸ UÒ åêÿê fl UáÊ ËflŸË åêÿê fl UáÊÁflŒ «UÊÚ. UÊ ÁŸflÊ ÿêœfl apple ê ÊŒŸ apple ÊÁ Êà UÊappleŸapple flê Ë åêÿê fl UáÊ ê ãäêë Uàfl ÍáÊ UÊc U Ëÿ ÁòÊ Ê UÒ ÁflèÊʪ mê UÊ ªÃ { flcêêapple apple ÿê fl UáÊ èêflÿ, ø UÅÊË ŒÊŒ UË apple ÁŸÿÁ à L apple ÊÁ Êà UÊappleŸapple flê Ë ÿ U U Ê UË ÁòÊ Ê åêÿê fl UáÊ UˇÊÊ U ÊappleäÊ apple Ÿapple ÉÊÊappleÁcÊà UŒ Œapple ÿ U ÍáÊ L apple ÅÊ UË Uà U U UË UÒ ß apple àÿapple apple åêÿê fl UáÊ apple ÁflÁèÊããÊ ˇÊÊapple apple È«U apple ÊŸ Ê UË ÍáÊ appleåêêapple ÊÒ U ÁflÃÊ Êapple apple ÁÃÁ UÄÃ, åêÿê fl UáÊ ê ãäêë ªÁÃÁflÁäÊÿÊapple Ê Áflfl UáÊ, åêÿê fl UáÊ ŸÊappleappleûÊ UË fl åêÿê fl UáÊ UˇÊÊ apple È«U apple ÁflÁèÊ㟠ÿáäãÿêapple Ê Á Uøÿ èêë Áê Á à UÊappleÃÊ UÒ UÊ ÁflfÃÊ ÍáÊ appleåêêapple apple Êäÿ apple åÿê fl UáÊ apple ê ÈÅÊ U ÁSâÊà øèÿêòáãÿêapple ÊÒ U ŒÍcÊáÊ apple Ê UáÊ U Ãapple ÅÊà UÊapple apple flªã UÊÿÊ ÊÃÊ UÒ, fl UË åêÿê fl UáÊ ÊøÊ U SÃêèÊ apple ã㪠à åêÿê fl UáÊ ê ãäêë Uàfl ÍáÊ ÊøÊ U ÊÁ Êà Á ÿapple ÊÃapple UÒ Ÿapple åêÿê fl UáÊÁflŒÊapple fl åêÿê fl UáÊ UˇÊáÊ UappleÃÈ Á ÿ ÁflÁ Êc U ÿáäãÿêapple Ê UÿÊappleª ß Uà Î c U ÁòÊ Ê Êapple Êåà UÒ UÁ UÿÊáÊÊ ÁflôÊÊŸ ø ÊÒ U UÁ UÿÊáÊÊ Ê ß È appleá UŸ Ÿ v~} apple ÁflôÊÊŸ Ë U ÁéäÊÿÊapple apple Ÿ ÊäÊÊ UáÊ Êapple flªã UÊŸapple apple Á èêê Uà ÁflôÊÊŸ Á Áà ŸË fl ÁflôÊÊŸ- àâêêapple Ë èêê UÃ-ÿÊòÊÊ ÊÿÊappleÁ à UÈß ÿ U ÁèÊŸfl ÿêappleª âêê ß apple apple UáÊÊ apple U, UÊapple Uà apple ʪM flòôêêáÿ Êapple, Á ÊˇÊÊÁflŒÊapple fl ÁflôÊÊŸ apple Áà Á à ëê㜠Uà Ê UË ŸÊapple Ÿapple UÁ UÿÊáÊÊ ÁflôÊÊŸ ø apple ŸÊ apple SflÒÁë U SâÊÊ Ê ªΔUŸ Á ÿê SâÊÊ Ê Í UŒŒapple ÿ ŸÁ Uà apple ÁflôÊÊŸ fl flòôêêáÿ ÊŸÁ ÃÊ apple Ê U UappleÃÈ Êÿ UŸÊ âêê ß Ë apple ã㪠à v~ } apple UË UÊapple Uà apple «UÚÊ. UÊáÊÊ ÃÊ Á U apple ê ÊŒŸ apple UÁ UÿÊáÊÊ Ê ß È appleá UŸ ŸÊ ÁflôÊÊŸ- ÁòÊ Ê Ê Ê ÊŸ Ê UêèÊ Á ÿê ªÿÊ ÁflôÊÊŸ fl à ŸË Ë ŸËÁÃÿÊapple Ê ÍÀÿÊ Ÿ, ÁflôÊÊŸ apple ÁflÁèÊ㟠U È Êapple apple ê ÁãäÊà ŸflËŸÃ ÊŸ Ê UË ÊÒ U ÁflôÊÊŸ apple ˇÊappleòÊÊapple apple Á U ÿêappleªë Ê ª Ë È UÊ U UÊappleø U ª apple SÃÈÁà UáÊ ß ÁòÊ Ê apple Í ˇÿ ÁŸäÊÊ Á Uà Á ÿapple ªÿapple ÁòÊ Ê Ê UÁêèÊ flcêêapple apple àÿáäê» U UË ß Áfl ÊapplecÊÊ èêë ÁŸ Ê apple ªÿapple ÍŸ v~~x Ê åêÿê fl UáÊ Áfl ÊapplecÊÊ âêê åêÿê fl UáÊ ê ãäêë ÊŸ Ê UË apple Á U ÍáÊ ÿ U ª UáÊËÿ UÒ UÁ UÿÊáÊÊ Êß È appleá UŸ apple åêÿê fl UáÊ, Î ÁcÊ ÊÒ U flêáÿ Ë ÁflôÊÊŸ apple èêë U È Êapple apple ê ÁãäÊà U ÿêappleªë ª Ë È UÊŸapple Ê èê U Í U ÿê Á ÿê ªÿÊ ÿ- ÿ U èêê Uà ôêêÿ-áflôêêÿ Á Áà fl UÁ UÿÊáÊÊ ÁflôÊÊŸ ø, UÊapple Uà apple UÿÊappleª apple UÁ UÿÊáÊÊ fl ãÿ UÊíÿÊapple apple ëøêapple apple ÁfløÊ U-ÁflÁŸ ÿ Á Uà ÁflôÊÊŸ apple Ê Êapple ôêêÿfläê Êÿ ÊÿÊappleÁ à Á ÿapple ªÿapple ߟ Ê Í UÊ Áflfl UáÊ UÁ UÿÊáÊÊ Ê ß È appleá UŸ Ÿapple ÊÁ Êà Á ÿê Œ Ê apple ÁäÊ ÿ û ÃÊ Ífl Ÿ appleflê UŸapple apple ÊŒ Ÿ-ÁflôÊÊŸ Ë ß Uà Î c U ÊÁ ÁòÊ Ê Ê Ê ÊŸ Œ UÊapple ªÿÊ ÿ U 24 ãuçúuøæ ææ çß ææù ÎÂü æ

25 æâ-âæâ ÁŸ Œapple U ŒÈÅÊŒÊÿË âêê éêê ÁflôÊÊŸ ÁòÊ Ê Ê U ÁáÊ v~~y apple UÁ UÿÊáÊÊ ÁflôÊÊŸ ø, UÊapple UÃ Ë Êapple U apple Ê -ÁflôÊÊŸ ÁòÊ Ê Ê U ÁáÊ Ê Ê ÊŸ Ê UêèÊ Á ÿê ªÿÊ ß ÁòÊ Ê Êapple UÁ UÿÊáÊÊ Ë âê Ê -ÁflôÊÊŸ ÁòÊ Ê UÊappleŸapple Ê ªÊÒ Ufl Êåà UÒ ß Ë UÊ Ê ŒÊòÊË Á Áà Ÿapple Êapple. Á ÊflÊŒÊ ( apple U ), apple. apple. Î cáê È Ê U (ÁŒÀ Ë) ÊÀ UÍ (øá«uëª U ) «UÚÊ. ÃË Ê Ê «U Ê Á U Ê U) ÊÒ U «UÚÊ. apple.flë. Èé Ê UÊfl ( UÊapple Uà ) Áê Á à âêapple «UÚÊ. UÊáÊÊ ÃÊ Á U apple È Ê ê ÊŒŸ apple ÿ U ÁòÊ Ê ß flcê ø Ë U èêêcêê apple flòôêêáÿ ÊŸ ÊÁ UÿÊ, Ê Êapple ÿêappleªë ÁflôÊÊŸ- UÊÁŸÿ Ê, ÁflÃÊ, apple U ª, ÁflÁèÊ㟠Êÿ ÊÊ Ê Êapple Ë Á U Êapple U Á Uà ÊÒ U UÈÃ- È U U ÿêappleªë Ê ª Ë ÊÁ Uà Á UÈ UÊappleÃË âêë, ÿ U ÁòÊ Ê UÁ UÿÊáÊÊ Êß È appleá UŸ Ë Ã U U» ÃÊ apple ËÁà ʟ SâÊÊÁ à U ÿ U âê Ê -ÁflôÊÊŸ ÁòÊ Ê È U flcê Ífl - 㜠UÊapple ªÿË apple Ë ÁòÊ Ê Êapple Ê ÈŸ ã UÊappleŸÊ øêá U U Ê U Ë UÊÿÃÊ Ë Êfl ÿ ÃÊ UÒ, apple Ë U ÿêappleªë ÁòÊ Ê Êapple Êapple UÁ UÿÊáÊÊ ÁflôÊÊŸ ø fl à ÊË Êapple Êÿ UË Ò Ë È U SÊ SâÊÊ UÁ UÿÊáÊÊ apple flòôêêáÿ ÿêappleªêapple apple ÊäÊÊ U U äêáfl flê ÍáÊ ŒÊflÊapple Ë Êapple ÅÊÊapple Ÿapple Ê UÊ UŸËÿ Êÿ U U UË UÒ ÁflÁèÊ㟠òê- ÁòÊ Ê Êapple apple appleåê èêë Á ÅÊapple Ê U Uapple UÒ Ÿ- ÊäÊÊ UáÊ apple flòôêêáÿ øappleãÿê Áfl Á à U apple UË Uã Uapple UŒ flapple ÊË øê à ÊÁ U ΔUªÊapple apple ÊfläÊÊŸ Á ÿê Ê ÃÊ UÒ ÿ U Êÿ ÿêappleªêapple mê UÊ Ÿ ÊäÊÊ UáÊ Êapple UŸ Ë Á ÿã ÃÊŸapple fl ÃÊÁ appleåêêapple apple UË èêfl UÒ UÁ UÿÊáÊÊ ÁflôÊÊŸ ø, à ÊË Êapple Êÿ UË fl ãÿ SâÊÊ ÿ U Êÿ áê èêêfl apple ê ãÿ U U UË UÒ ÊÒ U flòôêêáÿ Áøãß Êapple ŸÿÊ ÊÿÊ Œapple U UË UÒ ÊÿÈÁfl ôêêÿ UÁ UÿÊáÊÊ apple ÊÿÈÁfl ôêêÿ apple äÿÿÿ apple È«U apple ß ŸËÁcÊÿÊapple Ÿapple Á UãŒË apple ÊÿÈÁfl ôêêÿ- ÊÁ Uàÿ Ë UøŸÊ apple UŸËÿ ÿêappleªœêÿ ÁŒÿÊ UÒ È L ˇÊappleòÊ apple üêë Î cáê UÊ Ëÿ ÊÿÈflapple ÁŒ ÊÚ apple fl S ÃÊ apple Ífl ÊøÊÿ -ÁŸŒapple Ê «UÊÚ. ÁfllÊfl à Á U Ê UÊ Ÿapple, «UÊÚ. ŒŸªÊapple Ê Ê Ê apple ÁŸŒapple ÊŸ apple, à flê ( ÊÁ ÿ SâÊ Ê) apple flê ÊlflÊÁ U Ê ÊÊappleäÊŸ Ê Ÿ U ÃÈ ŸÊà ÁøÁ à Ëÿ äÿÿÿ ÁflcÊÿ U Ë. ø.«uë. apple Á ŸÊ ÊÊappleäÊ-ª ãâê SÃÈà Á ÿê âêê, Êapple Ê Êãà U apple ÊÁ Êà UÈ Ê ÊÿÈÁfl ôêêÿ U èêë Á UãŒË apple Ÿapple ª ãâêêapple Ë UøŸÊ UÈß UÒ SâÊ Êapple U U ÊÿÈflapple Œ ÊÚ apple apple «UÊÚ. Á apple ÅÊÊ Ê ÊÒ U «UÊÚ. ÁfllÊfl à Á U Ê UÊ Á UÃ ß ãÿ ÁflfÊŸÊapple Ÿapple ÊÿÈflapple Œ äêë ÈSà Êapple Ë UøŸÊ Ë UÒ òê- ÁòÊ Ê Êapple apple appleåêÿ UÁ UÿÊáÊÊ apple Ÿapple flòôêêáÿ, åêÿê fl UáÊÁflŒ, ÊÈ- ˇÊË fl flÿs ÁÃ-ÁflôÊÊŸË ÊÒ U Á ÊˇÊÊÁflŒ ÊÊappleäÊ òê- ÁòÊ Ê Êapple fl Á UãŒË ÊøÊ U- òêêapple apple ŸÊapple ÿêappleªë flòôêêáÿ Ëÿ appleåê Á ÅÊ U UÊ UŸËÿ Êÿ U U Uapple UÒ ŒÒÁŸ Á U éÿíÿ, UÁ UÿÊáÊÊ flêœ, UÁ UÿÊáÊÊ ÁflôÊÊŸ Œ áê, UÁ UèÊÍÁ, èêês U, ŸflèÊÊ Uà UÊß ê ÊÁŒ òê- ÁòÊ Ê Êapple apple ÿêappleªœêÿ ŒappleŸapple apple ÊâÊ- ÊâÊ UÊc U Ëÿ òê- ÁòÊ Ê Êapple apple èêë ÁflôÊÊŸ- appleåêÿ apple ÿapple Á ÿ L apple È«U apple UÈ UÒ ßŸ apple «UÊÚ$ apple$ $ ÿêœfl, «UÊÚ$ Êapple èêêã ª flê, «UÊÚ. flë UappleãŒ Ê Ê, «UÊÚ$ ŸÈèÊÊ ÊÒ Ê, «UÊÚ$ UÊ ÁŸflÊ ÿêœfl, «UÊÚ$ ŒË Ê Ê SŸapple UË, «UÊÚ$ UáÊflË U Á U ŒÁ UÿÊ, «UÊÚ$ ŒŸªÊapple Ê Ê Ê, «UÊÚ$ ÁfllÊfl à Á U Ê UÊ, «UÊÚ. Ê U$ $ Ë$ Êÿ flê, «UÊÚ$ apple $ Ë$ ΔUÊ È U, àÿflë U ŸÊ UÁ«U ÿê, ÉÊ «UË Ê ª flê Á Uà Ÿapple ÈâÊË ŸÊapple Ÿapple Êapple Á ÿ ÁflôÊÊŸ ÊÁ Uàÿ- ÎíÊŸ apple È«U apple U U U UÁ UÿÊáÊÊ apple ÁflôÊÊŸ-øappleÃŸÊ ÊªÎà UŸapple apple ÿâêê èêfl UÿÊappleª ÁŒÿÊ UÒ È U ÿ Ífl «UÊÚ$ apple$ $ ÿêœfl apple ÁŸäÊŸ apple ÁflôÊÊŸ appleåêÿ apple ˇÊappleòÊ apple ŸˇÊòÊ Sà UÊapple ªÿÊ UÒ UŸ Ê ÿêappleªœêÿ ÁflS UáÊËÿ U UÊ UÒ ÿ U UË UÒ Á UÁ UÿÊáÊÊ apple ÁflôÊÊŸ- appleåêÿ fl ÁflôÊÊŸ-øappleÃŸÊ apple Ÿ- Ÿ Ã Ê U apple Á Á Ã, È ÊÊL fl ŸËcÊË ŸÊapple Ë Ë Ÿ UË UÒ, UãÃÈ Ê apple flòôêêáÿ ÿèª apple, UÁ UÿÊáÊÊ apple, Á UãŒË apple UÁøà ÁflôÊÊŸ- ÊÁ Uàÿ, ÁflôÊÊŸ- ÁòÊ Ê Êapple ÊÒ U ÊøÊ U- òêêapple apple ÊÁ Êà flòôêêáÿ Ëÿ Ê appleåêêapple Ë ÅÿÊ ÿê åã Ÿ UË UÒ Ê Êfl ÿ ÃÊ ß ÊÃ Ë UÒ Á U Ê U ÁflôÊÊŸ- ÊÁ Uàÿ, ÁflôÊÊŸ appleåê Êapple fl ÁflôÊÊŸ- ÁòÊ Ê Êapple Êapple Êappleà Ê UŸ Œapple, ÃÊÁ ÁflôÊÊŸ apple È«U Ë ÊŸ ÊÁ UÿÊ ŸÃÊ Ë èêêcêê apple ŸÃÊ Ã UÈ øapple ÊÒ U Ê Ê àÿapple ÿáäã ÁflôÊÊŸ apple ŸflËŸÃ ÊÿÊ Êapple apple flªã UÊapple U ÿâêêappleáøã ÊèÊ UΔUÊ apple - ÃèÊË flòôêêáÿ Ëÿ ŸÈ äêêÿêapple Ë ÊâÊ ÃÊ UÒ UÁ UÿÊáÊÊ ÁflôÊÊŸ Œ áê Ê Ê ÊŸ Á UãŒË ÁflôÊÊŸ appleåêÿ Êapple Êappleà ÊÁ Uà UŸapple Ë ÁŒ ÊÊ apple Uàfl ÍáÊ Œ UÒ ÁflôÊÊŸ ÁflcÊÿ apple L Áø Œ ÊÊ Ÿapple flê apple ÁfllÊÁâÊ ÿêapple Êapple UÊòÊflÎÁÃÿÊ Ê ÊfläÊÊŸ U, UÁ UÿÊáÊÊ U Ê U Ÿapple ß ÁŒ ÊÊ apple Uàfl ÍáÊ Œ UΔUÊÿÊ UÒ ß apple ŒÍ UªÊ Ë Á UáÊÊ UÊapple ªapple apple Ë Ê ÊÊ Ë Ê ÃË UÒ ÊøÊÿ $ $ ÒŸ$ ( Ë$ Ë$) ÊÚ apple ê Ê Ê Ê U U, ( UÁ UÿÊáÊÊ) ãuçúuøæ ææ çß ææù ÎÂü æ 25

26 égæ Ùèç Øæ âð Á» åêêòê Á Uøÿ ÊÊSòÊË Ë Á U ŒË äÿê ) äêêapple Í - UÊòÊ Ê ŒÊapplecÊ Ÿ UË UÒ UË- Ê Ë äÿê } Êapple Í - UÊòÊ UË ßŸ apple ÅÊÊŸapple fl ÁÅÊ ÊŸapple ÈÅÿ äÿê ~ ÁäÊ Ê UË v apple Ê UflÊ UË UÊapple ÃË UÒ ª apple Ë äÿê væ ÁäÊ Ê UË w ãÿâêê ß Ê ÊèÊ UÈà Ë$ UË$ Êß $ vv ÁäÊ Ê UË x UÒ Ò Ê Êapple ˇÊÊ ŸÊÿ vw êêèåÿ ÁäÊ Ê UË äêè Ê Ã ÿê U U Á ÅÊ U ÊÊSòÊË Ë ˇÊÊ apple ÒΔUapple ß apple ÊèÊ ÁªŸflÊÃÊ UÍ $$$$$ UÊòÊÊapple Êapple ÊÊ U Uapple UÒ ) øê UΔUÊ U ÊÊSòÊË Ë ÊÊSòÊË Ë åÿê Uapple ëøêapple ÿapple Êapple Êapple Uapple Ë ªÊappleÁ ÿê U Ê U Ÿapple Ê apple Á èêapple Ë UÒ, ß apple ÅÊÊŸapple apple Ê Êapple UÈà ÊèÊ UÊappleªÊ ÿapple ªÊappleÁ ÿê ÅÊÊŸapple apple Ê apple ÅÊÍŸ Ë flîáf UÊapple Ê ªË, Ê apple Ê UË U ÃâÊÊ ÈÁf Ê Áfl Ê UÊapple Ê ªÊ ß Á Ê Êapple ÿapple ªÊappleÁ ÿê ÅÊÈ ÊË-ÅÊÈ ÊË ÅÊÊ appleÿë øêá U ˇÊÊ ŸÊÿ ªÈM Ë Êapple Uapple apple øÿapple ø ÊŸapple Ê È UÊfl UÊ ÃÊapple Ê Ÿapple Á ÅÊÊÿÊ âêê UãÃÈ ÿapple Êapple Uapple Ë ªÊappleÁ ÿê ÊΔU ÿ apple UÊ apple Ê ªÿË$$$$$$$$$$$$? ÊÊSòÊË Ë Uapple ëøêapple Ê Êapple Ÿ UË ßŸ Êapple Uapple Ë ªÊappleÁ ÿêapple apple apple UÊ âê UÒ Êapple UèÊc Ë ªÊappleÁ ÿê âêê à Êÿ UŸ Uapple apple U, Êapple U Ê U apple SflÊSâÿ ÁflèÊʪ Ÿapple Ê apple SflÊSâÿ flîáf apple Á èêapple Ë UÒ ˇÊÊ ŸÊÿ ªÈM Ë, Êà ÃÊ Êapple $$$$$ ÁÃÁŒŸ ÅÊ Ê UÊapple, UË$flË$ apple ߟ apple ÅÊÊŸapple apple ëøapple Ë Ê U «U Ÿapple Ê ÊøÊ U Ê U UÊ UÒ Á Ë apple apple U apple ŒŒ UÊapple ÊÃÊ UÒ ÃÊapple Á Ë Êapple UÀ UË ª ÊÃË UÒ, Á» U Ê U apple ÿapple ªÊappleÁ ÿê ÅÊÊŸapple Êapple ÄÿÊapple U U Uapple UÊapple ˇÊÊ apple È U UÊòÊ ÅÊ«U apple UÊapple U ÃâÊÊ È U ÒΔUapple- ÒΔUapple ŸË ŸË ÁÃÁ ÿê ŒappleŸapple ªapple ˇÊÊ apple ÊÊapple U Ê UÊ Ê U ªÿÊ ÊÊSòÊË Ë apple âê âê Ê U ÃâÊÊ øê Êapple U ëøêapple Êapple øè UÊÿÊ ÊÃapple UŸÊ Œ UÊapple äÿêÿ Ífl ÈŸÊapple ß apple ߟ ªÊappleÁ ÿêapple Êapple«U U ªÊappleÁ ÿê ÅÊÊŸapple apple ÊèÊ Á ÅÊŸapple ªapple ªÊappleÁ ÿêapple apple èêÿèêëã UÊòÊ Á U apple mê U apple ÁŸ U øè øê Ê U U ÁŸ ª ) ÊÊSòÊË Ë (øêò U), Uapple Ê Uapple ÁfllÊâÊË œè Ê Ã øêÿ UÊ ªÊÿ UÊapple ª $$$? Ò ÃÊapple Ê apple ÊèÊ Ë Êà U U UÊ âêê «U apple Áfl flê apple ÊâÊ ÈÅÿÊäÿÊ Ë Êapple Ê flê Ÿ Œapple U ÊÿÊ âêê Á ëøêapple Êapple ÊÊ U ªÊappleÁ ÿê ÁÅÊ ÊŸapple apple Á appleá Uà U ŒÍ ªÊ$$$$ appleá Ÿ ÿ UÊ ÃÊapple UÊòÊ UË ÁŸ ª ÈÅÿÊäÿÊ apple Ê Ÿapple Ê U ÄÿÊ UÍ ªÊ? Ê Ë èêêcêê apple äÿê Ãapple Ë apple ÈÅÿÊäÿÊ apple Uapple apple flapple Ê UÃapple UÒ) Ê Ë äÿê --Áø ÁÃà Sfl U apple ) Ë UÒ«U ÊS U U Ê U, Ê U U ÁŸ U ŒappleÅÊÊapple, ߟ ªÊappleÁ ÿê ÃÊapple «U U apple ëøapple ÉÊ U ŸÍ UÍ U ª UappleÃË 26 ãuçúuøæ ææ çß ææù ÎÂü æ

27 UÊapple$$$$$ UappleÃË ÈÅÿÊäÿÊ -Ãapple Ë apple UΔU U Ê U U UÊ Œapple apple ÊÃapple UÈ ) S Í apple Ê Uapple äÿê UÊ ø apple ª $$$$$? ÈÅÿÊäÿÊ Ÿapple Ê U U UÊ Œapple apple ÅÊ«U apple Ë$ UË$ Êß $ apple Í UÊ) Ë$ UË$ Êß - U$$$$ øê U äÿê ÃÊapple UÈ U UË U UÒ, ŒÊapple Ò ª UÒ, ß ˇÊÊ apple UÒ ÊÒ U Ê Ë S UÊ» M apple ËÁ U ª U U Uapple UÒ$$$$$$$$ ÈÅÿÊäÿÊ -ŒÁ UÿÊfl Á U, ëøêapple Êapple UÊapple Êapple, èêë ëøapple Êapple Ê U U à ÁŸ Ÿapple ŒÊapple$$$$$$$$$$ Ë$ UË$ Êß - Ë UÒ«U ÊS U U Ê U, ŸÊappleflË ˇÊÊ Êapple Ò èêê ÃÊ UÍ ß apple ªapple Ë apple äÿê UÒ, ß Á Êappleß èêë ëøê èêêªê Ÿ UË UÊappleªÊ apple ˇÊÊ Êapple ÃÊapple ªÊapple Ë ÁÅÊ Ê U UË ÉÊ U èêapple appleªapple $$$$$ Ê ø «U Ê Ë apple UÊâÊ ÊŸË ÊÒ U ªÊappleÁ ÿê ªflÊ Êapple Ò Ê U Êapple UÊapple ÃÊ UÍ $$$$ Ë$ UË$ Êß $ Ÿapple Uapple apple Á U apple mê U U ÃÊ Ê ªflÊ ÁŒÿÊ, ŒÍ Uapple mê U U ªŒ Ë èêê ÁÃ Ò U Ê U ÅÊ«U apple UÊapple ª ÀŒË UË ÈÅÿÊäÿÊ ø «U Ê Ë apple ÊâÊ ÊŸË ÊÒ U ªÊappleÁ ÿê Á flê U ˇÊÊ apple Ê ª êêèåÿêäÿê - åÿê Uapple ëøêapple, ÿapple ªÊappleÁ ÿê ÅÊÊŸapple apple Ê apple ÅÊÍŸ Ë flîáf UÊapple ÊÿappleªË, Á apple ÿêœê à Ãapple UÊapple Ê ªË UˡÊÊ apple Ÿê U ÁäÊ Ê ªapple ß Á ÁÃÁŒŸ èêë UÊòÊÊapple Êapple S Í apple ªÊappleÁ ÿê ÁÅÊ Êß Ê ªË ß ÊÈèÊ Êÿ Ê üêëªáêapple Ê Ê Ë ˇÊÊ apple Ê UêèÊ Á ÿê Ê ªÊ èêë ëøapple Êß Ÿ apple Ê U ªÊapple Ë Ê appleflÿ U apple$$$$$ (ÁåÊ U Ë Ë U U ÒΔUapple äêêapple Í - Êapple Í Ê apple»è»è ÊŸapple ªapple) äêêapple Í- Êapple Í Ê» ªapple ÊßÿÊ Ò $$$$$$ Êapple øÿ Ê UÊSÃÊ Ÿ UË UÒ ÿapple ªÊappleÁ ÿê ÃÊapple ÅÊÊŸË UË «Uapple ªË Êapple Í-èÊÊß apple UÒ ÃÊapple ߟ ªÊappleÁ ÿê Ë Êà ȟ U apple U apple ŒŒ UÊappleáÊ ÊªÊ$$$$ äêêapple Í-»Ò U ÃÊapple ΔUË UÒ, âêêapple«u Ê Ê apple UŒŒ ÊÒ U U Ê apple Ê Uapple S Í Ë UÈ U UË UÊapple ÊflappleªË$$$$ Êapple Í-ªÊappleÁ ÿê Ÿ ŒappleÅÊ Ò apple UÊ èêë Ë Ê Á ø ÊflÒ apple$$$$$$ äêêapple Í -»apple U ÃÒ ÃÍ èêë ŸÊ Ÿ ÊÒ U Á ø Ÿ Œapple$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Êapple Í-ÃÊapple ΔUË Ò èêêß äêêapple Í$$$$$ äêêapple Í-(Á À È ΔUË UÊappleáÊ Œapple ŸÊ U ŒÊappleŸÊapple Ÿapple Ò ø apple ŸËøapple apple UÊâÊ Á Ê ) Ë$ UË$ Êß - äêêapple Í ÊÒ U Êapple Í ŒÊappleŸÊapple Ê Ê Êapple ÊÒ U ŸË ŸË ªÊappleÁ ÿê ÅÊÊ Êapple äêêapple Í- èêë ÊÿÊ Ë$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Êapple Í- ë UÊ Ë$$$$$$$ égæ (ŒÊappleŸÊapple Ÿapple ÊŸË apple ÊâÊ ªÊappleÁ ÿê ª U Ë) È U UË Œapple U apple äêêapple Í apple U «U U ÒΔU ªÿÊ äêêapple Í- ÊS U U Ë apple Uapple apple U apple ŒŒ UÊappleŸ ʪÊ$$$$$$$$$ Ë$ UË$ Êß $- Ê ÒΔU Ê ŸË Ë U Ò, ΔUË UÊapple Ê ªÊ,» UÊ» U Ê ÁŸ UÊfláÊ Œapple$$$$$$ Êapple Í-( UÀ UË ÁŸ Ê Ãapple UÈ ) U Ë, Ò Uapple ÃÊapple UÀ UË ÊáÊ Ÿ UÊapple UË Ò$$$$ UÊ$$$$$$ UÊ$$$$$ Ë$ UË$ Êß - Ê Uapple Ãapple Ê U U U apple, Ê Uapple Uapple Ÿapple äêê ÒªÊ$$$$$ äêêapple Í- UÊÿ UË Ê U ªÿÊ$$$$$ ÁøÀ ÊÃapple UÈ apple U «U U äêêapple Í Ò øêapple apple Ëø apple Êapple U ªÿÊ) Êapple Í èêë Êapple U Êapple U apple UÈ - UÈ UŸapple ªÊ) êêèåÿêäÿê - Ë$ UË$ Êß $ ªÊappleÁ ÿê ÁÅÊ ÊŸapple Ê Œ U ŒÊapple, ŒappleÅÊappleªapple UÈ U UË Ê ÿ UÊapple ªÿÊ, - ëøêapple Ë UÈ U UË U ŒÊapple ÊÒ U äêêapple Í ÊÒ U Êapple Í Êapple apple Uapple ÊÁ» apple Ê U apple UÊ ŒÊapple Ò U Ê UË UÊappleS Ë U apple «UÊÄ U U Êapple» ÊappleŸ ªÊÃÊ UÍ $$$$$ ÈÅÿÊäÿÊ Ÿapple» ÊappleŸ Á ÿê ÃÊapple È U UË Œapple U apple UÊÚ UŸ ÊÃË UÈß ê Í Ò ÊÒ U «UÊÄ U U Ê ª, ÃÈ Uãà ŒÊappleŸÊapple ëøêapple Êapple ê Í Ò apple «UÊ U UÊappleS Ë U apple ÊÿÊ ªÿÊ) Ë$ UË$ Êß $- ÈÅÿÊäÿÊ Ê U È Êapple ÃÊapple ÿapple äêêapple Í ÊÒ U Êapple Í Ë Ê UÊ Uà ªÃË UÒ UÊappleS Ë U apple ÊÃapple UË apple apple UÊapple ª Ò apple È U UÈ Ê UË ŸÊ UÊapple$$$$$$$ ÈÅÿÊäÿÊ - Ê Ë Êà ΔUË UÊapple ÃË UÒ Ë$ UË$ Êß $ Ë, UãÃÈ U Êappleª Á US ÃÊapple Ÿ UË UΔUÊ Ãapple Êapple È U Êà UÊapple Ê ÃÊapple appleÿapple apple ŒappleŸapple «U Ê $$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Ë$ UË$ Êß - Êà ÃÊapple UË UÒ Ë, Ê apple ÊŸapple apple ÊS U UË UŸÊ «U Ê ÈÁ UÊapple ªÿÊ UÒ ΔUË UÒ Ë S Í apple Ê U ŒappleÅÊÃapple UÒ ( Ë$ UË$ Êß $ Ÿapple ÉÊ U Ë Êapple U È«U ª ÊÒ U ÈÅÿÊäÿÊ «U «Uapple Ë Êapple U) (äêë Uapple-äÊË Uapple èêë äÿê UÒ«U ÊS U U apple Uapple apple ÁòÊà UÊapple ª ) ª apple Ë äÿê - U Ê ÃÊapple Ê Uapple ãÿí apple U apple U Ê Uapple S Í Ë ãÿí èê UË «U Ë UÒ$$$$$$$ ãuçúuøæ ææ çß ææù ÎÂü æ 27

28 égæ apple Êapple ËÁ«UÿÊ øòÿ flê apple èêë Êÿ UŸ ªÊappleÁ ÿê Ë ÅÊ U UË Ê U- Ê U ÁŒÅÊÊ U Uapple U Uapple ÊÊSòÊË Ë- Ê ÃÊapple S Í apple Œ Áà Êà ëøapple èêë ÈÁ apple Ê UÒ ÄÿÊ Uapple È U Ê apple Ÿ UË Ê U UÊ êêèåÿêäÿê - ÉÊ UŸÊ Ê U Ê ÁŒŸ UÒ Á ÊˇÊÊ ÁäÊ Ê UË èêë Ê ø UŸapple Ê Ãapple UÒ ÃâÊÊ ªÊ fl flê apple ÊÒ U Ò flê apple èêë flê Êfl UŸapple Ê Ãapple UÒ, ß Á èêë äÿê Ÿapple- Ÿapple ëøêapple apple ÊâÊ ÄÀÊÊ apple U Uapple (äêë Uapple-äÊË Uapple èêë äÿê ŸË ŸË ˇÊÊ apple ø apple ª ) åê Œapple Ê Ë UÊ äêêÿë apple SflÊSâÿ ÁflèÊʪ apple ÁäÊ ÊÁ UÿÊapple Ë ÒΔU ÊÿÊappleÁ à UÈß Êÿ UŸ Ë ªÊappleÁ ÿê ÅÊÊ U SflSâÊ UÊappleŸapple flê apple UÊòÊÊapple U øøê Ê UêèÊ UÈß ÁäÊ Ê UË v- ëøêapple apple Ë Ê U UÊappleŸapple Ë ßÃŸË SÿÊ Ÿ UË UÒ, Á ÃŸË S Í flê Êapple Ÿapple ÃâÊÊ Á Á«UÿÊ flê Êapple Ÿapple UÊß Êß U U UÅÊÊ UÒ ßŸ ªÊappleÁ ÿêapple apple ÊèÊ Ë ÊÃapple Êappleß Ÿ UË Á ÅÊÃÊ$$$$$ ÁäÊ Ê UË w- UË Êà UÒ U Êappleª ÃÊapple ª Ê ËáÊ ëøêapple apple SflÊSâÿ ÈäÊÊ UŸapple apple Á ßÃŸÊ Ò Ê ÅÊø U U Uapple UÒ Á Êapple ÊèÊ UÊappleŸÊ UÒ UŸ Êapple ß Ë ÃÁŸ èêë ÁøãÃÊ Ÿ UË ÈÅÿ ÁäÊ Ê UË- ÃÊapple U Êapple Á U ß Êapple ÒÄ U Êapple Í UÊ UŸÊ «U appleªê ÄÿÊapple Á ê ŸË apple ŒflÊß ÿêapple Êapple ÅÊ UËŒÊ Ê øè Ê UÒ, apple Ò U Ë Ê øè Ë UÒ$$$$$$ ÁäÊ Ê UË x- ( Ÿ UË Ÿ) Ë ÊŸ ÅÊÊÿÊ Ê øè Ê UÒ ÈÅÿ ÁäÊ Ê UË- S Í Êapple apple ªÊappleÁ ÿê èêapple Ë Ê øè Ë UÒ ÿáœ È Œ ÁŒŸ ªÊappleÁ ÿê «U Ë U UË ÃÊapple ߟ Ë «Uapple U Ä Êÿ U UÊapple Ê ªË SflÊSâÿ ÁflèÊʪ Ë ŒŸÊ Ë UÊappleªË Áfl ˇÊ flê apple ËŸapple Ÿ UË Œappleªapple, Œ apple Ÿ UΔU Ê ªÊ$$$$$ ß Á èêë Á ÊˇÊÊ ÁäÊ ÊÁ UÿÊapple Êapple Åà ʌapple Ê Œapple ŒÊapple Á ÿapple ªÊappleÁ ÿê ëøêapple Êapple ÁÅÊ ÊŸË «Uapple ªË ÁäÊ Ê UË v-á À È ΔUË UÒ$$$$$$$$$$ UÊòÊ Ÿapple äÿê Êapple Ê UŸÊ UË Ÿ UË ÊŸappleªapple ÃÊapple Á Ê ÊŸappleªapple ÁfllÊÁâÊ ÿêapple U apple ÁäÊ èêêfl ÃÊapple äÿê Ê UÊappleÃÊ UÒ ÈÅÿÊäÿÊ Ê UÊ Ë$ UË $ Êß $ ÊÒ U ª apple Ë apple äÿê ÒΔUapple ëøêapple Ë U Êß U Áø ÃÊ U U Uapple âêapple êêèåÿêäÿê - åãê U Ëà ªÿÊ ëëêapple Ë ΔUË apple U Êß ø apple Œ - Ê ø Áà Êà ëøapple S Í apple ÊÃapple UÒ ÉÊÍ -ÉÊÊ U ø apple ÊÃapple UÒ ª apple Ë äÿê - ëøapple S Í UË Ÿ Ê ÃÊapple ÄÿÊ Uapple Á» U èêë U apple È U Ÿ È U ÃÊapple UŸÊ UË «U appleªê ÈÅÿÊäÿÊ - apple UË Ê apple ÿapple Ê U UÊ UÒ Á ªÊ fl apple ÈŸÊŒË UÊ ŒË Ê Á S Í apple ªÊappleÁ ÿê Ÿ UË ÁÅÊ Êß Ê ªË, ß Á èêë ëøapple S Í apple U Ÿapple apple Á Ê Ê ÿᜠÊappleß ëøê S Í apple Ÿ UË Ê ªÊ ÃÊapple U Ê ŸÊ Ê U ÁŒÿÊ Ê ªÊ Ë$ UË$ Êß $-Á À È UË, ÿapple Ê ÃÊapple Ê UË UflÊ ŒÊapple, ÃÊÁ Êapple flê U Êapple S Í apple ëøapple Ê Ê ( Êapple flê U Êapple ÁäÊ Ê Ê ëøapple S Í apple Ê ª, ÁflÁäÊflà U Êß øê Í UÊapple ªÿË) ª apple Ë äÿê -- ÈÅÿÊäÿÊ apple Uapple apple flapple Ê UÃapple UÈ ) Ê Ê ÁŒŸ ÃÊapple ΔUË - ΔUÊ U UÊ ÈÅÿÊäÿÊ Ë ÈÅÿÊäÿÊ - È U ΔUË ΔUÊ Ÿ UË UÒ, ÿapple ŒappleÅÊÊapple U Ê U Ê ÃÊ Ê»Ò Ä ÊÿÊ UÒ S UÊ» M apple èêë äÿê Êapple Ë ÒΔU È Ê Êapple ÊÒ U Êappleø ÁfløÊ U U Êapple ÄÿÊ UŸÊ UÒ ª apple Ë äÿê - Ë UÈ U UË UÊappleŸapple flê Ë UÒ, ß Á Ò èêë äÿê Êapple Êapple ÍøŸÊ èêapple ŒappleÃÊ UÒ ( èêë äÿê ÍøŸÊ ÊÃapple UË ÃÈ U à UÈ U UË U apple S UÊ» M apple Ê ª ) êêèåÿêäÿê - ÊŸ ÅÊÊapple U ÈŸ Êapple èêë- èêë ÿ U»Ò Ä «UÊÿ UÒÄ U U Ê U Ê ÊÿÊ UÒ, èêë S Í ÈÁÅÊÿÊ Êapple apple ŸÈ UÊappleäÊ UÒ Ÿapple Ÿapple S Í Êapple apple èêë UÊòÊÊapple Êapple Êÿ UŸ Ë Uapple apple U ÁÅÊ ÊŸapple Ë ÿflsâêê Uapple ÃâÊÊ ÁÃÁŒŸ Ë Á U Êapple U Ÿapple ÁäÊ Ê UË Êapple èêapple apple Á Ë Ê U Ë Ê UflÊ UË UŸapple U S Í ÈÁÅÊÿÊ Sflÿ Uà UŒÊÿË UÊappleªÊ 28 ãuçúuøæ ææ çß ææù ÎÂü æ

29 égæ ߟ ŸË Ë ªÊappleÁ ÿêapple apple ÅÊÊŸapple apple ëøêapple apple ÅÊÍŸ Ë Ë ŒÍ U UÊapple Ê ªË ÃâÊÊ Êappleß ëøê ŸappleÁ Ÿ UË U UappleªÊ ëøêapple Ê Ê UË U ÊÒ U ÁŒ ʪ ŒÊappleŸÊapple à ŒM Sà UÊapple Ê ªapple ëøêapple Ë S áê ÊÁÄà U Ê ªË ëøêapple apple Á ÊÁ UÿÊapple apple «U ãêapple Ë ˇÊ ÃÊ U Ê ªË ëøapple ÅÊapple - Í Œ apple èêë Ê Ê apple ªapple Êߟ ªÊapple Ë ÁÅÊ ÊŸapple apple ÊfläÊÊÁŸÿÊapple U èêë Á ÅÊË UÒ$$$$$$$ ªÊapple Ë ÅÊÊŸÊ ÅÊÊŸapple apple ÉÊ UÊ ÊÃ ÊŸË apple ÊâÊ apple ÅÊÊ Ë apple U ÿê ŒÍäÊ apple ÊâÊ ªÊapple Ë Ÿ apple ª apple Ë äÿê - ÈÁ apple Ê S Í apple ëøapple Ê âêapple, ÿᜠߟ Êapple Á» U apple ªÊapple Ë ÁÅÊ ÊŸapple Ë ÊappleÁ Ê Ê Ë ÃÊapple ÿapple Á» U apple S Í apple Ÿ UË Ê ªapple Ë$ UË$ Êß -(ª èêë U ÈŒ Ê apple ) UÒ«U ÊS U U Ê U Êappleß èêêß È UÊ Ÿ ÊŸapple ÃÊapple apple Uapple Ê È ÊÊfl UÒ, Á apple Ê èêë U Ê ÊÒ U ÊΔUË èêë Ÿ UÍ Uapple$$$$$$$ ÈÅÿÊäÿÊ -( Uà Ê U Ífl ) Ë$ UË$ Êß $ Ë ŸÊ È ÊÊfl ÃÈ U à ÃÊ Êapple$$$$ ÿapple ŸË Ë ªÊappleÁ ÿê ÃÊapple U Ê Uapple ª apple apple Ê ŸË UÈß UÒ Ë$ UË$ Êß $- apple UË Ê apple ÃÊapple Êà ÊÿË UÒ U Ê U ÃÊapple ߟ ªÊappleÁ ÿêapple Êapple ÁÅÊ Ê U UÊapple«U appleªë ÊÒ U ëëêapple ߟ ªÊappleÁ ÿêapple Êapple ÅÊÊ ªapple Ÿ UË U äÿê Êapple Êapple ŒÊappleŸÊapple Ë Êà ʟŸË «U appleªë$$$$ ÃÊapple UË UÊSÃÊ øê UÒ Êapple ëøê Sflappleë UÊ apple ªÊapple Ë ÅÊÊŸÊ øê Uapple ÁÅÊ Ê Œapple Ê Ë ªÊappleÁ ÿêapple Êapple ÁÃÁŒŸ àâê U apple Ê äê U ÃÊ Ê apple»ò Œapple$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ÈÅÿÊäÿÊ -ÄÿÊ Êà U U Uapple UÊapple, ÃÊ Ê apple»ò Œapple$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ª apple Ë äÿê - ÈÅÿÊäÿÊ Ê U Œ ΔUË È ÊÊfl UÒ$$$$$ ( Ê UË- Ê UË èêë äÿê Êapple Ÿapple ŸË U Áà U U ŒË) ÈÅÿÊäÿÊ -èêß Ê Uapple äÿê Êapple Ë ÿ UË Ê U UÒ ÃÊapple ΔUË UÒ$$$$$$$$$$$ ÃÊapple Ë$ UË$ Êß $ Ë, Ê Êapple UË ÿ U Êapple Ä U Í UÊ UŸÊ «U appleªê$$$$$ Ë$ UË$ Êß $- Êapple Êapple apple fl UË È á«uê ÅÊÊapple apple$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ÅÊÒ U èêêß ÿêapple apple Á Ò ß Ê Êapple Í UÊ U ŒÍ ªÊ Ê Ê Uapple ߟ ªÊappleÁ ÿêapple apple ÁŸÁ øã UÊapple Êß $$$$$$$$$$$$ ÒΔU Êåà UÊapple ªÿË ÁŸÁ øã UÊapple U Ÿapple Ÿapple ÉÊ U Êapple ø apple ª ª apple ÁŒŸ apple ÅÊÈ ÊË-ÅÊÈ ÊË ëøêapple Êapple ŸË Ë ªÊappleÁ ÿê ÁÅÊ ÊÿË ÊŸapple ªË Á ÊˇÊÊ ÁäÊ Ê UË Êapple Á U Êapple U èêapple Ë ÊŸapple ªË êêèåÿêäÿê - ( Ë$ UË$ Êß $ apple flapple Ê UŸapple U) Ë$ UË$ Êß Ë Ê Uapple Á apple apple Ÿapple S Í Ë Á U Êapple U apple ë UË UÒ Ê Êapple UÈà UÈà äêêß $$$$$$ Ë$ UË$ Êß $- ÈÅÿÊäÿÊ Ë apple UÊ ÄÿÊ Á ª«U ÃÊ UÒ, È U- È U ÊÊÒø ÊÁŒ apple Á ÃÊ Ê U ÊÃÊ UÍ ÃÊapple ªÊappleÁ ÿê»ò ÊÃÊ UÍ, U Ê U èêë ÅÊÈ Ê ÊÒ U ëøapple èêë ÅÊÈ Ê$$$$$$$$$ Ë$ UË$ Êß $ Ë Ê ÅÊ È U Œapple U apple ÅÊÈ Ë ÀŒË íêàœë Êapple U Ë UΔUÊÿË ÊÒ U ÃÊ Ê Ë Êapple U ÁŸ «U apple ÃÊ Ê apple Á ŸÊ Uapple UÍø U) Ë$ UË$ Êß $- ( Ê ÃÊapple Í UÊ ÁŒŸ ÁŸ ÊÿÊ ÿapple ÃÊapple ë UÊ UÈ Ê Á Ë Ÿapple ŒappleÅÊÊ Ÿ UË øêÿ øêò U) Uapple ß ÃÊ Ê apple ßÃŸË Êapple UË - Êapple UË UÁ ÿê U Ë Êapple U U U U U U ŒappleÅÊ U UË âêë UÊ apple ÊÿË ßÃŸË «U Ë- «U Ë UÁ ÿê? ŒflÊßÿÊapple apple - ûêapple Êapple ŸÊappleøŸapple apple Á Ò apple ʪ«U Ê U U UË UÒ ßÃŸË Ã ŒM Sà UÁ ÿê ÄÿÊ Êÿ UŸ Ë ŸË Ë ªÊapple Ë ÅÊÊŸapple apple UÊapple ªÿË? Ê Ë UŒÊ U UÒ ÿapple ªÊappleÁ ÿê - Ê Ê apple Uapple ªÊ fl apple, apple Uapple S Í apple UÊòÊÊapple Ÿapple ߟ ªÊappleÁ ÿêapple Êapple ÅÊÊ Á ÿê UÊappleÃÊ$$$$$ È Ê apple èêë «U Ê UÊäÊ UÊapple ªÿÊ ßÃŸË UÈ ÍÀÿ Êÿ UŸ Ë ªÊappleÁ ÿê ÃÊ Ê apple»ò U Ê Œ U ŒË Ê UË fl U Ê Uapple ëøêapple, äÿê Êapple ÃâÊÊ ÁèÊèÊÊfl Êapple Êapple ÃÊ Ê U Ê U ߟ ªÊappleÁ ÿêapple Ê èêêfl ÁŒÅÊÊ ªÊ$$$$$ Uapple èêªflêÿ U äÿê èêë Á ßapple Ê Ë ÊÒ U èêêfl UËŸ UÊapple ª $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ÅÊÒ U Êapple UÈ Ê Êapple UÈ Ê, ŸË Ë ªÊappleÁ ÿê àÿapple UÊòÊ Êapple ÅÊÊŸË UË «U appleªë, øê Uapple È Êapple UŸ apple Ê Ê Êapple ÊÊŸapple apple Á øê øä U ªÊŸapple «U apple ª apple ÊÒ UÃapple UÈ Uà Ê U apple ÊâÊ ªÊŸÊ ªÈŸªÈŸÊÃÊ UÒ) ŸË Ë ÿapple ªÊapple Ë, ÅÊÍŸ Ë ÿapple Êapple UË, ª ß Ê Ê UÒ, ÅÊÍŸ UÒ ÃÊapple ÊŸ UÒ ß apple ÅÊÊŸapple apple ß Ÿ U ÃÊ -w, ÅÊÍŸ U Ÿapple apple ÁŒ ʪ èêë U ÃÊ-w Êÿ UŸ Ë Á UÊ UË, Êapple U ÈM cê ŸÊÃË, ª ß apple ÊŸ UÒ, ÅÊÍŸ UÒ ÃÊapple $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ÅÊÊŸÊ ÅÊÊŸapple apple ÉÊ UÊ ÊŒ apple -w, ËŸÊ ÊŸË ÃÈ ß apple ÊâÊ apple -w ÿapple Êapple UË èêªê, à ŒÈM SÃË Ê, «U Ë ÿapple flêÿ Uapple, ÅÊÍŸ UÒ$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Á Ã Ë Ê, Êapple apple U ŒŒ UÊapple Ê -w, ÉÊ UÊŸÊ Ÿ ÊÊapple U øêÿê, ß Ê UÊŸÊ, ÿapple ËflŸ Ë UøÊŸ UÒ, ÅÊÍŸ UÒ ÃÊapple $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Œapple Ê U Ê UÊ ÊÇÊÒ «U Ê åÿê UÊ, ß Ë äê UÊ apple ŒÍäÊ Œ UË Ê ŸÊ UÊ, Á apple U Êapple Ÿê U flÿ ŸÊŸÊ, Ÿ U Uapple ŸappleÁ ÿê Ê ŸÊ Êapple ÁŸ ÊÊŸ UÒ$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ wvv, «U Ê, ÊÚ«U UÊ Ÿ, UÊapple Uà ( UÁ UÿÊáÊÊ) ãuçúuøæ ææ çß ææù ÎÂü æ 29

30 Water Crop Production Strategies with Poor Quality Waters Krishan Kumar, S K Sharma, Ram Prakash, Satyawan and Rajpaul Water scarcity forces water managers and users to balance the need for water with the available supplies worldwide. Dam-based canal irrigation has been playing the dominant role till now. In view of the reduced availability of fresh water resource and its increasing demand, it is essential that stress is laid upon development of poor quality ground water in areas with prolific aquifers and low stage of development; conservation of ground water resources through development of ground water in water logged areas and promoting use of saline/ brackish ground water. The irrigation induced water logging and salinity are the two major factors leading to crop yield decline in most of the irrigation commands. Further, the impact of continuous irrigation over the years cause the rise of ground water table into root zones also leads to reduction in crop yields. Alkali soils come into existence due to irrigation with poor quality waters, which are loaded with residual sodium carbonate. Continuous and unabated use of saline ground water affect the soil structure, salt balance and result in the disappearance of useful bacteria and plants essential for the stability of the soil system, further aggravating drinking water problems. Harmful Effects of saline Water Salinity is the word used to describe the salt content of soil or water. When 30 ãuçúuøæ ææ çß ææù ÎÂü æ

31 Water this salt content is excessive it degrades water quality and land productivity. Soluble salts are often found in water and soil but usually not in sufficient concentrations to affect plant and animal survival. Increases in salinity is usually caused by a rise in the level of underground water table bringing naturally occurring salt to the surface. This concentrates salt and affects the environment dependent on that soil and water. Lack of drainage or inadequacy of it is rapidly becoming a major constraint to limit agricultural production. Productivity of agricultural lands can only be sustained if drainage improvements are undertaken on cropland currently affected by submergence or high water tables. Harmful Effects of Alkali/Sodic Water Sodic water adversely affects soil physical properties. The increased exchangeable sodium percentages (ESP) resulting from long term use leads to breakdown of soil structure due to swelling and dispersion of clay particles. Fine textured soils remain dispersed and puddle when wet and hard when dry. A thin crust is often formed at the soil surface, which acts as a barrier to water penetration and seedling emergence. Increase in soil ph reduces the availability of a number of plant nutrients like nitrogen, zinc, iron etc. Irrigation with sodic water also results in decreased availability of calcium and magnesium and toxicity of sodium. Among the soluble constituents in irrigation water, sodium is considered as the most hazardous. Sodium affects the permeability of the soil by causing swelling and dispersion of clay particles and clogging of soil pores and it may cause injury to crops. The presence of high concentration of carbonates and bicarbonates results generally in an increase in the proportion of sodium because of precipitation of calcium and magnesium carbonate in contact with the soil. The classification of water according to the sodium content is based on the ratio of Na+ to (Ca+ and Mg ++). Drip irrigation system Yields of many crops, vegetables and fruit plants e.g. barley, dates and pomegranate, when irrigated with saline or brackish water by drip irrigation are not significantly affected. Saline/ brackish water can be successfully used to irrigate such plants and fresh or good quality water can be saved for use by other sensitive crops or for other uses. Tolerance of different crops to use of saline water irrigation through sprinkler lines: In case the ground water is of extremely poor quality and cannot be recommended even for blending, to check the rise in ground water table the irrigation doses applied should be just sufficient to reach the bottom of the root of the crop. The crops selected for growing in such area should be less water intensive. Such areas could beneficially be ãuçúuøæ ææ çß ææù ÎÂü æ 31

32 Water developed for oil seeds like mustard and pulses like gram or orchards. For developing of area through sprinkler/drip irrigation the canal system need be designed in manner making the drip system operatable. Integrated use of surface and ground water-conjunctiveuse: The isolated use of surface water ignoring optimal ground water use has resulted into various environmental problems. In view of the large demands on the fresh waters, it has become necessary to utilize the groundwater supplies available to the extent possible. conjunctive use of saline drain water-good quality water. Control of groundwater salinity through sub-surface drainage systems: The installation of subsurface drainage system helps in lowering of water table and leaching of soluble salts beyond the root zone proved beneficial for successful crop production in the irrigation commands. Management practices to overcome the adverse effects of sodic irrigation waters. Water with RSC less than 2.5 meq/l is safe for irrigation Water with RSC between 2.5 to 4.0 meq/l needs occasional gypsum application to improve crop yields. Gypsum Application The best time for gypsum application is after summer showers followed by ploughing to a shallow depth. Gypsum should be properly powdered before application. If powdered gypsum is purchased, additional grinding is not required. Apply a heavy irrigation, broadcast the gypsum uniformly and mix in shallow depth. The purity of gypsum should be equal to or more than 80 per cent. Apply a heavy irrigation and keep the land flooded with water for at least 8-10 days. Gypsum Application in field Management practices to overcome the adverse effects of saline irrigation waters. Land levelling Adequate maintenance of existing drainage system. Vertical drainage If the recharge to the groundwater is more than the discharge and natural drainage is unable to take care of this recharge, such a situation calls for implementing some kind of subsurface drainage. Subsurface drainage may be accomplished either through the construction of open trenches or through buried clay or concrete tiles or perforated pipes. Appropriately designed and implemented surface drainage could help to increase yield at farmers field. 32 ãuçúuøæ ææ çß ææù ÎÂü æ

33 plants Why medicinal plants are important Amit Kumar Goswami Rakesh Kumar, Kumar Bharat Bhushan Herbal drugs are staging a comeback and herbal 'renaissance' is happening all over the globe. A vast diversity of herbal ingredients, major proportion of which is derived from the wild, provide the resource base for the herbal industry. The herbal drug market continues to grow at the rate of 15% annually. Out of some 2,50,000 higher plant species on Earth, more than 80,000 are of medicinal value. The traditional systems of medicine continue to cater in to the medicinal needs of about 80% of the world population. However, modern system of medicine cater to only about 20% of population. Medicinal plants from a numerically large group of economically important plants which provide basic raw materials for medicines. They are used in the form of crude drugs in the form of dried parts of the plants (root, stem, wood, bark, leaves, flowers, fruits seeds, and also whole plants) or their extracts. These plants and their products not only serve as a valuable source of income for farmers with small land holdings and entrepreneurs but also earn valuable foreign exchange by way of exports. Some of the important medicinal plants are described here with their therapeutic uses. The fruit is one of the ingredients of Triphala formula of Ayurveda, which is commonly prescribed in treating asthma, biliousness. It has been traditionally used for curing eye and skin diseases, boost immunity and resistance against infectious diseases. It can be used to expel or destroy parasitic worms, and also as an antiseptic, astringent, laxative, and tonic. The seed oil is used for treating skin disease and premature graying of Brahmi It is also known as thyme or Neer brahmi, botanically known as Bacopa monnieri, it belongs to family Scrophulariacae. It is distributed in moist habitats and water edges throughout tropical and subtropical India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka and other tropical countries. Chemical constituents of brahmi include alkaloids Bahera This is botanically known as Terminalia bellerica. It belongs to family Combretaceae. This tree is found in India, Sri-Lanka, Malaysia and many other Asian countries. Some of the major chemical constituents of Terminalia bellerica are triterpenoids, polyphenols and fixed oil. Parts used are bark and fruits. hair. Chewing baked pieces of the fruit is beneficial in treating respiratory ailments, cough, cold, hoarseness of voice and asthma. The fruit powder is beneficial in wound dressing to arrest bleeding. such d-mannitol and hersaponin, and monnierin; and flavonoids such as brahmine and herpestine; saponins as luteolin and apigenin. Brahmi is also effective in controlling cough, fever, and dia- ãuçúuøæ ææ çß ææù ÎÂü æ 33

34 plants betes. In Siddha system of medicine, the plant has been prescribed against painful joints, peripheral neuritis, constipation, and burning feeling during urination. Sweet Basil Commonly known as tulsi, it is botanically known as Ocimum basilicum and belongs to family Lamiaceae. It is also known by name of sweet basil. It is a tender low-growing herb. Depending on the species and cultivar, the leaves may taste somewhat like anise, with a strong, pungent, often sweet smell. Basil oil has various chemical compounds that include pinene, camphene, pinene, myrcene, limonene, cis-ocimene, linalool, methyl chavicol, terpineol, citronellor, geraniol, methyl cinnamate, and eugenol. The plant is used for cough, asthma, bronchitis, severe conjunctivitis, giddiness, catarrh, earache, headache, and dyspepsia. Turmeric Commonly known as haldi, it is scientifically known as Curcuma longa and belongs to family Zingiberaceae. Rhizomes of the plant are used. Major constituents are ar-turmerone, turmerone, turmerone, and ocimene. It is used as a remedy for wounds, bruises and sprain, and skin problem, It is also effective as a digestive aid and in liver protection. Wild turmeric is recognized as a medical herb with strong antibiotic properties. It possesses anti-inflammatory, blood-vitalising and anti-tumor properties. Ginger contains aromatic volatile oils that help to remove excessive lipids from the blood, reduce aggregation of platelets, and reduce inflammation. Asparagus Known as Satavar, Satavari, and Satamuli in Hindi, it is botanically known as Asparagus racemosus belongings to family Liliaceae. It is a creeper growing about 1 to 2 meters tall, and is found in all types of forests and plains. It is known as the 'Queen of herbs' in Ayurvedic system of medicine. The plant part used is the tuber. Important chemical constituents include a polycyclic alkaloid called asparagamine A; steroidal saponins, shatavarsoide A, shatavarosid B, and filiasparoside C; and isoflavones. Asparagus is used to relieve pain, to induce milk secretion, and as an aphrodisiac. The roots are useful in nervous disorders, syspepsia, tumours, throat infections, bronchitis, and general debility. The herb is useful for treating anorexia (a prolonged disorder of eating due to loss of appetite), insomnia, and also hyperactive children and people who are under-weight. Aspargus is considered a rejuvenating female tonic for overall health and vitality. It is used for treating sexual debility, infertility in both the sexes, and menopausal symptoms and to increase milk secretion during lactation. Ginger Commonly known as adrak, the botanical 34 ãuçúuøæ ææ çß ææù ÎÂü æ

35 plants huge, standing as much as 3.7m tall. The fruits are thin-walled, smooth-skinned, oblong, greenish capsules. Each contains aromatic reddish brown seeds. It is found up to the height of 750 to 1,500 metres above mean sea level. In India, it is found in Western Ghats and the coastal areas, especially of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Kerala and Karnataka. Fruits and seeds of cardamom are used. Chemical constituents of cardamom include pinene, pinene, sabinene, myrcene, phellandrene, limonene, 1,8- cineole, terpinene, p-cymene, terpinolene, linalool, linalyl acetate, terpinen-4- ol, terpineol, terpineol acetate, citronellol, nerol, geraniol, methyl eugenol and trans-nerolidol. Seeds of cardamom are carminative (prevents the formation of gas in the alimentary tract) and digestive. It is used to treat asthma, bronchitis, cardiac disorders, anorexia, thirst, nausea, painful or difficult urination, dyspepsia, and burning sensation. name of the plant is Zingiber officinale and belongs to family Zingiberaceae. It is a herbaceous perennial with upright stems and narrow medium green leaves arranged in two ranks on each stem. The plant part used is the rhizome. Chemical constituents of ginger are phenols, alkaloids, and mucilage. Ginger has digestive properties. Ginger compounds are active against a form of diarrhea which is the leading cause of infant death in developing countries. Ginger has been claimed to decrease the pain from arthritis. It may also have blood thinning and cholesterol lowering properties. Cardamom In Hindi, it is known as elaichi. It is botanically known as Elettaria cardamomum and belongs to family Zingiveraceae. Cardamom is a rather typical looking ginger plant except that it is Periwinkle Commonly known as sadabahar, it is botanically known as Catharanthus roseus. It belongs to family Apocynaceae. It is also known as Madagascar periwinkle. The plant is a native of Madagascar and from there it has spread to India, Indonesia, Indo-China the Philippines, South Africa, Israel, USA and other parts of the world. Leaves and roots of the plant are used in the pharmaceutical industry and in Ayurvedic medicines to treat different diseases like diabetes, hypertension and cancer. It has medicinal importance owing to the presence of alkaloids like ajamalicine, serpentine and reserpine, which are well known for their blood-pressure lowering and antispasmodic properties. Vinablastine and vincristine are alkaloids found in periwinkle. The alkaloid vincristine sulphate is being marketed under the trade name Oncovin for use against acute leukemia, while vinblastine sulphate is used as Velbe to cure Hodgkin's disease and other lymphomas and choriocarcinomas (can- ãuçúuøæ ææ çß ææù ÎÂü æ 35

36 plants cer of the placenta). Root bark of the periwinkle plant contains the alkaloid alstonine, which has been used traditionally for its calming effect and its ability to reduce blood pressure. The anti-cancer drugs, namely Vincristine and Vinblastine are produced from periwinkle, which is helpful in the treatment of leukaemia in children and also lymphoma. Liquorice It is also known as mulethi or jasthimadhu, Botanically, it is known as Glycyrrhiza glabra. It belongs to family Papilionaceae. It is widely distributed in Spain, Italy, Greece, Syria, Iraq, India, Afghanistan, Turkey, parts of USSR and China. Plant parts used are roots and bark. The dried rhizome and root of the plant is used as flavouring agent and the taste ingredient in pharmaceutical and confectionery industries, Glycyrrhizin, a triterpene glucoside, is the principal constituent of G.glabra which is 50 times sweeter than sugar. The root contains flavours, iso-flavanoes and cumarins including a 4-methyl coumarin, liqcoumarin, glabridin and glabrene. The dried peeled or unpeeled underground stems and roots of the plant constitute the drug which is an important constituent of all cough syrups, throat lozenges, and pastilles. It has been used in Arab system of medicine for more than 600 years from where it has been adopted to modern medicine. Ashwagandha Also known as asgandh and Winter cherry, the plant is botanically known as Withania somnifera. It belongs to family Solanaceae. It is found wild in Bastar District of Madhya Pradesh, all over the foot hills of Punjab and Himachal Pradesh and Western Uttar Pradesh in the Himlalayas. The main chemical constituent of ashwagandha is the alkaloid withanine. The other alkloids are somniferine, somnine, somniferinine, withananine, pseudo-withanine, tropine, pseudo-tropine, cuscohygrine, anferine and anhydrine. The leaves contain steroidal lactones, which are commonly called withanolides. Ashwagandha increases the count of white blood cells and prepares the body to produce antigens against various infections and allergies. It is also considered as a tonic for the heart and lungs, as its regular intake controls the blood pressure and regulates the heartbeat. It has a strong nourishing and protective effect on the nervous system. The berries can be used as a substitute for rennet to coagulate milk in cheese making. The berries and leaves are traditionally used a topical treatment for tumours and tunercular glands, carbuncles and ulcers. 36 ãuçúuøæ ææ çß ææù ÎÂü æ

37 plants Bhringaraj It is botanically known as Eclipta alba and belongs to family Asteraceae. It is found in India, Bangaladesh, Myanmar, Malaysia, and Sri Lanka. Leaves and roots of the plant are used. Chemical constituents include the alkaloids ecliptine and nicotine. Bhringaraj is used in Ayurvedic treatment for the prevention of repeated miscarriage and abortion. It is also used to relieve post delivery uterine pain. The decoction prepared from the leaves of this herb is used to reduce uterine bleeding. The extract obtained from the leaves of this plant is mixed with honey and given to infants for expulsion of worm. This herb is also considered to have anti-aging properties. It is used as a general tonic in case of debility. The juice of the leaves of Bhringraj is given to children for the treatment of respiratory tract infections. It is useful in curing night blindness, eye disease and headache. Stevia It is scientifically known as Stevia rebaudiana and it belongs to family Asteraceae. It is found in North-Eastern Paraguay USA, Brazil, Japan, Korea, Taiwan and South East Asia. A substance called rebiana, which is a trade name for zerocalories sweetener containing mainly steviol glycoside, is extracted from stevia. Stevia is also rich in flavonoids and terpenes. Other constituents include stevioside, which is considered sweetest natural sweetener. It imparts 250 times more sweetness than table sugar and 300 times more than sucrose. Leaves of the plant are used. Stevia inhibits tooth decay and slows the formation of plaque-a sweetener that is potential to increase mental alertness, decrease fatigue, improve digestion, and regulate blood pressure. Considerable quantities of stevia are used in the manufacture of herbal preparations for flavour and to make them more palatable. Aloe vera Known as ghee kunwar in Hindi, it belongs to family Lilliacae. Aloe is grown largely in South Texas, USA, Mexico, India, South America, Central America, Australia and Africa. Three main constituents are barbaloin, isobarbaloin and -barbaloin. Freshly collected leaves and pulp of the plant is Aloe juice helps in digestive disorders. Constipation, diarrhea, indigestion, irritable bowel syndrome, etc., are cured by the flushing action. The deposits of toxins and unwanted substances in our diet which keep accumulating in the intestines prevent the absorption of essential nutrients causing nutritional deficiency, lethargy, constipation, lower back ache. ãuçúuøæ ææ çß ææù ÎÂü æ 37

38 plants Aloe juice helps flush our these residues, boosting the digestion and giving a greater feeling of well-being. It repairs arthritis damaged tissue and lowers glucose and tri-glyceride levels in diabetic patients. Mint Also known as Pudina and mentha. It is botanically known as Mentha arvensis. It belongs to family Lamiaceae. Other species are Mentha piperita (pepper mint), M. spicata (spear mint), and M.citrata (Bergamot mint). Mint is believed to have originated in the Mediterranean basin and spread to the rest of the world. Leaves of the plant are used. The main constituents of the oil are menthol (65-75%), menthone (7-10%) and methyl acetate (12-15%) and terpenes (pipene, limonene and comphene). Menthol is used in the flaovouring of large number of pharamaceutical and oral preparations like tooth pastes, dental creams, confectionery, beverages and other items like tobacco, cigarettes, pan masala, etc. Menthol itself finds extensive use in medicine in the treatment of nasal and bronchial catarrh. It is also occasionally employed as a carminative. Conclusion Medicinal plants and their various products are important due to absence of sideeffects on health. To meet the ever increasing domestic and international demands, it has now become imperative to produce the quality raw materials in significant quantities. This can only be achieved by developing suitable agrotechniques for different medicinal plants in various climatic zones of the country. There is need of organised marketing and trade of medicinal plants and their various products. There is a need to conserve the important plant species which are now neglected and under extinction due to deforestation. Some species are on the verge of extinction due to heavy exploitation by pharmaceutical industries. Excessive deforestation resulted in losing important treasure of unique medicinal plants. So there is urgent need to protect such wild species and, simultaneously, to develop suitable agro-techniques for their large scale multiplication so that their field cultivation is made possible, to fulfil rising demand of raw material for pharmaceutical industries. 1.Scientist, Division of Fruits and Horticultural Technology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 2. Post Doc Fellow, Centre for Protected Cultivation Technology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute New Delhi 3. Scientist C, Vigyan Prasar, Noida Source : Dream 2047, May 2012, Vol 14 No ãuçúuøæ ææ çß ææù ÎÂü æ

39 Intresting Top 10 science stories of 2012 Biman Basu Higgs boson discovered Discovery of the long sought-after subatomic particle called the Higgs boson on 4th July 2012 in experiments conducted at Large Hardon Collider at CERN was the culmination of more than five decades of search for the elusive particle. After analyzing trillions of high-energy proton-proton collisions, signals corresponding to a boson in the mass region GeV, as predicted for the Higgs boson, were recorded by both ATLAS and interactions with them. The field and the particle-named after Peter Higgs of the University of Edinburgh, one of the physicists who first proposed this mechanism-provide a testable hypothesis for the origin of mass in elementary particles. The historic discovery of the Higgs particle has significant India connection. As many as 17 Indian scientific institutions including Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology in Indore, vital parts including magnets and detectors for the LHC as well as developed software for analysis of the data. CMS detectors of the LHC. Higgs boson was postulated as the carrier particle, or boson, of the Higgs field, a theoretical field that permeates space and endows all elementary subatomic particles with mass through its Institute of Physics in Bhubaneswar, Panjab University, Universities of Guwahati and Rajasthan, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, and Bose Institute in Kolkata, and IIT, Mumbai have supplied Most massive black hole Hundreds of black holes have been discovered till date, but the most recent discovery beats them all in mass. The discovery of a gargantuan black hole- with a mass 17 billion times that of the Sunwas announced in November by a group of astronomers led by Remco van den Bosch from the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy (MPIA) in Heidelberg, Germany. The team used archival data from the Hubble Space Telescope and observations from the Hobby-Eberly Telescope in Fort Davis, Texas, which focused on the most massive galaxies in the nearby Universe. The black hole was found in a galaxy identified as NGC 1277, some 250 million light years away in the constellation of Perseus. According to the astronomers, the discovery could upset the accepted relationship between black hole mass and galaxy mass, which plays a key role in all current theories of galaxy evolution. The most surprising fact about the newly discovered black hole is that its mass is too large compared to the mass of the whole galaxy, contradicting a widely ãuçúuøæ ææ çß ææù ÎÂü æ 39

40 Intresting accepted view about the growth of galaxies. Most large galaxies harbour giant black holes at their centres. The Milky Way's central black hole, for example, weighs 4 million times as much as the Sun. But such black holes usually obey a standard correlation: typically, the black hole mass is a tiny fraction of the galaxy's central bulge. The recent finding is contrary to previous estimates based on observations of some 70 other galaxies with central black holes, which indicate that supermassive black hole typically has about 0.1% the mass of its home galaxy's stellar bulge. In comparison, the black hole in NGC, 1277 is about 59% as massive as the galaxy's central bulge of stars. The Curiosity Mars mission The US space programme crossed a significant milestone on 6 August 2012 with the perfect landing of the Mars rover Curiosity on Mars. The landing of the 900-kg rover, the heaviest yet to be landed on Mars, was different from all previous Mars missions in many ways. For the first time, rockets were used and a huge parachute was deployed to slow down the landing craft as it entered the Martian atmosphere. Finally, NASA used a unique 'sky crane' to soft land the rover gently on the floor of the Gale Crater on Mars. Apart from being much larger and heavier than any previous Mars lander, Curiosity uses the heat of decaying radioactive plutonium rather than solar cells as the source of power, which is expected to provide high power levels, day and night, for much longer than Curiosity's mission life. Known as Mars Science Laboratory, the mission was launched in November last year. The basic objective of the mission is to seek evidence whether Mars ever hosted ingredients for life. Curiosity look for organic molecule in the Martian soil and rocks, by scooping up soil and drill through Martian rocks using laser, to determine the Martian environment over geological time scales-going back to 4 billion years-and elements essential to life. Since its dramatic landing in inside Gale Crater in July, Curiosity has returned more than 23,000 raw images; driven 517 matters, and begun helping researchers better understand the area's environmental history. In December mission scientists announced that Curiosity has found evidence of chlorine, sulphur and water as well as "hints of organic compounds which could aid primitive life". During a two-year prime mission, researchers will be using Curiosity's ten science instruments to assess whether the study area in Gale Crater ever has offered environmental conditions favourable for microbial life. Mercury has ice in craters Mercury, the first planet from the Sun, is the second hottest planet, with a daytime surface temperature of a blistering C. But NASA's orbiting MESSENGER probe has recently found evidence of water ice on the planet. According to scientists working on the MESSENGER mission, as mush as 1.1 trillion tonnes of iceenough to fill 20 billion Olympic skating rinks - could be trapped inside Mercury's polar craters that never see sunlight. According to the scientists, much of the ice may be protected by a dark layer of carbon-rich organic material several centimeters thick, and the water and organic material probably are not native to Mercury; it could have been delivered by icy comments as they smashed into the surface. The discovery was announced in November in the journal Science. Planetary scientists had strong hints of presence of ice on Mercury a couple of decades ago when telescopes bounced radio waves off Mercury and the reflections were surprisingly bright. But some researchers suggested the craters could be lined with silicate compounds or sulphur, which might also be highly reflective. MESSENGER has now cleared the doubt. Now it is known that although at noon at the equator on Mercury, the temperature can rise to C, near Mercury's poles, deep within craters where the Sunlight never reaches, temperatures dip to as low as minus C. The MESSENGER spacecraft, which has been orbit around Mercury since March 2011 and has completed its primary mission, took a closer look by counting neutrons ejected by rocks on the planet. High-energy cosmic rays hitting 40 ãuçúuøæ ææ çß ææù ÎÂü æ ÁÙßÚUè- æ ü w vx

41 Intresting the surface of Mercury break apart atoms, and the debris includes neutrons, which MESSENGER can detect. But when a speeding neutron hits a hydrogen atom, which is almost the same weight, it comes to almost a complete stop. Water molecules contain two hydrogen atoms, and so stop more neutrons. Thus when MESSENGER passed over ice-rich areas, the number of neutrons dropped. The same technique was used to detect frozen water below the surface on Mars and within similar craters on the Moon. Pluto's fifth moon discovered A fifth moon of Pluto, once considered the outermost planet of the solar system that was degraded to a "dwarf planet" status in 2006, was discovered in July. The new moon, dubbed P5 until it gets a proper name; is estimated to be irregular in shape and 10 to 25 kilometres across. Even in the Hubble's best images, the new moon P4 was discovered in P5 is incredibly faint-half as bright as P4, and roughly one-hundred-thousandth as bright as Pluto-and orbits relatively close to the dwarf planet. Pluto's new moon was discovered on 7 July 2012 by chance, in the course of checking out the potential collision hazards to NASA's New Horizons spacecraft, which is due for a flyby of Pluto, passing 10,000 km from the planet on 14 July According to NASA, the discovery will help the new Horizons spacecraft navigate its way to the planet safely. Moving past the dwarf planet at a speed of more than 48,000 km per hour, New Horizons could be destroyed in a collision with even a tiny piece of orbital debris. Banana genome sequenced An international consortium of plant scientists announced in July the completion of the first sequencing of the banana genome, which has been found to contain more than 36,000 genes, slightly more than in the human genome. The banana is the first non-grassy plant in its botanical class, the monocotyledons, or monocots, whose entire genome has been sequenced. The genome that has been sequenced ran to 523 million 'base pairs', the chemical units that make up DNA and encode the genetic information. Bananas (Musa spp.) are vital for food security in many tropical and subtropical countries and the most popular fruit in industrialized countries. It provides food and economic security for more than 400 million people in some of the poorest parts of the globe, but they are under constant threat from a range of parasites. Bananas are difficult to breed and are under attack from a host of diseases and other pests. Knowledge of the banana genome is important because bananas that are cultivated, unlike their wild relatives, are seedless and develop without going through a process of pollination, fertilization and seed production. These domesticated forms are mostly multiplied by vegetative propagation, by using a part of the parent plant. As a result, the offspring are genetically similar to the parent and such similarity makes most of the present day cultivated varieties susceptible to fungal, bacterial and viral diseases. The completion of the genome sequence is important for India, Which is the world's largest producer of bananas. From the knowledge of the entire genome of the plant it may be possible to identify the genes responsible for disease resistance as well as ones for other important traits such as fruit quality, which may help in breeding improved varieties of the fruit. New species of legless amphib- moon-some 5.9 billion kilometers from the Sun-is visible only as a speck of light. The orbit of the new moon is still uncertain, though the tiny moon appears to be circling in the same plane as Pluto's other satellites and roughly 42,000 km from the dwarf planet. Pluto's largest moon-the 1,050-km-wide Charon-was discovered in Its two smaller moons, Nix and Hydra, were found in 2005 and a fourth ÁÙßÚUè- æ ü w vx ãuçúuøæ ææ çß ææù ÎÂü æ 41

42 Intresting ians After a digging through the monsoonsoaked soils at 250 locations of remote northeast India for over five years, a team of researchers led by Sathyabhama Das Biju of Delhi University has come up with an entirely new species of legless amphibians till recently unknown to science. According to the researchers, the new species-called chikilidae-is endemic to the region but has ancient links to Africa, which shows that the species evolved much before Indian subcontinent separated from the African Landmass. Interestingly, these worm-like animals are closer to frogs than worms! The new discovery gives yet more evidence that India is a hotbed of amphibian life with habitats worth protecting. According to the researchers, Chilkilidae is a group of extremely dedicated burrowers. They exhibit an intriguing and highly specialized reproductive behavior. The mother builds underground nests for her eggs and guards her egg-clutch by coiling around them until the embryos hatch after 2-3 months. Ancient microbes found in Antarctic lake In November, a team of scientist from NASA, the Desert Research Institute (DRI) in Reno, Nevada, the University of Illinois at Chicago, and nine other institutions announced the discovery of a community of bacteria existing in one of Earth's darkest, saltiest and coldest habitats-nearly 20 meters beneath the icy surface of a remote Antarctic lake called Lake Vida that has not seen light or oxygen for 2800 years. The surprising thing is that the lake water contains no oxygen, is mostly frozen, and possesses the highest nitrous oxide levels of any natural water body on Earth. A briny liquid, which is approximately six times saltier than sea water, percolates throughout the icy environment where the average temperature is minus 22 C. Thirty-two species of bacteria were identified. They are believed to live off chemical reactions with hydrogen in the lake water. This discovery of life existing in one of earth's darkest, saltiest and coldest habitats is significant because it helps increase our limited knowledge of how life can sustain itself in these extreme environments on our own planet and beyond. Geochemical analyses suggest that chemical reactions between the brine and the underlying iron-rich sediments generate nitrous oxide and molecular hydrogen. According to the researchers, molecular hydrogen, in part, may provide the energy needed to support the brine's diverse microbial life. Additional research is under way to analyse the abiotic, chemical interactions between the Lake Vida brine and its sediment, in addition to investigating the microbial community by using different genome sequencing approaches. The 42 ãuçúuøæ ææ çß ææù ÎÂü æ

43 Intresting results could help explain the potential for life in other salty, cryogenic environments beyond Earth, such as purported subsurface aquifers on Mars. sounds that are too low pitched for humans to hear. Humans can hear only within a certain range of frequencies-from 20 to 20,000 hertz (Hz). Sound of frequency below 20 Hz, known as infrasound, is inaudible to humans but can be heard by elephants whereas many animals like dogs, mice and bats can hear frequencies above 20,000 Hz, also known as ultrasound. Bird calls are of different frequencies and are used for both communication and courtship. When Freeman played back the recorded sound to the birds, females looked alert and males were likely to come out with the familiar loud call, indicating their response to infrasound frequencies. Elephants have long been known to communicate over long distances using sound of frequency below 20 Hz. This is the first time that a bird has been shown to produce and perceive sounds below human hearing for communication. Cheaper drugs against malaria Quinine obtained from the bark of the cinchona tree was once the most effective antimalarial drug available, but it has become ineffective as the parasite has become resistant to it. The only effective antimalarial available today is artemisinin-a drug obtained from the sweet wormwood (Artemisia annua) plant, a herb described in Chinese tradi- New light on peacock communication We are all familiar with the loud, piercing call of the peacock, but a recent study has revealed that during courtship peacocks also use low-frequency sounds that humans cannot hear. The most attractive part of a peacock is its long tail formed of magnificent peacocks communicate visually and through sound. The peacock uses its tail train in an elaborate courtship display, which includes the display of its beautiful plumage, and its familiar loud, piercing call, and a unique courtship dance. During courtship, males are known to spread out their magnificent train feathers into a fan shape and shake it vigorously, which can create a ripple moving down the sides of the array, or else it can send a shudder radiating outward from the base, During both these classic moves, all a human being hears is a leaf-like rustling. But when a research team led by Angela Freeman, a biology graduate student of University of Manitoba in Canada recorded the sounds they discovered very low-pitched sounds, inaudible to humans and produced by vibrations of the spread-out feathers. The team discovered that when male peacocks display their feathers during courtship they also make deep rumbling ãuçúuøæ ææ çß ææù ÎÂü æ 43

44 Intresting tional medicine. Since 2001, WHO has recommended that so-called artermisininbased combination therapies (ACTs)-in which artemisinin is combined with another drug-replace older, ineffective drug worldwide. These combinations have become a cornerstone of malaria control and are believed to have saved many lives. But artemisinin is an expensive drug and beyond the reach of most patients in the poorer countries. ACTs is still cost between $1 and $2 per treatment course, which the poor patients can hardly afford. Now there is hope for these patients. In January, scientist at the Max planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces in Germany developed a simple method of synthesising the artemisinin molecule, which can drastically reduce the cost of the drug. The synthetic process uses artemisinic acid, a byproduct left over after extraction of artemisinin, from sweet wormwood leaves. During the extraction of 1 kilogram of artemisinic, as much as 10 kilograms of artemisini acid is produced, which is currently thrown away because its conversion into artemisinin is not cost-effective. Two researchers at Max Planck Institute of Colloids, Peter Seeberger and Francois Levesque announced in January that they have developed an inexpensive three-step continuous flow synthesis of artemisinin from artemisinic acid using a combination of oxygen and ultraviolet light. They could convert artemisinic acid into artemisinin in just four-and-a-half minutes in a continuous-flow reactor. According to the scientists, the production could be raised to 2 kg per day and when that happens the entire world's supply of the drug for a year could be produced by just 150 reactors that could cut the cost of the drug to about one-fifth its present cost. Source : Dream 2047, January 2013, Vol. 15 No. 4 The historic discovery of the Higgs particle has significant India connection. As many as 17 Indian scientific institutions including Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology in Indore, Institute of Physics in Bhubaneswar, Panjab University, Universities of Guwahati and Rajasthan, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, and Bose Institute in Kolkata, and IIT, Mumbai have supplied vital parts including magnets and detectors for the LHC as well as developed software for analysis of the data. 44 ãuçúuøæ ææ çß ææù ÎÂü æ

45 Nature How the tiger got its stripes? Dr. T.V. Venkateshwaran Alan Turing, founder of computer science, mathematician, logician, famous for deciphering Nazi secret codes during world war II, turned his mathematical mind to one of the natural world's most enduring riddles: How tigers got their stripes. Sixty years after his suicide, experimental evidence has confirmed his theory. Rudyard Kipling's jungle Book tells a tale of how the tiger got its stripes; as the tiger ran towards the cave, the trees and creepers on his path carved black stripes upon its yellow hide. Indeed it may be enchanting 'just so stories', but how really does tiger's stripes, leopard's spots, cow splotches and the lines of zebra fish emerge? Although many legends spun stories to explain the tiger's stripes, the real reason is adaptation of the animals to its environment camouflage. This adaptation occurred over millions of years of evolution. The tiger's vertical stripes would appear as bands of shadow and light in the tall grass. The stripes break up and hide the outlines of its body as it hunts, making it hardly noticeable. If the stripes help tiger to blend in the grassland, the spots of leopard make help it merge with clumps of plants and with leaves of trees which it climbs. In like manner intricate patterns on variety of ãuçúuøæ ææ çß ææù ÎÂü æ 45

46 Nature Although many legends spun stories to explain the tiger's stripes, the real reason is adaptation of the animals to its environment camouflage. This adaptation occurred over millions of years of evolution. The tiger's vertical stripes would appear as bands of shadow and light in the tall grass. The stripes break up and hide the outlines of its body as it hunts, making it hardly noticeable. If the stripes help tiger to blend in the grassland, the spots of leopard make help it merge with clumps of plants and with leaves of trees which it climbs. coral fish make it blend in the background of coral reef making it harder for the predator to spot. But how these patterns emerge in the development of the organism from its embryo was a mystery. Turing's proposition was a simple idea-reaction-diffusion mechanism. In his influential paper "The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis," published way back in 1952, he speculated that regular repeating patterns in biological systems are generated by just a pair of morphogens that work together as an 'activator' and 'inhibitor'. The way in which they interact would dictate where cells grow, creating familiar patterns on the fur of animals. The skin colour tone is the result of melanin production - higher the melanin darker we are; lower the production, lighter the skin tone. Just as when we pour milk in the tea, it eventually spreads and creates uniform light brown colour, as the melanin is produced and diffused in normal circumstances it should create a particular shade of skin colour. However, Turing showed that, if you had two chemicals- an activator that produces a colour and an inhibitor that blocks it - then the result of the skin colour is stable but non uniform. His simple mathematical equations, partial differentials, showed that when the activator and inhibitor diffuse at different rates, it can generate exquisite variety of patterns seen in the animal world. These equations can generate the endless variation seen in nature, from polka dotted Dalmatian dogs to chequered giraffe. This elegant model yields simple predictions; while a spotted animal can have a striped tail, a striped animal will never have a spotted tail- precisely what we see in nature. Using these mathematical equations, computer applets and programmes has been made to generate delicate patterns in computer generated animations. How does it work? When he was asked to explain, Turing used and analogy-of human flesh eating cannibals, analogous to activator, and celibate missionaries, corresponding to one. The missionaries, being celibate, can only make more missionaries by recruiting cannibals. In ordinary circumstances, eventually this reaction will result in stable mix of two - a large circle of cannibals in the island surrounded by a thin ring of converted missionaries. But if both cannibals and missionaries are mobile and they could move about the island, the game changes. Now imagine that missionaries have access to bicycles, making them move faster than cannibals. This differential mobility-diffusion-makes a substantial difference in the outcome. As cannibals could mate and beget children, in their immediate surrounding their numbers would increase. Some of them would be converted into missionaries, who would able to cycle off to far away places converting more cannibals into missionaries. Close by, cannibals increase their own numbers. Far away, they actually inhibit themselves by producing missionaries. The rate at which the reaction-conversion to missionaries-occur, and diffusionhow quickly the cannibals and missionaries are moving- determine the eventual pattern. This model also explains very well why the stripe pattern of one tiger is not same as the other; and why the pattern on a tiger changes as it gets older. Unlike the fingerprints the patterns on the skin are not stamped onto it according to a genetically encoded blueprint. They are living patterns produced by the ongoing tango between the activator and inhibitor molecules. Turing had done his equations for one-dimensional space; when the model was tested for two dimensional plane, striped patterns in addition to spotted patterns often emerged. Mathematical biologists considered Turing's model as the basic mechanism explaining many examples of stripe patterns observed among animal coating. Just by tweaking four variables, for each of the two morphogens-the rate of production the rate of degradation, the rate of diffusion and the strength of their activating/inhibiting interactions-we could obtain elaborate patterns on the animal hide. The idea was stunning; but was just a speculation. Until now scientists have only been able to simulate Turing's theory using computer models, but in a fitting tribute to the centenary of this genius, which falls in this year researchers have found the exact chemicals in action. In a paper published in the recent issue of Nature Genetics, researchers from King's College London have described first ever experimental work corroborating Turing's model. In this path-breaking experiment, 46 ãuçúuøæ ææ çß ææù ÎÂü æ

47 Nature instead of the stripes of the tigers the researchers examined the development of the regularly-spaced ridges found in the roofs of the mouths of laboratory mice. Carrying out experiments in mouse embryos, the team firstly identified the pair of morphogens-fibroblast growth factor and Sonic headgehog-influencing the formation of the ridges in the mouth. By increasing and decreasing the activity of these morphogens, the researchers showed that the patterns of the ridges in the mouth palate are affected in ways predicted by Turing's equations. Alas, the very same year his theory of morphogensis was published, he was criminally prosecuted for being a homosexual; in Britain being gay was considered a criminal act. He was given a choice-to be subjected to hormone therapy or face imprisonment. He opted for hormone therapy, but frustrated, he committed suicide by ingesting cyanide, just two years later. In 2009, the British Prime Minister made a public apology on behalf of the government for the shameful treatment met out to Alan Turing for his sexual orientation. Source : Dream 2047, May 2012, Vol. 14 No. 8 ãuçúuøæ ææ çß ææù ÎÂü æ 47

48 çß ææù ç ßÁ-~ v ˇÊappleòÊ» ÊÒŸ Ë UÊ ÊË UÒ? ) flappleä U U ÅÊ) S apple U ª) ÊäÊÊ UáÊ ÉÊ) Á üêáê w$ ÉÊ U apple Êapple ÁfllÈà äêê UÊ ÊÃË UÒ fl U Á Ê U Ë UÒ? ) A.C. ÅÊ) D.C. ª) Á üêáê x$ ÁfllÈÃ Ë ÅÊ Ã Ê ÿèáÿ U ÄÿÊ UÊappleÃÊ UÒ? ) Killo Watt ÅÊ) Killo-watt Hour ª) flê U ÉÊ) appleê Ëÿ U y$ èêê Uà apple ÁfllÈà äêê UÊ Ë Frequency ÄÿÊ UÊappleÃË UÒ? ) zæ H z ÅÊ) vææ H z ª) wz H z ÉÊ) wzæ H z z$ ˇÊË apple U«U ÊŸ apple ãÿí UŸ Ê ÊÒŸ apple ÁŸÿ ÿêappleª UÊappleÃÊ UÒ? ) U Ê ÅÊ) ŒÍ UÊ ª) ÃË UÊ ÉÊ) U Ê ÊÒ U ŒÍ UÊ {$ Ê Ê Á UáÊapple electromagnetic UÊappleÃË UÒ ÿê Ÿ UË? ( ) Ÿ UË (π) UÊ (ª) ÃÊ Ÿ UË $ UÊ«U Êapple U ÊŸË apple Êß» U ÊÃapple UÒ ÄÿÊapple Á ÁŒ ÿêapple apple Êß apple 㜠U ÊŸË? ( )»Ò ÃÊ UÒ (π) È «U ÃÊ UÒ (ª) ÊŸ U UÃÊ UÒ (ÉÊ) Ë UÊappleÃÊ UÒ }$ èêë Ê Êapple Ê SòÊÊappleà ÄÿÊ UÒ? ( ) ÍÿÊ (π) ÎâflË (ª) äê UÃË (ÉÊ) Ê Ê Ê ~$ ÁŒŸ- UÊà Á ª U apple Íÿ apple øê UÊapple Êapple U Á U Ê apple Uà ãÿ UÊappleÃapple UÒ? ( ) ÎâflË (π) øê Œ (ª) ª (ÉÊ) ÊÁŸ væ$ ÃÊ Uapple Ê Ê Ê apple Á Á f Êà apple ŸÈ Ê U Á U Á U ÊÃapple UÒ? ( ) UÊflà Ÿ (π) flã Ÿ (ª) Refraction (ÉÊ) T.I.R vv$ ÁŸêŸÁ ÁÅÊà Á Ÿª U appleapple flòl ÊÊ Ê ÁSâÊà UÒ? ( ) ÿ È U (π) ÿ ÈŸÊŸª U (ª) ʪ UÊ (ÉÊ) Œ Ê vw$ Á Ë Œ ÊâÊ Êapple ÊŸË apple «UÈ ÊappleÿÊ ÊÃÊ UÒ ÃÊapple Œ fl flsãè apple U Uëø Upward thrust Ê UÊappleÁ à UÃÊ UÒ ÿ U Á flòôêêáÿ Ÿapple ÅÊÊapple Ê âêê? ( ) Ê Á Á«U (π) Êappleß (ª) Ê (ÉÊ) ê Ëÿ U vx$ Á Ë Œ ÊâÊ Êapple apple «UÈ ÊappleÿÊ ÊÃÊ UÒ ÃÊapple flsãè apple èêê U apple ÄÿÊ Á Uflà Ÿ UÊappleÃÊ UÒ? ( )äê UÃÊ UÒ (π) Œ ÊÃÊ UÒ (ª) ÊŸ U UÃÊ UÒ 48 ãuçúuøæ ææ çß ææù ÎÂü æ

49 vy$ apple U ŒŒ Ë Á Êß apple Á Á ŒÊâÊ Ê ÿêappleª Á ÿê ÊÃÊ UÒ? ( ) Êapple U (π) ŒÍäÊ (ª) (ÉÊ) ŒÍäÊ fl Ÿ Ê ÉÊÊapple vz$ ß appleä U ÊappleŸ, Êapple UÊappleŸ ÊÒ U ãÿêapple U ÊappleŸ apple apple apple ÄÿÊ ŸÃÊ UÒ? ( ) U ÊáÊÈ (π) áêè (ª) ŒÊâÊ (ÉÊ) È U Ÿ UË v{$ ŸappleŸÊapple Ë U U apple Á ßapple Ë U U UÊappleÃapple UÒ? ( )væ -{/ m (π) væ -~/ m (ª) væ -vw/ mu (ÉÊ) væ -væ/ m v $ ÅʪÊappleÁ Astronomical ŒÍ UË ŸÊ Ÿapple apple Á ÊÒŸ Ê ÊòÊ Ê ÿêappleª UÃapple UÒ? ( ) Á ÊappleÁ U U (π) Êß U flcê (ª) ªS U ÊappleŸ ÊòÊ (ÉÊ) appleã UË Ë U U v}$ ªÊ«U Ë apple ªÊ S Ë«UÊapple Ë U U ÊÒŸ Ë S Ë«U ÃÊÃÊ UÒ? ( )Average Speed (π)average velocity (ª)Instantaneous Speed (ÉÊ) Instanrtaneous acceleration v~$ ÿᜠÁ Ë áê Ê Displacement ÊÍãÿ UÒ ÃÊapple fl U Á ÃŸË ŒÍ UË ø Ê UÊappleªÊ? ( ) ÊÍãÿ (π) ÊÍãÿ Ÿ UË (ª) Negative (ÉÊ) May or may not be zero wæ$ Á á«u flîã apple ÉÊÍ ÃÊ UÒ U Ë ÊÒŸ Ë ªÁà Œ ÃË U UÃË UÒ? ( )Speed (π) Velocity (ª) Acceleration wv$ Á Œapple Ê Ÿapple zææ Á $ Ë Áà ÉÊá UÊ apple ø Ÿapple flê Ë Uapple flapple U appleÿ Ê ÁŸ Ê áê Á ÿê UÒ? ( ) èêê Uà (π) øëÿ (ª) Ê ÊŸ (ÉÊ) appleá U Ê ww$ Á Á ÊÚŸ ŒÊâÊ ÁfllÈÃ Ê ÄÿÊ UÊappleÃÊ UÒ? ( ) øê (π) È øê (ª) äê ÈøÊ (ÉÊ)äÊ øê wx$» apple ÄÿÊ UÊappleÃË UÒ? ( ) UÀ Ë (π) ÊŸ (ª) UÈà èêê UË wy$ ߟ ÉÊÊÃÈ Êapple / ŒÊâÊÊapple apple Á Ë ÁflÁ Êc U cê Ê apple íÿêœê UÒ? ( ) ÃÊ Ê (π) Êapple UÊ (ª) ÊŸË (ÉÊ) Sà wz$ Á Ÿ w ÃàflÊapple apple ŸÊ UÒ? ( ) Ê Á Ÿ fl UÊß «U Êapple Ÿ (π) UÊß «U Êapple Ÿ fl Ä ÊappleÁ UŸ (ª) ÊÄÁ Ÿ fl UËÁ ÿ (ÉÊ) UÊß «U Êapple Ÿ fl ŸÊß U Êapple Ÿ Êapple$ apple $ Ë$ ΔUÊ È U, UÊc U Ëÿ èêêòáã Ë ÊäÿÊ Á UcÊŒ, wzwr Ê«U UÊ Ÿ, ÿ ÈŸÊŸª U çßlæíèü â çß ææù ç ßÁ ð Öæ» ÜðÙð ð çü ÂÙè ÂýçßçCïUØæ â Âç æ æ ð ÀUÂÙð ð æãu ð ÎÚU ÖðÁ â Ìð ãñ UÐ çßlæíèü æð L ÂØð Âæ âæñ æ ÂéÚUS æúu çîøæ Áæ»æÐ ë ŒØæ ÂÙè ÂýçßçCïUØæ âç ß/ ü.âè., ãuçúuøæ ææ çß ææù ß Âýæñlæðç» è ÂçÚUcæÎ ï, ¹ ÇU â Øæ xz-x}, âð ÅUÚU-w,  é Üæ ÂÚU ÖðÁðÐ çüè æèð ÂÚU Òçß ææù ç ßÁ-~Ó ð çü ÂýçßçCïUØæ ç Ì ÚUÙæ æßàø ãñuð çüç¹ Ñ Sßæ»Ì ãñu S ê æ æ æ apple Á ÊˇÊ Êapple fl UÊòÊÊapple apple ÁòÊ Ê apple Ê ÊŸ apple Á ÁŸ AÁ Áπà M apple ÿêappleªœêÿ Ê ÁòÊà Á ÿapple ÊÃapple Ò U- appleπ, flòôêêáÿ Êapple Ë ËflŸË, UÊòÊÊapple mê UÊ ÁflôÊÊŸ Ë Á UÿÊapple ŸÊ, ÁflôÊÊŸ appleu Ë, ÁflôÊÊŸ appleá Ê, ÁflôÊÊŸ flª appleu Ë, ÁflôÊÊŸ UÊSÿÁøòÊ, ÁŒ øs flòôêêáÿ Ãâÿ, ÁøòÊÊapple Ë ÃÈ ŸÊ, È«UÊapple Í, flòôêêáÿ Á hê Ã, ÊéŒ ª U ÊÁŒ ÿáœ Ê Ê ÿêappleªœêÿ ÁòÊ Ê apple ÊÁ Êà UÊappleÃÊ ÒU ÃÊapple Á ÊˇÊ Êapple fl UÊòÊÊapple Êapple È US Ê U apple M apple U Ê U L ÿapple fl Ê Ê òê ÁŒÿapple Ê ªapple USÃÁ Á Êapple apple Ÿapple apple Á ÁflSÃÎà ÁŒ ÊÊ ÁŸŒapple Ê ß Ê U Ò U appleπ Á UãŒË/ ª apple Ë apple U ÊcÊÊ øáêäÿ ÿê Krutidev Font apple UÊapple Á apple U ÃÊ apple ÊÊ Ê apple appleπ Ë ŒÊapple ÁÃÿÊ fl Êê ÒÄ U Á«US ( Ë.«UË.) apple Êç U Áà apple ÊÕ SÃÈà apple U appleπ Êÿ væææ-vzææ ÊéŒÊapple Ê UÊapple appleπ apple ÊÕ ÁøòÊ Ë U éœ UÊapple apple ÃÊapple UûÊ U appleuªê USÃÁ Á Êapple ΔUŸËÿ ÃÕÊ Ê cê ŸÊŸapple apple Á ÊÿÊ ÿ apple Ê ÊŒŸ apple Áœ Ê U È UÁˇÊà ÒU ŸÊ ŸÊ, Œ, ÃÊ, appleu Ë» ÊappleŸ, Êapple Êß,»Ò Ä fl ß - apple ÃÊ U éœ UÊÿapple Î ÿê Ÿapple ÿêappleªœêÿ Áøfl/ß. Ë., UÁ UÿÊáÊÊ ÁflôÊÊŸ fl ÊÒlÊappleÁª Ë Á UcÊŒ, πá«u ÅÿÊ xz-x}, apple.-w, ø Í Ê Êapple apple Ÿapple Ê CÔU apple U Á» Ê»apple U ÁflôÊÊŸ ÁòÊ Ê apple Á ÿêappleªœêÿ Á à UŸÊ Êfl ÿ ÒU ÿêappleªœêÿ Êapple dkgchd@gmail.com U Ë apple Ê Ê ÃÊ ÒU ãuçúuøæ ææ çß ææù ÎÂü æ 49

50 çß ææù ß»ü ÂãUðÜè-~ ææ âð Îæ v$ Âý æàæ çßÿæðâ æ æ Âýæ ë çì UÎæãUÚU æ z x$ ŒØêÅUÚU æ ßãU ÂæÅUü Áæð âê Ùæ æð æð ÂýÎçàæüÌ ÚUÌæ ãuñ y $ âêÿ Áèßæð mæúuæ ÁçÅUÜ æõüçù Âmæ ææðü æð âúuü Âmæ ææðü ð ÕÎÜÙæ, Áñß ÂƒæÅUÙÐ w, z }$ âêøü ð Âý æàæ æ ÚU» çáâ è ÌÚU»ÎñŠØü y A 0 ãuæðìè ãuñ x v $ ÂécŒæ è àæém æìè ßS ææ w vv$ Âý æàæ è æ æ æ y vy$ âßüîæìæ ÚU Ì â êãu v v{$ çîëüè ß Ü ˆÌæ ð Âýçâf Üæð Ü ÂçÚUßãUÙ ÃØßS ææ w v $ ÂÎæ æü çáâ æ ÂýçÌÚUæðŠæ ˆØ Ì U ãuæðìæ ãuñ y v}$ ÂèçÜØæ ÚUæð» ð Âý ææçßì ãuæðùð ßæÜæ» ãuñ x v~$ æàø x ww$ ææúuì ð æè æè çšæ Ì æðõæ üü $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ÂÚU æ ÚUÌð ãuñ v, v, x ª ÂÚU âð Ùè ð w$ ãuëîø âð ÚU Ì æð àæúuèúu ð Üð ÁæÙð ßæÜè ÚU Ì ßæçãU æ y y$ ææúuì æ Âýçâf æñcæçšæø»é ææð ßæÜæ ÂæñŠææ çáâ ð UˆÂæÎæð ÂÚU çâàuüð çîùæð ßæÎ ãué æ ææð z$ âêÿ Îàæèü âð Îð æùð ÂÚU æðçàæ æ ð çúu Ì çî ææ ü ÎðÙð ßæÜð æðçàæ æ», çúuç Ì æy {$ S æü ÂÚU ÎêÚU è ßSÌé æð æð Îð æùð ãuðìé Øéç Ì y $ ÂæñŠææð ð çü âêÿ Áèßæð mæúuæ ÌñØæÚU ææî x,w ~$ Ùæçâ æ æ æøü $$$$$$$$$$$»ýãu æ ÚUÙæ æè ãuñ w vw$ ÀUæðÅUè æ Ì è æ ÌçÚU ÎèßæÚUæð ð U ææúu y vx$ æ ÌðÜ z vy$ ÁèßÙ ÚUÿæ ƒææðü v, w, w vz$ ÂðÅUþæðçÜØ âð ÂýæŒÌ»ñâèØ ŠæÙ w, v, v w $ ÇU UØçÚUØæ æ é Ø Üÿæ æ w wv$»ýãu w çßlæ æèü â ß»ü ÂãUðÜè ð ææ» ÜðÙð ð çü ÂÙè ÂýçßcÅUØæ â Âç æ æ ð ÀUÂÙð ð æãu ð ÎÚU æðá â Ìð ãu ñð çßlæ æèü æð L ÂØð Âæ âæñ æ ÂéÚUS æúu çîøæ Áæ»æÐ ë ŒØæ ÂÙè ÂýçßcÅUØæ âç ß/ ü$âè$, ãuçúuøæ ææ çß ææù ß Âýæñlæðç» è ÂçÚUcæÎ, æ ÇU â Øæ xz-x}, âñ ÅUÚU-w,  é Üæ ÂÚU æðá ðð çüè æèð ÂÚU ÓÓçß ææù ß»ü ÂãUðÜè - ~ÓÓ ð çü ÂýçßcÅUØæ ç Ì ÚUÙæ æßàø ãuñð çîùðàæ é æúu, çß ææù ŠØæÂ, ÚUæÁ èø æšøç çßlæüø âé ÎÚUÂéÚU é L ÿæð æ-vx{vv} 50 ãuçúuøæ ææ çß ææù ÎÂü æ

51

52 çß ææù ãu ð ææùßæù ÕÙæÌæ ãñ, Üðç Ù ÎàæüÙ ãu ð Õéçh æù ÕÙæÌæ ãñu çßü ÇéÚUÙÅU